Thickening of the gallbladder wall in ascites.

The thickening of the gallbladder wall in patients with ascites is commonly related to hypoalbuminemia and/or portal hypertension. To evaluate the pathogenetic role of these two factors, we correlated gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT) with the albuminemia and the serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), an index of portal hypertension, in 47 patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis of the liver or abdominal malignancy. We found a thickened gallbladder wall in 30/47 patients. The correlation between GBWT and SAAG was 0.64 (n = 47 p less than 0.001). No correlation was found between GBWT and albuminemia (r = 0.04). We suggest that the sonographic finding of ascites and gallbladder wall thickening should be considered a valuable sign of transudative ascites and of portal hypertension whatever its cause.     

肝硬化患者合并胆囊壁增厚的临床分析

目的探讨肝硬化患者合并胆囊壁增厚的发生率及其机制。方法回顾性分析118例肝硬化组与165例住院健康体检对照组的B超及肝功能资料．比较肝硬化胆囊壁增厚发生率与性别、门静脉内径宽度、血清白蛋白浓度、凝血酶原时间、腹水及Child—pugh分级的关系。结果肝硬化组胆囊壁增厚者达80．51％,明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（x^2=180．74,P〈0．05）。与肝硬化胆囊壁正常组比较,肝硬化胆囊壁增厚组门静脉宽度增加、血清白蛋白浓度降低、凝血酶原时间延后、腹水发生率增加,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=2．26、9．18、4．43,x^2=-18．32,P均〈0．05）。与肝功能Child—pugh A组比较,Child—pugh B、Child—pugh C患者胆囊壁增厚发生率明显增加,差异有统计学意义（x^2=7．66、19．49,P均〈0．05）。结论肝硬化患者往往伴有胆囊壁增厚。肝硬化患者胆囊壁增厚的原因是多因素的。胆囊壁增厚对判断肝实质病变的严重程度有一定的参考价值。     

肝硬化胆囊壁的高频超声分型与门静脉主干及右支血流动力学的关系

目的 探讨肝硬化胆囊壁的不同分型与门静脉主干及右支血流动力学变化的关系.方法 采用高频超声联合二维及彩色超声观察肝硬化组(69例)和对照组(30名)的胆囊壁分型、厚度、门静脉主干内径(D_(pv))、门静脉主干血流速度(V_(pv))、门静脉主干血流量(Q_(pv))、门静脉右支内径(D_(rpv))、门静脉右支血流速度(V_(rpv))、门静脉右支血流量(Q_(rpv)).同时根据胆囊壁的不同分型将69例肝硬化患者分为胆囊壁不厚亚组、单纯增厚亚组和双边亚组,对比肝硬化各组与对照组以上检测指标的差异.结果 各组间胆囊壁厚度均存在差异(P<0.05);D_(pv)除胆囊壁不厚亚组与单纯增厚亚组间差异无统计学意义外,其余各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);V_(pv)仅单纯增厚亚组与对照组、双边亚组与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Q_(pv)在双边亚组与其余各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).D_(rpv)、Q_(rpv)各组间差异均无统计学意义;V_(rpv)对照组分别与单纯增厚亚组及双边亚组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).肝硬化组与对照组Q_(rpv)/Q_(pv)比值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).胆囊壁厚度与D_(pv)呈正相关(r=0.886,P<0.01).结论 肝硬化时高频超声下胆囊壁的不同分型与门静脉主干血流动力学变化关系密切,而与门静脉右支血流动力学变化无相关性;胆囊静脉回流受阻并非肝硬化门静脉高压胆囊壁变化主要的血流动力学原因,其发生可能有更内在的机制.     

MRI诊断局限型胆囊腺肌病价值

目的总结局限型胆囊腺肌病的MRI影像表现,探讨MRI诊断局限型胆囊腺肌病的价值。方法回顾性分析7例局限型胆囊腺肌病患者MRI影像资料。结果 7例中MRI平扫示胆囊底部壁不均匀增厚3例或结节状增厚4例,有典型Rokitansky-Aschoff窦腔5例,合并胆囊结石1例;增强扫描示动脉期黏膜强化,门脉期及延迟期持续强化,Rokitansky-Aschoff窦腔内无强化。结论 MRI平扫及增强扫描可清晰显示Rokitansky-Aschoff窦腔,对局限型胆囊腺肌病诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

胆囊壁增厚的声像图特征及诊断价值

目的　研究各型胆囊壁增厚的声像图特征及诊断价值。方法　应用B超检测分析 2 40例胆囊壁增厚的声像图并按照不同程度表现分为弥漫型、节段型、局限型三种类型。结果　 12 0例胆囊疾病引起胆囊壁增厚轻度 2 3例( 19.2 % ) ,中度 3 3例 ( 2 7.5 0 % ) ,重度 64例 ( 5 3 .3 1% )。 12 0例非胆囊疾病引起胆囊壁增厚 ,轻度 62例 ( 5 1.7% ) ,中度 41例 ( 3 4.12 % ) ,重度 17例 ( 14 .1% )。胆囊疾病组与非胆囊疾病组的胆囊壁增厚按轻度、中度、重度三组相比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　单纯的胆囊壁增厚伴有弱回声带 ,并非是胆囊本身病变的特异性指征 ;胆囊壁内多发的弱回声带即“条纹征”是急性胆囊炎的最有力指征。胆囊壁内缘强回声带的模糊或者呈弱回声带以及整个胆囊壁回声均匀减低是诊断胆囊炎有价值的特征。胆源性疾病、慢性心衰以及慢性肾炎等引起的胆囊壁增厚 ,因有低蛋白血症 ,胆囊声像图改变是继发性的 ,且随着病变的好转或进展 ,发生相应的变化     

B-mode ultrasonographic diagnosis in gallbladder wall thickening

Diseases associated with gallbladder wall thickening include benign entities such as adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder, acute and chronic cholecystitis, and hyperplasia associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction, and also cancer. Unique conditions such as sclerosing cholecystitis and cholecystitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment can also manifest as wall thickening, as in some systemic inflammatory conditions. Gallbladder cancer, the most serious disease that can show wall thickening, can be difficult to diagnose early and to distinguish from benign causes of wall thickening, contributing to a poor prognosis. Differentiating between xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and gallbladder cancer with wall thickening can be particularly problematic. Cancers that thicken the wall while coexisting with benign lesions that cause wall thickening represent another potential pitfall. In contrast, some benign gallbladder lesions that can cause wall thickening, such as adenomyomatosis and acute cholecystitis, typically show characteristic ultrasonographic features that, together with clinical findings, permit easier diagnosis. In this review of the literature, we describe B-mode abdominal ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder lesions showing wall thickening.

     

原发性胆囊癌MRI误诊分析

目的分析MIu误诊的原发性胆囊癌影像表现,以期提高MRJ对原发性胆囊癌诊断的准确性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年3月15例术前MRI误诊为其他疾病而经手术病理证实的原发性胆囊癌的MRj影像学表现,分析其胆囊壁病灶部位、增强扫描强化方式、胆管扩张及是否伴有胆囊结石等特点。结果5例误诊为肝门部占位伴肝内胆管扩张,7例肝内外胆管扩张者误诊为胆管内肿瘤及炎性狭窄,2例诊断肝右叶占位而胆囊病变误诊为胆囊息肉,1例误诊为结石性胆囊炎。回顾性分析发现12例有胆囊壁增厚（其中局限性增厚9例,弥漫性增厚3例）;增强扫描15例胆囊壁均有不同程度强化,11例动脉期有延迟强化特征;8例患者合并胆囊结石;2例出现胆囊壁结节。结论原发性胆囊癌容易引起肝内、外胆管扩张,胆囊癌可表现为局限性或弥漫性囊壁增厚,常伴有胆囊结石等,MRI诊断时需引起充分注意。     

Follow-up sonography in suspected acalculous cholecystitis: preliminary clinical experience

Fourteen adult patients with clinically suspected AAC and inconclusive initial sonograms underwent follow-up sonography within 24 hours. Eight patients had initial studies demonstrating a normal thickness of the gallbladder wall. Four of these patients demonstrated progressive thickening of the gallbladder wall on follow-up scans and were diagnosed as having AAC. In three of these patients AAC was proved at surgery, and the remaining patient improved clinically after percutaneous cholecystostomy. Four other patients with normal gallbladder wall thickness on both the initial and follow-up sonograms had benign clinical follow-up results without evidence of AAC. The remaining six patients had a thickened gallbladder on the initial sonogram. In one of these patients, the gallbladder wall thickening resolved on follow-up sonography. In the remaining five patients the gallbladder wall thickening did not change. Four of these patients had benign follow-up results but one patient was found to have AAC at surgery. Follow-up sonography may be helpful to confirm AAC if there is progressive edema of the gallbladder wall. A normal gallbladder wall on an initial study does not exclude early AAC. Thickening of the gallbladder wall on initial studies still remains a problem and other ancillary criteria must be used to establish the diagnosis of AAC.     

Diffuse thickening of the gallbladder wall detectable during echography

Echographic examination of 3900 patients showed enlargement of the gallbladder wall in 3.5%. It was seen not only in cholecystitis but also in diffuse liver injury, portal hypertension, chronic heart failure and in other pathological conditions. Examples are given of 3 different sonographic versions of enlargement of the gallbladder wall. In some patients' groups (with diffuse liver injury, chronic heart failure, portal hypertension), a correlation was established between the thickness of the gallbladder wall and the diameter of the portal vein. It is assumed that echographic demonstration of the enlarged gallbladder wall in patients with diffuse liver injury may serve an early sign of portal hypertension.     

64层螺旋CT门静脉成像诊断门静脉海绵样变性

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT门静脉成像在门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV)诊断中的价值. 方法 收集并分析42例经证实的CTPV患者的64层螺旋CT门静脉成像资料. 结果 全部病例门静脉主干和(或)其分支闭塞和(或)狭窄.本组门静脉异常表现为门静脉主干和(或)其分支因栓子闭塞和(或)狭窄34例;门静脉受侵闭塞和(或)狭窄5例;门静脉原因不明的狭窄或闭锁3例.门静脉周围形成增粗、扭曲的侧支血管即门-门侧支血管:胆管周围静脉丛曲张39例;胆囊静脉丛曲张31例,有分支向肝内门静脉左支供血的胃左静脉曲张6例;并清楚显示多种门-体侧支血管;肝脏灌注异常18例;胆囊、胆管壁增厚28例. 结论 64层螺旋CT门静脉成像能很好地显示CTPV的特征,是很有效的诊断方法 .     

Failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Can preoperative ultrasonography identify potential problems?

A prospective study was performed to assess the role of preoperative ultrasonography in predicting failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty patients underwent detailed preoperative ultrasound examinations. The number and size of calculi, evidence of acute or chronic cholecystitis, gallbladder morphology, and the presence or absence of aberrant anatomy were documented. A comparison was made of the surgical outcome and the ultrasound findings in each patient. Six patients were converted to open cholecystectomy because of inflammatory changes in the gallbladder. The preoperative ultrasound studies in 5 of these patients demonstrated evidence of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Gallbladder wall thickening and contraction were also seen. Five gallbladder resections had intraoperative difficulties; preoperative ultrasonography demonstrated a thickened gallbladder wall in 2. Of 31 uneventful cases, 7 had evidence of gallbladder wall thickening and/or contraction. There were no ultrasound features that identified between the unsuccessful, difficult, or uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomies. We conclude that detailed preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder in patients destined for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is of little value in screening for difficult or unsuitable cases. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Gangrenous cholecystitis: new observations on sonography.

We studied 25 patients with gangrenous cholecystitis and observed a new sonographic finding--striated thickening of the gallbladder wall--and three patterns of pericholecystic fluid collections. Heterogeneous thickening of the gallbladder wall was characterized by either multiple striations (alternating hypoechoic and hyperechoic layers) or irregular mass-like protrusions projecting into the gallbladder lumen. We observed striated thickening far more frequently (in 10 of 25 patients) than other findings reported previously as being associated with gangrenous cholecystitis, such as intraluminal membranes (1 in 25 patients) and masslike protrusions into the gallbladder lumen (1 in 25 patients). Although the sensitivity and specificity of this finding cannot be determined by our study, we believe that mural striations in cases of acute cholecystitis should raise the question of gangrenous changes. Additionally, we found that two subtypes of pericholecystic fluid collections (types II and III) were associated with gallbladder wall perforation and abscess formation more frequently than type I collections.     

肝窦阻塞综合征的超声影像学特征分析

目的描述肝窦阻塞综合征（HSOS）的多模态超声表现，并探讨超声在HSOS诊断中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2018年6月在复旦大学附属中山医院就诊的33例HSOS患者的临床特征和超声影像学特征，其中5例行超声造影和剪切波弹性成像检查，观察肝脏大小、肝区回声、肝静脉、门静脉、下腔静脉、胆囊、脾、体腔积液、肝弹性模量等情况；并用Cochran-Armitage趋势检验分析不同严重程度患者的超声征象阳性率。 结果患者中25例（75.8%）有土三七服药史，临床症状主要以腹胀、肝区痛、腹水和肝功能明显异常就诊。灰阶超声特征为16例（48.5%）肝肿大，10例（30.3%）肝区回声增强增粗，11例（33.3%）胆囊壁增厚，14例（42.4%）脾大，31例（93.9%）腹水，9例（27.3%）胸水，7例（21.2%）盆腔积液；彩色多普勒表现为20例（60.6%）肝静脉细窄，18例（54.5%）肝静脉频谱异常，5例（15.2%）门静脉细窄，门静脉平均流速（0.14±0.03）m/s，6例（18.2%）出现门静脉反流；超声造影表现为5例（100.0%）动脉期呈"花斑样"不均匀增强，肝动脉-肝静脉渡越时间和门静脉-肝静脉渡越时间分别为（22.3±3.3）s和（13.0±2.2）s；三维超声造影显示：肝动、静脉、门静脉充盈缓慢及节段性充盈缺损；肝弹性模量（54.0±10.1）kPa。肝肿大、肝静脉细窄和肝静脉频谱异常的阳性率与病情严重程度存在相关性（Z=2.830、2.171、2.840，P均<0.05）。 结论HSOS与服用中药土三七密切相关，超声造影及剪切波弹性成像对HSOS的诊断具有潜在的应用价值。     

Vascular and biliary abnormalities mimicking cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein: role of color Doppler sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate the sonographic and color Doppler features of tumorlike biliary and venous changes in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV). METHODS: The sonographic studies of 24 patients with CTPV were reviewed. Sonographic evaluation of the biliary system included measurement of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary duct caliber changes and common bile duct (CBD) wall thickening and character. Color Doppler features of the portoportal collateral circulation at various locations (intrahepatic, periportal, gallbladder, pancreatic, and gastric regions) were carefully evaluated. RESULTS: Biliary abnormalities were detected in 13 (54%) of 24 patients with CTPV. All 13 patients (100%) had intrahepatic biliary dilatation; 11 patients (85%) had CBD abnormalities: diffuse CBD wall thickening causing diffuse narrowing of the true lumen in 7 (54%) and CBD dilatation proximal to the focal area of narrowing due to pericholedochal compressing venous collaterals in 4 (30%). A tumorlike solid mass appeared on the gray scale images of 2 patients (8%): 1 at the porta hepatis and the other at the pancreatic head level. Color Doppler imaging evaluation showed venous-type flow, suggesting a bulk of varicosities. CONCLUSIONS: Portoportal collaterals in patients with CTPV may alter the biliary and venous systems, causing biliary wall thickening, stenosis, intrahepatic and extrahepatic dilatation, and pseudotumors. Detailed sonographic and color Doppler imaging assessment can show and facilitate the correct diagnosis of those changes, thus avoiding the need for a more invasive modality such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or a more expensive investigation such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.     

超声造影在肝肿瘤热消融术中评估胆囊损伤的应用

目的探讨超声造影在胆囊旁肝肿瘤的热消融术中评估胆囊损伤的价值。 方法选取2016年1月至2017年3月在中山大学附属第三医院接受射频或微波消融治疗的患者40例,共42个胆囊旁肝肿瘤。采用常规超声检查评估患者术前术后胆囊壁厚度变化情况的同时,消融术中即时行超声造影检查评估胆囊壁血流灌注情况,判断胆囊壁损伤情况,并进行后续处理。通过随访评估胆囊旁肝肿瘤消融治疗的有效性、安全性。术前、术中及术后胆囊壁厚度的比较采用配对符号秩和检验。 结果与消融术前比较,40例接受消融治疗患者的胆囊壁术中评估有8例患者胆囊壁明显增厚。术中超声造影检查除2例评估为胆囊壁血流灌注缺损外,其他患者胆囊壁灌注较好,这2例患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术并病理证实胆囊壁热损伤坏死（其中1例出现胆囊穿孔）,另有4例患者因多发胆囊结石行切除胆囊。34例保留胆囊患者中有6例在术后3 d内复查仍有胆囊壁增厚,后续随访中4例恢复,2例保持胆囊壁增厚状态,但均未出现胆囊消融热损伤相关症状。患者术中、术后的胆囊壁厚度与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义[5.00 mm（4.00~6.25 mm） vs 3.50 mm（3.00~5.00 mm）,Z=-3.741,P<0.001;5.0 mm（3.0~8.0 mm） vs 3.5 mm（3.0~5.0 mm）,Z=-3.735,P<0.001]。术后1个月增强CT/MRI检查证实41个病灶消融完全,完全消融率为97.6%（41/42）,所有消融完全病灶至随访结束均未发生局部肿瘤进展。 结论在超声引导下胆囊旁肝肿瘤消融术中即时行超声造影检查能够通过反映胆囊壁血流灌注状态判断胆囊壁消融热损伤情况。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的MRI表现特点

目的：探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）的MRI影像表现特点。方法：回顾性分析15例经病理证实为XGC的患者的术前MRI影像。观察胆囊本身改变（壁增厚的方式和程度、信号特点、黏膜线是否完整、强化程度及是否有结石）、胆囊周围脂肪及肝实质的改变。结果：15例患者均出现胆囊壁增厚,范围为0.8~2.6cm,其中13例为弥漫性增厚,2例为局灶性增厚。13例弥漫性增厚的病例中均匀性增厚2例,不均匀增厚11例。10例患者出现胆囊壁内结节,大小为0.2~0.7cm,表现为较长T1、长T2信号,增强扫描未见确切强化。15例患者均表现为黏膜线显著强化,其中黏膜线完整11例,中断4例。合并胆囊结石15例。所有病例均出现肝实质动脉期一过性强化,邻近肝实质出现肝脓肿7例,与十二指肠粘连6例。结论：胆囊壁不均匀增厚、壁内出现结节、黏膜线完整并明显强化、邻近肝实质动脉期一过性强化是XGC较常见的影像表现,并符合其病理特点。     

The significance of sonographic gallbladder wall thickening

The value of gallbladder thickening in predicting the presence of acute cholecystitis was assessed by reviewing gallbladder sonograms for 150 normal patients, 15 fasting normal patients, 24 patients with proven acute cholecystitis, 24 patients with ascites or an alcoholic history, and 50 patients with surgically proven chronic cholecystitis and gallstones. Thickened gallbladder walls were found in all patients with ascites, 45 percent of patients with acute cholecystitis, and approximately 10 percent of those with chronic cholecystitis. The finding of gallbladder wall thickening is suggestive evidence of acute cholecystitis, but it is not a pathognomonic finding.     

原发性胆囊癌的CT分析(附30例报告)

目的 探讨原发性胆囊癌的CT表现特征。方法对30例病理证实的原发性胆囊腺癌的CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果 肿块型16例，其增强特点可用于鉴别原发性肝癌；厚壁型8例，表现为胆囊壁不规则性、非对称性增厚，区别于胆囊炎的均匀性增厚；腔内结节型6例，表现为腔内分叶状软组织结节，横径大于1.0cm，不同于胆囊息肉的表现。结论掌握原发性胆囊癌的特征性CT表现，有助于提高其诊断与鉴别诊断的准确性。     

胆囊壁增厚与乙型肝炎后肝硬化相关因素研究

目的 探讨肝硬化患者中胆囊壁增厚的相关因素.方法 测量42例乙型肝炎后肝硬化非急性胆囊炎患者在MRI上的胆囊壁厚度、门脉、脾静脉及肠系膜上静脉管腔直径,并对比患者MRI检查前2周内肝功能检查结果及每毫升病毒复制拷贝数量.将胆囊壁厚度≤3 mm归为A组;将胆囊壁厚度>3 mm归为B组.结果 A组较B组血清白蛋白明显减低...     

Gallbladder wall thickening: a new sign of gallbladder disease visualized by gray scale cholecystosonography.

The use of gray scale equipment in a prospective study of radiologically non-visualizing gallbladders, permitted detection of a new echographic aspect of gallbladder disease. Along with even, discrete bile thickening and the presence of sand-sized calculi, thickening of the gallbladder wall incholecystitis is another ultrasonographic sign of gallbladder disease that can be visualized successfully by gray scale ultrasound.