粉防己碱和环孢素A在大鼠心脏移植中的协同作用

目的 研究粉防己碱(Tetrandrine,Tet)和低剂量环孢素A(CsA)联合使用对同种异基因大鼠移植心脏存活时间的影响.方法 分别以近交系雄性Lewis(RT11)大鼠和BN(RT1n)大鼠为供、受者,将接受心脏移植后的BN大鼠随机分为5组,术后开始连续每天腹腔注射给药.A组:给予生理盐水1 ml/d;B组:给予CsA 3.2 mg·kg-1·d-1;C组:给予Tet 40 mg·kg-1·d-1;D组:给予Tet 40 mg·kg-1·d-1和CsA 3.2 mg·kg-1·d-1;E组:给予CsA 6 mg·kg-1·d-1.观察移植心存活时间并进行病理检查,测定受者外周血CD3+CD25+ T淋巴细胞数量、体外单向混合淋巴细胞反应以及受者血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)浓度等.结果 A、B、C、D、E组大鼠的移植心平均存活分别为(7.2±0.45)d、(10.8±1.48)d、(9±1.0)d、(15.6±3.05)d和(15.2±2.28)d,D、E组移植心存活时间比A组显著延长(P＜0.05),术后6 d D组外周血CD3+CD25+ T淋巴细胞数量、单向混合淋巴细胞反应刺激指数、血清 IL-2浓度较A组显著降低(P＜0.05),D组移植心排斥反应程度最轻.结论 Tet和低剂量CsA联合应用能显著延长同种异基因大鼠移植心的存活时间,其机理可能与抑制反应性T淋巴细胞活化以及抑制外周血清IL-2产生等有关.     

大鼠小肠移植早期应用趋化因子受体拮抗剂抑制移植物急性排斥反应

目的探讨趋化因子受体拮抗剂(MetRANTES)在小肠移植早期应用对排斥反应的免疫抑制作用及其与他克莫司的协同效应。方法SD大鼠为供者,Wistar大鼠为受者,建立异基因节段性异位小肠移植模型。移植后将大鼠分为4组,每组24只。第1组为对照组,移植前后不作任何处理;第2组为MetRANTES组,小肠移植后(0～7d)腹腔注射MetRANTES200μg/d;第3组为小剂量他克莫司(FK506)组,小肠移植后(0～7d)腹腔注射FK5060.5mg·kg-1·d-1;第4组为MetRANTES联合FK506组,2种药物的应用方法与第2、3组相同。观察移植大鼠的一般状况和存活时间以及免疫细胞浸润情况,并于移植术后3、5、7d分别取各组大鼠移植肠标本(n=6)进行组织病理学检查,采用免疫荧光染色和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术对移植肠RANTES和CD4 、CD8 、CD25 T淋巴细胞的表达进行连续定量测定。结果第1～4组大鼠平均存活时间分别为(7.37±1.19)d、(22.32±8.60)d、(23.64±6.58)d和(30.55±4.18)d,第2、3、4组大鼠与第1组相比,存活时间明显延长(P<0.01);第4组大鼠存活时间更长,与第2、3组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。第1组全部死于急性排斥反应及感染,组织病理学检查显示移植后第3、5、7d分别符合轻、中、重度排斥反应。第2、3、4组病理学检查无明显排斥反应征象。第1组大鼠的移植肠RANTES表达在术后各时段均显著高于其他3组(P<0.01),其动态变化与急性排斥反应的进程呈正相关;第2组和第4组大鼠移植肠RANTES、CD4 、CD8 和CD25 T细胞的表达均明显低于第1组(P<0.01)。结论MetRANTES能明显抑制小肠移植急性排斥反应,有效保护移植肠功能,显著延长移植物的存活时间,并可增强小剂量他克莫司的免疫抑制作用。     

茯苓醇提取物抗心脏移植急性排斥反应的实验研究

目的　研究茯苓醇提取物对心脏移植急性排斥反应的抑制作用。方法　以Wistar大鼠为供者、SD大鼠为受者 ,建立异位 (腹腔 )心脏移植模型 ,移植前按组分别以橄榄油、茯苓醇提取物及环孢素A灌胃 ,并设SD大鼠空白对照组。术后观察移植心的存活时间 ,测定各组术后第 7d外周血中白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )和γ干扰素 (IFN γ)含量以及CD3+、CD4 +、CD8+细胞和CD4 +细胞与CD8+细胞的比值 (CD4 +/CD8+) ,并观察移植心的病理变化。结果　接受茯苓醇提取物 2 5mg·kg-1·d-1或 5 0mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃的大鼠 ,移植心存活时间显著延长 ,病理损害程度减轻 ,外周血IL 2及IFN γ的含量以及CD3+、CD4 +、CD8+细胞百分比和CD4 +/CD8+比值降低 ,与环孢素A 5mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃的结果相当。结论　茯苓醇提取物对心脏移植急性排斥反应具有明显的抑制作用。     

骨化三醇和氨基胍联合应用减轻大鼠肾移植急性排斥反应

目的探讨骨化三醇和氨基胍(AG)联合应用对大鼠肾移植急性排斥反应的作用。方法选取清洁级近交系健康雄性Wistar大鼠和SD大鼠为供、受者。实验随机分为5组,每组10只。Ⅰ组为同基因对照组:Wistar大鼠肾脏移植给Wistar大鼠,术前和术后不做任何处理;其余各组均为异基因移植,Wistar大鼠肾脏移植给SD大鼠,Ⅱ组为排斥对照组:术前和术后不做任何处理;Ⅲ组为氨基胍治疗组:手术当日开始腹腔注射氨基胍200mg/kg,2次/d,至实验结束;Ⅳ组为骨化三醇治疗组:术前1d开始腹腔注射骨化三醇1μg·kg-1·d-1,至实验结束;Ⅴ组为联合治疗组:氨基胍和骨化三醇联合应用,给药方案同Ⅲ、Ⅳ组。观察各组受者生存期和移植后5d肾组织病理学变化,检测血清肌酐、尿素氮、钙、磷以及γ干扰素(IFNγ)含量。结果Ⅰ～Ⅴ组受者存活时间分别为(9.1±1.9)d、(5.3±0.8)d、(9.7±2.1)d、(8.6±1.6)d和(12.9±3.4)d。Ⅴ组较Ⅱ～Ⅳ组生存期延长,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Ⅲ、Ⅳ组受者存活期、移植肾排斥反应程度、肾功能及血清IFNγ表达水平较Ⅱ组明显改善或降低(P<0.01),Ⅴ组又较Ⅲ、Ⅳ效果更佳(P<0.05)。结论同种异体原位肾移植后联合应用用骨化三醇和氨基胍治疗可有效预防急性排斥反应,二者有明显的协同作用。     

大黄素对大鼠肝移植排斥反应的抑制作用

目的探讨大黄素预防大鼠肝移植后排斥反应的效果。方法以Wistar大鼠为供者, SD大鼠为受者,建立大鼠原位肝移植模型。(1)将肝移植大鼠模型随机分为5组,其中3组分别腹腔注射大黄素2.0、10.0和50.0mg·kg-1·d-1,另外2组分别给予CsA(10.0mg·kg-1·d-1)和生理盐水(0.5 ml/d)作为对照,观察各组大鼠的存活时间。(2)另取肝移植大鼠模型,按给予大黄素时间的不同随机分为4组,分别于术前8 d至手术当天、术前4 d至术后4 d、术后第1～8天及术后第8～16天腹腔注射大黄素50.0 mg·kg-1·d-1,观察各组大鼠的存活时间。(3)另取肝移植大鼠模型,随机分为4组,分别给予CsA、大黄素以及CsA 大黄素,CsA的用量为10.0mg·kg-1·d-1,大黄素的用量为50.0mg·kg-1·d-1,各组于手术当天至术后第8天连续给药,停药后1周处死大鼠,观察各组大鼠移植肝组织病理学变化,根据Banff分级方案确定排斥活动指数。结果接受大黄素10.0和50.0 mg·kg-1·d-1腹腔注射的大鼠,术后存活时间分别为(25.1±2.1)d、(27.1±7.3)d,明显长于生理盐水对照组(P<0.01),使用50.0mg·kg-1·d-1者的存活时间与CsA对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前8 d至手术当天、术前4 d至术后4 d用药者,术后受者存活时间分别为(15.3±1.6)d、(15.8±1.9)d,二者的存活时间明显短于术后第1～8天用药者的(25.3±3.7)d和术后第8～16天用药者的(23.1±3.8)d(P<0.01)。采用CsA与大黄素联合用药者,移植肝的排斥活动指数为2.11±0.78,明显低于单用CsA或大黄素者(P<0.05),单用CsA者(6.56±0.88)与单用大黄素者(6.33±1.00)比较,排斥活动指数的差异无统计学意义。结论大黄素对大鼠肝移植后的排斥反应有抑制作用。     

1,25-(OH)2D3对小鼠皮肤移植后脾T细胞亚群、MLR及NK细胞活性的影响

目的探讨1,25-二羟维生素D3[1,25-(OH)2D3]抑制机体免疫功能的机理,为用于临床抗排斥治疗提供实验依据.方法建立不同系小鼠间皮肤移植的动物模型.术日将实验小鼠随机分为四组,均用小鼠灌胃器给药.对照组:每日20ml/kg生理盐水; 维生素D3(VD3)组:单独应用1,25-(OH)2D3 2.5μg*kg-1*d-1; 环孢素A(CsA)组:单独应用CsA 25mg*kg-1*d-1; VD3+CsA组:联合应用VD3+CsA,按VD3组和CsA组用药剂量给药.术后10d,测定小鼠脾的T细胞亚群、单向混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)、自然杀伤细胞(NK)活性.结果 VD3组的移植皮片存活时间(13.13±1.13)d,明显长于对照组的(9.75±0.89)d;CD3+、CD4+ T细胞百分率40.19%±4.25%、24.65%±3.47%均明显低于对照组48.70%±7.19%、 33.55%±4.34%,P<0.01;对BALB/C鼠的MLR(0.95±0.12)明显低于对照组(1.19±0.22),P<0.05; NK细胞的活性与对照组小鼠比较, 差异无显著性.结论 1,25-(OH)2D3能延长小鼠皮肤移植的存活时间,其抑制机体免疫功能的作用是通过减少CD3+、CD4+ T细胞的数量及抑制T细胞功能而发挥的,对NK细胞活性无明显影响.     

比较他克莫司和霉酚酸酯对大鼠慢性移植肾肾病的影响

目的 比较他克莫司(FK506)和霉酚酸酯(MMF)对慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)大鼠移植肾组织中趋化因子FKN以及受体CX3CR1表达的影响.方法 以 SD大鼠为供者,Wistar大鼠为受者,肾移植后制作慢性移植肾肾病模型.实验分为4组,每组均有24只.假手术组:只游离左肾血管和结扎右肾;对照组:受者为CAN对照;FK506组:受者为CAN,使用FK506 0.15 mg·kg-1·d-1;MMF组:受者为cAN,使用MMF 20 mg·kg-1·d-1.除假手术组外,每组受者术后均先使用环孢素A(CsA)10 mg·kg-1·d-1×10 d以渡过肾移植急性排斥期,然后予相应干预措施.分别于术后4、8及12周时处死受者,每组各时点处死的受者均为8只.光镜下检测移植肾组织的病理改变;采用免疫组织化学染色和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测移植肾组织中FKN和CX3CR1蛋白及其mRNA的表达.结果 对照组术后4周时移植肾问质小血管内膜开始增厚,肾小球开始出现硬化表现.8周时上述变化更为显著,12周时移植肾50%以上的肾小球出现硬化以及肾小管萎缩、间质明显纤维化等改变.FK506组出现CAN病理改变的时间较对照组早,且病变程度相对较重.MMF组出现明显CAN病理改变的时间较对照组晚,且病变程度相对较轻.FKN和CX3CR1主要表达于肾小管上皮细胞的胞膜和肾小管间质,部分见于间质血管,偶见于.肾小球壁层细胞.术后各时点的移植肾标本中,对照组FKN和CX3CR1的mRNA和蛋白表达均高于假手术组;FK506组均高于对照组;而MMF组均低于对照组.结论 FKN和CX3CR1在肾小管间质中的表达可能与CAN中肾小管损伤、间质纤维化等病理改变密切相关.MMF可能通过下调FKN和CX3CR1的表达对CAN的进展具有延缓作用;而FK506可能通过上调FKN和C2X3CR1的表达来促进CAN病变的发展.     

他克莫司联合霉酚酸酯应用于胰肾联合移植的初步经验

目的 总结他克莫司(FK506)联合霉酚酸酯(MMF)应用于胰液膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植受者的初步经验. 方法 胰肾联合移植患者14例,术后应用FK506 0.07～0.15mg·kg-1·d-1加MMF 1.0～1.5 g/d加泼尼松25 mg/d三联免疫抑制治疗方案.采用微粒子酶免疫分析法每周测定口服FK506后全血峰谷浓度,依此调整剂量维持最初3个月内FK506全血浓度峰值10～20 μg/L,谷值5～15μg/L.并观察排斥反应的发生及药物的肝肾毒性. 结果 9例患者术后胰肾功能恢复良好,早期无排斥反应发生,血糖及肌酐水平恢复正常.随访18～70个月,平均34个月.存活1～3年者3例,3年～者1例,4年～者1例,>5年者4例,胰肾功能良好,血糖正常,均未使用降糖药.1例因超急性排斥反应术后第2天切除移植胰腺,随访2年肾功能良好.4例死亡,死因分别为术后急性右心功能衰竭、呼吸骤停、急性排斥反应及十二指肠瘘.胰肾联合移植术后各时期FK506全血峰、谷浓度差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).术后共发生肾脏急性排斥反应4例次,肾毒性2例次,肝毒性1例次. 结论 FK506与MMF在药效上有协同作用,联合应用于胰肾联合移植具有良好的免疫抑制效果,能有效降低排斥反应发生率和提高移植物长期存活率.     

输注供者CD8+CD28-调节性T淋巴细胞抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应的作用

目的 评价具有免疫抑制作用的CD8+CD28-调节性T淋巴细胞(Treg)体内输注在抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应中的作用.方法 建立近交系大鼠肝移植自发耐受及急性排斥反应模型.从肝移植自发耐受模型受者脾脏中分离CD8+CD28-Treg,于急性排斥反应模型建立前1 d输注给受者,比较不同的输注组间受者的存活时间和移植肝病理学表现.结果 来自自发耐受模型(LEW大鼠为供者,DA大鼠为受者)的CD8+CD28-Treg输注可以延长急性排斥反应模型(LEW大鼠为供者,BN大鼠为受者)受者的存活时间,由(14.0±2.2)d延长至(24.0±3.0)d(P＜0.01),移植肝病理学显示排斥反应程度减轻.结论 大鼠肝移植自发耐受模型受者体内诱导的CD8+CD28-Treg具有抑制急性排斥反应的作用,该免疫抑制作用具有抗原特异性.     

他克莫司与环孢素A在高致敏肾移植受者中的应用比较

目的 观察和比较高致敏肾移植受者应用他克莫司(FK506)与环孢素A(CsA)的有效性和安全性.方法 根据术后免疫抑制方案的不同,将147例高致敏肾移植受者(其中术前群体反应性抗体＞50%的首次肾移植受者59例,2次肾移植受者88例)分为FK506组(53例)和CsA组(94例),两组的免疫抑制方案分别为FK506(或CsA)+霉酚酸酯+泼尼松.观察并分析两组受者术后移植肾存活率、血肌酐水平以及并发症的发生率.结果 FK506组术后1、3和5年的移植肾存活率(86.8%、82.3%和75.3%)略高于CsA组(81.9%、75.4%和66.9%),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);FK506组术后1年时血肌酐水平为(100.72±15.88)μmol/L,CsA组为(117.29±11.77)μmol/L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);FK506组与CsA组相比,术后急性排斥反应、慢性排斥反应、肝功能损害、高血压和高血脂的发生率显著降低(P＜0.05),而高血糖的发生率明显升高(P＜0.01),两组移植肾功能延迟恢复和感染的发生率无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 FK506与CsA相比,能有效降低高致敏受者肾移植术后急、慢性排斥反应的发生率,减少术后并发症的发生,提高移植肾的长期存活率,对高致敏肾移植受者是非常有效和安全的.     

DA与Lewis大鼠品系组合建立大鼠肝移植排斥与耐受模型

目的 建立大鼠原位肝脏移植急性排斥与自然耐受模型.方法 采用近交系雄性DA大鼠与Lewis大鼠互为供受体,改良"二袖套"法建立大鼠原位肝脏移植(rat orthotopic liver trans-plantation,ROLT)模型84例.实验分为4组:排斥组(DA→Lewis,n=12),FK506处理排斥组[DA→Lewis,n=24,术后1～7 d用FK506 0.2 mg/(kg·d)灌胃],耐受组(Lewis→DA,n=24),同基因组(DA→DA,n=24).各组中随机取6例观察生存期,其余分别于术后7、14、28 d处死6例,收集外周血及肝脏标本.检测血清标本天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)浓度,病理学检查移植物排斥反应程度.结果 排斥组中位生存时间(median surviv-al time,MST)为12 d,而FK506处理排斥组MST为76 d,较排斥组明显延长(vs排斥组,P<0.01).耐受组与同基因组的MST均>120 d.术后7 d,排斥组血清AST、BILI浓度均明显高于其余3组(P<0.05);术后14 d,FK506处理组、耐受组和同基因组血清AST、TBIL浓度无明显差异.术后28 d,FK506处理组血清AST、TBIL浓度较耐受组和同基因组明显升高(P相似文献   

FK506和RS-61443对大鼠异体肢体移植的联合免疫抑制作用

目的　通过大鼠异体肢体移植模型 ,旨在分析 FK5 0 6和 RS- 6 14 4 3对大鼠异体肢体移植中急性排斥反应的免疫抑制作用。　方法　选择雄性 Wistar和 SD大鼠为供、受体 ,以 FK5 0 6和 RS- 6 14 4 3为免疫抑制剂 ,对照组为术后不用药组 ,实验组根据用药剂量和药物不同分为 6组 ,各组用药时间均为 5周 (每日 1次共 2周 ,然后每周 2次共 3周 ) ,进行了 10 1例异体肢体移植动物实验。观察大鼠一般情况、移植肢体排斥反应及存活时间。　结果　对照组肢体平均存活时间为 (7.0 0± 0 .78)天 ;实验组 1～ 6组移植肢体平均存活时间分别为 (17.0 8± 4 .5 0、2 3.2 0± 5 .0 5、11.19±2 .2 8、16 .33± 1.83、13.33± 3.2 2和 5 8.76± 6 .81)天。　结论　 FK5 0 6和 RS- 6 14 4 3能抑制大鼠同种异体肢体移植术后急性移植排斥反应的发生 ,并能延长移植肢体的存活时间。     

非清髓性方案在诱导大鼠后肢移植免疫耐受中的应用

目的 探讨基于淋巴细胞毒性相关抗原4-抗体重组腺病毒(AdCTLA4-Ig)的非清髓性方案在造血干细胞嵌合体诱导复合组织异体移植免疫耐受中的作用.方法 以近交系Brown Norway(RT1n)大鼠为供体,Lewis(RT11)大鼠为受体.以后肢移植当天记为day 0.实验分4组,A组:受体直接给予同种异体后肢移植,移植前不进行非清髓件预处理,移植后连续100 d,每天仅给予低剂量环胞素A(CsA),8 mg/kg腹腔注射.B组:受体先给予非清髓性预处理,移植前第33天至移植后第100天,每日用免疫抑制剂三联方案腹腔注射雷帕霉素(RAPA,0.2 mg/kg)+麦考(MMF,20 mg/kg)+甲泼尼龙(MP,10 mg/kg),在移植当日及移植前及移植后第30天分3次尾静脉注射AdCTLA4-Ig(5×109 PFU/d),后肢移植前30 d接受单次3 Gy(照射率0.5 Gy/min)低强度全身照射,不予骨髓移植(BMT).C组:受体预处理方案同B组,移植前30 d,在低强度全身照射后4 h内给予单次尾静脉注射供体骨髓细胞(100×106 cells).D组:受体预处理方案及BMT方法同C组,但大鼠后肢移植供体为第三方动物WF大鼠.在后肢移植后第100天开始,B、C及D组均停止免疫抑制剂三联方案,每日仅给予低剂量CsA(8 mg/kg),连续100 d,直至大鼠后肢移植物发生排异反应而坏死.通过外周血嵌合率检测、移植物抗宿主病检测、后肢移植物存活情况观察、移植物组织病理学检查与评价及混合淋巴细胞反应对免疫耐受状态进行分析评价.结果 C组外周血嵌合率移植当口为(38.8±10.6)%,并长期保持稳定,移植后第300天为(29.3±11.9)%,均未发生移植物抗宿主病,停止免疫抑制剂三联方案后移植物存活>200 d,A、B、D组均发生免疫排异,后肢移植物分别存活(8±2)、(18±3)及(20±2)d,与C组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).C组移植物病理学检查显示无毛囊炎及血管周围炎等慢性免疫排异现象,混合淋巴细胞反应显示为供体特异性免疫耐受状态.结论 基于AdCTLA4-Ig的非清髓性BMT方案可以诱导长期稳定的造血干细胞嵌合体状态,并可以诱导受体对大鼠后肢移植物的供体特异性部分性免疫耐受.     

FK 506 inhibits tolerance induction in mice liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: In the orthotopic mouse liver transplantation model, allografts are accepted without immunosuppression, and donor-specific tolerance is induced upto 40 days. Although FK 506 is a well-known immunosuppressive agent, its influence on tolerance induction is not known. In this study, we examined the influence of FK 506 on tolerance induction in a mouse liver transplant model. METHODS: Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed from B10.BR (H-2K) to B10.D2 (H-2D mice). In the experimental group, FK 506 (1 mg/kg/d) was given subcutaneously to the recipients from day 0 to day 21, whereas the control group received a placebo (1 mg/kg/d). On day 40, donor skin grafts were transplanted to the recipients to examine the survival times of the recipients and the skin grafts. On day 14, donor-type cells in recipient's blood, spleen, kidney, thymus, and lymph nodes were examined by RT-PCR using specific donor-type MHC class I and II primers. RESULTS: All recipients survived for more than 100 days. The mean survival time of skin grafts in the experimental group was significantly reduced compared to that of controls. On day 14, either donor-type MHC class I- or class II-positive cells were detected in the control group, whereas donor-derived MHC class II-positive cells disappeared in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: In the early period after mouse liver transplantation, FK 506 inhibits tolerance induction paradoxically. Some donor-derived MHC class II-positive cells might play an important role in tolerance induction.     

FK506 as the sole immunosuppressive agent for prolongation of islet allograft survival in the rat.

The purpose of the present study was to determine immunosuppressive effects of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK506, on rat islet allografts and also whether FK is toxic to the islet grafts since the diabetogenic effects of FK is controversial. Hand-picked clean fresh islets (WKA/Qdj:RT1u) were transplanted either beneath the renal capsule or into the liver via the portal vein of the diabetic (STZ, 60 mg/kg) rats (Lewis:RT1(1)). FK506 was administered s.c. for 7 days after transplantation. The mean survival times (MST)* of the renal subcapsular grafts receiving 0 (control), 0.32 or 1.0 mg/kg FK were 7.2 +/- 1.1 (mean +/- SD, n = 5), 13.8 +/- 4.8 (n = 4), and 20.2 +/- 8.0 days (n = 5), respectively. The MST of the intrahepatic grafts receiving 0, 0.1, 0.32, or 1.0 mg/kg FK were 4.4 +/- 1.1 (n = 5), 7.2 +/- 0.8 (n = 5), greater than 45.3 +/- 23.1 (n = 6) or greater than 54.4 +/- 8.8 days (n = 5), respectively. Histologically, islets were found easily in the liver of normoglycemic recipients for more than 60 days after transplantation and appeared intact, with well-granulated beta cells. Foci of mononuclear cells were occasionally seen adjacent to the islet cells. The plasma glucose of the recipients with 1.0 mg/kg FK fluctuated between 150 and 350 mg/dl without rejection. In the recipients treated with 3.2 mg/kg FK the plasma glucose of all the recipients (n = 3) returned to pretransplant levels by 21 days after transplantation. However, islet cells were present in the liver of all these recipients without mononuclear cell infiltration. Immunohistochemically islet grafts stained weakly for insulin, but to the same extent as the controls for glucagon and somatostatin. These findings clearly demonstrate the immunosuppressive effect of FK506 on islet allografts and the importance of the transplant site for prolongation of graft survival by FK, and also suggest that FK has toxic effects on the islet grafts (B cells) when used in high dosages.     

Application of immune cell functional assay in monitoring immune status in renal transplant recipients

Objective To evaluate the value of immune cell functional assay (ImmuKnow CD4+ T cell ATP assay) in monitoring immune status in renal recipients. Methods A total of 131 adult renal transplant recipients who received transplantation for the first time were under investigation. According to the dynamic monitoring ATP concentration before operation, 2 week, 1, 3, 6 months after operation and during infect or rejection, samples were divided into the following groups: health control group (HC), pretransplant (Pre-Tx) group, stable (Tx) group, infect group, acute rejection (AR) group, acute kidney injury (AKI) group. Immune cell functions were detected by ImmuKnow CD4+ T cell ATP assay. Lymphocyte subsets (CD4+/CD8+) were analysed and serum concentrations of FK506 were tested. Mixed lymphocyte reaction(MLR) was analysed. Results The ATP concentration was no significant difference between Pre-Tx and HC group. The ATP concentration of 2 weeks, 1 months after operation were significantly higher than Pre-Tx group (P＜0.01). After 3 months, 6 months follow-up, the ATP concentration stabilized with time. The ATP concentration of AR group was significantly higher than other three groups (Tx, infect and AKI group, all P＜0.05). The correlation coefficient between the ATP concentration and MLR, CD4+/CD8+, FK506 level were R2＝0.0072, R2＝10-6, R2＝0.004 respectively (all P﹥0.05). Conclusions The cell-mediated immunity of recipients is relatively strongger during the first month after transplantation. The ATP concentration is not related to the levels of MLR, CD4+/ CD8+, FK506. ImmuKnow ATP assay is a valuable predictor in acute rejection diagnosis.     

二十碳五烯酸对小鼠心脏移植慢性排斥反应的影响

目的 观察二十碳五烯酸(EPA)对于慢性排斥反应的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 建立近交系BALB/C(H-2d)至C57BL/6(H-2b)小鼠心脏腹腔异位移植模型,通过腹腔注射单克隆CD4抗体及CD40L抗体建立慢性排斥反应模型.设立对照组(NS)、慢排组(术后0、1、5、10 d腹腔注射抗CD4单克隆抗体100μg/d,术后0、2、4 d腹腔注射抗CD40L单克隆抗体200 μg/d)和EPA组[在慢排组的基础上EPA 100 mg/(kg·d)灌胃].术后60 d,EVG染色了解血管病变.利用Real-Time聚合酶链反应(PGR)检测各组移植物慢排相关细胞因子转化生长因子(TGF)-β、白细胞介素(IL)-17的mRNA水平,组织化学研究EPA作用受体PPARy的表达以及TGF-β通路重要分子Smad3活化情况.结果 利用CD4抗体及CD40L抗体成功建立慢性排斥反应模型,出现典型的血管病变.联合利用EPA明显减轻血管狭窄[闭塞(18±3)%比(59±7)%,P＜0.05]、并下调局部TGF-β、IL-17表达(TGF-β:12.0±2.5比4.0±0.9;IL-17:0.60±0.09比0.10±0.02;P＜0.05).同时上调PPARγ的表达[(25±7)比(2±0.5)个/高倍视野;P＜0.05],并抑制Smad3的磷酸化[(30±5)比(10±3)个/高倍视野;P＜0.05].结论 EPA可以激活和上调供心PPARγ的表达,明显减轻慢性排斥反应血管病变.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the anti-chronic rejection effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in a mouse fully mismatched cardiac transplantation model and the possible mechanism.Methods Heterotopic heart transplantation of male BALB/C(H-2d) mouse to C57BL/6(H-2b) mouse were performed.24 recipients were divided into 3 groups at random:group A ( treated with saline as control,n =8) ;group B recipients were treated with anti-CD40L mAb (200 μg intraperitoneally infusion on the day 0,2 and 4) and CD4 mAb (100μg intraperitoneally infusion on the day 0,1,5 and 10) ;GroupC (CD4 & CD40L mAb combined with EPA by gavage).The cardiac grafts were harvested on the 60th day after transplantation with HE&EVG stained.Real-Time polymerase chain reactio (PCR) was used to detect the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1),interleukin (IL)-17 mRNA,immunohistochemistry were used to detect the PPARγ and P-Smad3 protein expression respectively in cardiacgrafts from group B and C.Results Combined treatment with anti-CD40L mAb and anti-CD4 mAb resulted in significant prolongation of cardiac allografts survival but ultimately did not prevent the progression of chronic rejection,which showed transplant arteriosclerosis and in terstitial fibrosis.The combination of EPA reserved arterial intimal thickening and delay the process of cardiac allograft vasculopathy [Vascular occlusion rate (18 ± 3 )% vs (59 ±7) %;P ＜0.05].Real Time PCR revealed that IL-17 and TGF-β mRNA was expressed less in grafts from group C than group B (TGF-β:4.0 ±0.9 vs 12.0 ±2.5 ;IL-17:0.10 ±0.02 vs 0.60 ±0.09;P＜0.05).The cells in graft that express PPARγ protein was more in group C than from group B [( 25.0 ± 7.0) vs (2.0 ± 0.5 )/PHF ;P＜0.05],reversely the P-Smad3 protein [( 10 ± 3 ) vs ( 30 ± 5 )/PHF;P＜0.05].Conclusion The administration of EPA can inhibit the chronic rejection and reserve arterial intimal thickerring through PPAR-gamma agonist.     

Limb allografts in rats immunosuppressed with FK506. I. Reversal of rejection and indefinite survival

We have tested the effects of FK506 (FK), a new immunosuppressive agent, on a rat limb allograft model. Histoincompatible BN limb allografts were rejected in untreated F344 hosts within 11 +/- 1 days (mean +/- SD) after operation. A single injection of 2 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg of FK on the day of limb transplantation (day 0) significantly prolonged graft survival in a dose-dependent manner--i.e., mean limb survival times (MST) based on gross signs of skin rejection were 16 +/- 3 days, 51 +/- 6 days, or 104 +/- 17 days, respectively (P less than 0.01). Delayed treatment with a single injection of 10 mg/kg of FK at when early signs of rejection were visible (day 7 or day 10) reversed the ongoing rejection. The MSTs in these groups were comparable to that of those treated with the same dosage of FK on day 0. The FK-induced unresponsiveness toward limb allografts was donor-specific because limb-allografted. FK-protected rats could not accept the skin grafts from a third-party donor. In the next set of experiments, rats were given a single administration of 10 mg/kg of FK on the day of limb allograft, followed by intermittent injections of 3 mg/kg of FK once a week. This regimen produced complete graft survival for more than 200 days, though Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred in most of the recipients. These results represent the unique effects of FK in preventing or reversing the graft rejection and in inducing indefinite survival in this animal model of composite tissue allografts.     

Donor leukocytes combined with delayed immunosupressive drug therapy prolong limb allograft survival

Donor leukocytes administered at the time of transplantation may prolong organ allograft survival. Delayed administration of calcineurin inhibitors, such as FK506 or cyclosporine, may enhance their efficacy. Herein the effectiveness of this strategy to promote limb transplant survival was investigated in the strong histocompatibility barrier of Brown-Norway donor to Lewis recipients. Donor leukocytes (6 x 10(7) intravenously) were injected on the day of transplantation followed on day 1 to 14 with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; 15 mg/kg/d) and prednisone, (0.5 mg/kg/d) which were then tapered by 20% each week and stopped at week 7. Administration of of FK506 (2 mg/kg/d) was started on day 4 and continued for 8 weeks, then tapered for 4 weeks to a maintenance dose of 0.8 mg/kg/d, which was continued for 12 weeks (group A; n = 8). A control group (n = 8) underwent identical treatment save for donor leukocyte injection but rather commencement of FK506 on day 1. Rejection was common during FK506 tapering in both groups. However group A showed a significantly later onset, a shorter period for reversal of the first rejection, and a significantly lower dosage of FK506 at the time of rejection. After the completion of immunosuppression, rejection occurred significantly later in group A than the control group with one animal surviving without immunosuppression on day 344. This is the first trial of a donor leukocyte injection combined with delayed FK506 administration in limb transplantation, which suggested that it could produce a modest but significant improvement in outcome.     

采用程序化肾活检评估肾移植后低水平和标准水平他克莫司的疗效

目的以程序化肾活检评估低水平与标准水平他克莫司(FK506)的免疫抑制方案的疗效及其安全性。方法采用前瞻性、开放、随机对照研究,将48例首次接受尸体肾移植受者按随机数字分为两组:低水平FK506组(低FK506组,24例)和标准水平FK506组(标准FK506组,24例)。两组患者均采用麦考酚吗乙酯(MMF)+FK506+肾上腺皮质激素(激素)的三联免疫抑制方案,两组的MMF与激素用法相同。标准FK506组的FK506血药谷浓度:在入组后前3个月维持在10～12 ng/ml,3个月后维持在8～10 ng/ml。低FK506组的FK506血药谷浓度:入组后头2个月为8～10 ng/ml,第3个月为3～7 ng/ml,3个月后为3～5 ng/ml。术后定期随访1年,内容包括测定FK506血药谷浓度,检测肾功能[血清肌酐(Scr)、内生肌酐清除率(endogenous creatinine clearancerate,Ccr)]、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血脂。同时于术后3个月和12个月予以程序化移植肾活组织检查(活检),了解急性排斥反应(AR)发生情况、病理损伤指标评分及慢性移植物损伤指数(chronic allograft damage index,CADI)变化。观察术后1年的人、肾存活率及不良事件发生情况。结果移植术后1年,与标准FK506组比较,低FK506组:(1)FK506血药谷浓度较低(P<0.01),且达到目标水平的患者所占比例较高;(2)Ccr水平较高,(83±14)ml/min比(62±16)ml/min,P<0.05;(3)血糖水平较低(P<0.05);(4)根据程序化肾活检的结果,间质纤维化、肾小管萎缩和肾小球硬化评分较低(均为P<0.05);(5)AR发生率及其严重程度相似,术后1年人、肾存活率相近,均为100%(均为P>0.05)(6)术后1年的肺部感染与新发糖尿病的发生率较低(分别为P<0.05和P<0.01)。结论采用程序化肾活检评估疗效结果可靠,并有助于发现移植肾的慢性化改变,移植术后早期适度降低FK506血药谷浓度对于移植肾和患者均有较大益处,且不增加发生排斥反应的风险。