Psychophysically determined asymmetrical lifting capabilities for different frequencies and containers

Ten young male participants were tested their psychophysically determined 4-h maximum acceptable weight of lifting (MAWL) of 90-degree asymmetric lifting for three lifting frequencies (1 lift/min, 2 lifts/min, 4 lifts/min) and three lifting containers (50 x 35 x 15 cm, 70 x 35 x 15 cm, 50 x 50 x 15 cm). The results showed that the MAWL decreased with increasing frequency and container width or length dimension, while the interaction effect of frequency and container on MAWL was not significant. The MAWL ranged from 13.7 kg to 18 kg for the nine (3 frequencies x 3 containers) lifting conditions. When averaged across the levels of the other independent variable, the MAWL decreased by 7.4% and 16.1% for 2 lifts/min and 4 lifts/min as compared with the MAWL of 1 lift/min, respectively, and decreased by 1.6% and 9.4% for 70 x 35 x 15 cm and 50 x 50 x 15 cm as compared with the MAWL of 50 x 35 x 15 cm, respectively. Additionally, the discrepancies between the MAWL data and the recommended weight limits derived from the revised NIOSH equation were discussed.     

EMG Biofeedback as a Tool for Simulating the Effects of Specific Leg Muscle Weakness on a Lifting Task

This study investigated the use of EMG biofeedback to simulate weakened rectus femorii and gastrocnemii muscles during the performance of a lifting task. Eight healthy women performed 15 kg free-style lifts from floor level. Three conditions were tested: unconstrained lifting, lifting with rectus femorii activity volitionally limited bilaterally through EMG biofeedback to less than 45% of maximal EMG activity, and lifting with the gastrocnemii limited to a similar level. Limiting leg muscle activity through biofeedback led to an alteration of lifting strategy, with resulting performance variables (joint angles and torques, angular velocities, center of pressure excursion, and segment coordination) comparing favorably with those from lifting trials performed by six women with moderate leg muscle weaknesses. The data indicate that EMG biofeedback can be used to simulate the effects of leg muscle weakness during these lifts, providing a new tool to study the biomechanics of muscle weakness.     

Postural sway measurements: a potential safety monitoring technique for workers wearing personal protective equipment

This study investigated the use of postural sway measurements as a potential safety monitoring technique. Sixteen healthy male volunteers (age: 41.8+/-9.3 years) participated in this study. The level of neurophysiological strain and the ability to maintain upright balance for workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) were investigated. Three levels of PPE, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-defined levels A, B, and C, were worn in random order while performing two randomly ordered tasks, resting and a workload. After the workload task, the perceived exertion and discomfort were recorded. Postural sway, measured using a microprocessor-based force platform system, was assessed after each task. The variables of sway area and sway length were calculated from stabilograms. These measurements were taken for three sway tests: 1) Eyes open (EO), 2) Eyes closed on a four-inch foam (FC), and 3) a dynamic test with the subject reaching for a weight placed in front, lifting it to his or her chest, and lowering back to the shelf four times (RE). The heart rate was significantly higher for the workload task (p < 0.05), and the levels A and B PPE demonstrated significantly higher perceived exertion results than level C PPE (p < 0.05). The heart rate and perceived exertion were not significantly correlated with the sway measurements. Level A produced significant self-reported discomfort results for the upper back, lower back, and thighs. The sway variables showed significant differences with the PPE levels and the task. The workload task produced significantly higher sway length than the resting task (p < 0.05) for all test conditions. The PPE level B produced significantly higher sway length than PPE level A (p < 0.05) in the FC test condition. These results indicate that postural stability is altered with PPE use and with fatigued postural muscles. In summary, postural sway measurements may be used as a potential safety monitoring technique.     

Reliability of occupational therapists in determining safe, maximal lifting capacity

Determination of an individual's lifting capacity is an important component in Functional Capacity Evaluation, which is widely used to delineate potential for work. Despite a recent surge in the number and types of Functional Capacity Evaluations, and therefore in approaches to determining lifting capacity, there has been limited research to support the reliability and validity of their use. This study evaluated the inter-rater reliability of five occupational therapists in determining safe maximal lifting capacity using a biomechanical approach. In addition, the use of an operational definition of a safe lift was examined to determine its effect on therapists' decision-making process and therefore the reliability of their ratings. The use of an operational definition was found to significantly affect therapists' decision-making process in differentiating safe from unsafe lifts, with all raters showing highly significant improvements in their ability to determine the safety of lifts from pre- to postdefinition ratings, according to McNemar's χ ² statistic. The provision of a definition also enhanced therapists' reliability of ratings, with kappa values that ranged from 0.47 to 0.74 predefinition changing to 0.56–0.82 postdefinition. Possible explanations for the change in decision-making are discussed and the need for ongoing evaluation of procedures used in Functional Capacity Evaluation, particularly with regard to the determination of lifting capacity, are highlighted.     

Effects of psychophysical lifting training on maximal repetitive lifting capacity

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of psychophysical lifting training on maximal repetitive lifting capacity. Maximal repetitive lifting capacity was defined as the maximum box mass that could be lifted for 1 hr to a height of 132 cm at a rate of 6 lifts/min. Eight male subjects participated in five psychophysical lifting training sessions each week for 4 weeks. During each session subjects were presented with one empty and one heavily loaded box and asked to adjust the box mass to the maximum load they felt capable of lifting for 1 hr. This load was lifted at a rate of 6 lifts/min to a height of 132 cm for two 15-min periods each session. Heart rate was recorded, and subjects were asked to provide a rating of their perceived exertion. At the end of 4 weeks of training, subjects did not select a heavier training load, exhibit a decreased training heart rate, or report a decreased rating of perceived exertion. The training program did produce a significant increase in 1-hr maximal repetitive lifting capacity, as indicated by a greater box mass selected, but there was no concomitant change in VO2, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion. It can be concluded that 4 weeks of psychophysical training of inexperienced lifters can produce a substantial increase in work output for a given energy expenditure. These increases are attributed to neural factors (skill, neuromuscular coordination) and to possible increases in the muscular endurance of specific muscle groups occurring with practice.     

A Nationally Representative Study of Sexual Orientation and High-Risk Drinking From Adolescence to Young Adulthood

PurposeTo determine whether peer drunkenness, parental knowledge about their adolescent's whereabouts and behaviors, and depressive symptoms contribute to sexual orientation disparities in high-risk drinking behaviors; if they do, they would be potential intervention targets.MethodsLongitudinal survey data from 2,051 adolescents who participated in the NEXT Generation Health Study were analyzed. Latent growth curve and longitudinal path analyses were used to test for indirect effects linking sexual orientation in 11th grade (3.4% males and 8.4% females were sexual minorities) to past 30-day heavy episodic drinking (HED) over 6 years and past year high-intensity binge drinking at 4 years after high school.ResultsSexual minority males were not more likely to engage in high-risk drinking than heterosexual males. In contrast, sexual minority females were more likely than heterosexual females to engage in HED when they were in 11th grade (Odds Ratio = 2.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.43, 5.61), in part because of lower parental knowledge. Sexual minority females also had higher depressive symptoms during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood, which in turn was associated with greater risk of high-intensity binge drinking in young adulthood. Peer drunkenness was a strong risk factor for HED and high-intensity binge drinking among both males and females.DiscussionSexual minority females reported lower levels of parental knowledge during adolescence and higher levels of depressive symptoms during the transition to young adulthood than heterosexual females. Both factors were associated with high-risk drinking behavior, suggesting developmentally sensitive opportunities to mitigate sexual orientation disparities in high-risk drinking.     

光致发光剂量计角响应研究

目的 结合定制固体模体研究光致发光剂量计(OSLD)在放疗水平60Co标准辐射场中的角响应性能,探讨OS-LD在容积旋转调强放射治疗(VMAT)等旋转照射剂量核查中应用的可行性.方法 将OSLD嵌入2个外观尺寸以及材料均相同的定制固体模体,模体1使OSLD与射线垂直,模体2使OSLD与射线平行,照射8个角度:0°、45...     

东莞市横沥镇3～17岁儿童少年肥胖与高血压流行情况及危险因素分析

目的 调查东莞市横沥镇儿童少年肥胖与高血压流行情况及危险因素,为该地区开展慢病预防提供科学依据。方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对东莞市横沥镇3～17岁的10 820名儿童少年进行调查,完成问卷调查和身高、体重、腰围、血压测量的9 651名。结果 超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖检出率各为12.0%、4.1%、6.8%。男女生超重(8.9% vs 16.2%)、肥胖(5.0% vs 3.1%)、中心性肥胖(7.2% vs 6.2%)检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。高血压检出率为4.4%;男女生高血压检出率均随年龄增长而升高;男生较女生低(3.8% vs 5.1%,P=0.002)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:巨大儿、父母肥胖是3～6岁年龄段肥胖的危险因素;男生、7～12岁、巨大儿、父母肥胖、进食快、睡眠时间不足或过长是7～17岁年龄段肥胖的危险因素。超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖是3～6岁年龄段高血压的危险因素;女生、13～17岁、低出生体重、父母有高血压、超重、肥胖是7～17岁年龄段高血压的危险因素。结论 东莞市横沥镇3～17岁儿童少年超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖检出率较发达大城市低,高血压检出率处于中等水平。3～6岁与7～17岁儿童少年肥胖及高血压的危险因素有所区别。     

The evaluation of nutritional status in general medical patients

We have analised the nutritional status of 415 hospitalised patients in an internal medicine service; 240 were males and 175 females; mean age was 56.6 ± 1.1 and 59.2 ± 1.5 years respectively. In these patients weight for height, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference, temporal muscle atrophy, Bichat's fat atrophy and serum albumin concentration were investigated.We have considered that a patient was malnourished when three or more of the six criteria mentioned above were affected. The prevalence of undernutrition was 40% (43.2% of the males and 35.2% of the females). We found more undernutrition in the males than in the females (weight for height less than 90% in 32.8% and 16.5% respectively). The prevalence of obesity (weight for height more than 120), was 18%, higher in the females (11.6%) of the males and 27% of the females).Aging was related to poor nutritional status, less caloric and protein intake, loss of the Bichat's fat, temporal muscle atrophy, and lower serum albumin. Smoking and drinking were also associated with a worse nutritional status.Patients with temporal muscle atrophy or Bichat's fat atrophy had a smaller intake of protein and calories, smaller values of the anthropometric parameters (WH, TS, AMC) and lower Hb and serum albumin levels. The relationships suggest that these two ‘simple’ clinical parameters are useful in the assessement of undernutrition.     

Obesity,race/ethnicity and the multiple dimensions of socioeconomic status during the transition to adulthood: A factor analysis approach

Racial/ethnic disparities in obesity widen dramatically during young adulthood in the US. Understanding racial/ethnic differences in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity can provide insight on these disparities. However, the delay and complexity of the transition to adulthood create challenges for defining SES using traditional, single indicators, such as income or years of education. Our objective was to define a multidimensional measure of young adult SES using exploratory factor analysis and to investigate whether distinct SES dimensions differentially predicted obesity across race/ethnicity in 11,250 young adults (mean age = 21.9 years) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Wave III: 2000–2001). Four factors (social advantage; schooling; employment; and economic hardship) extracted from a principal factor analysis on 38 SES indicators comprised our multidimensional measure of young adult SES. The respondents' scores on each factor were entered into gender-stratified Poisson regression models to estimate the relative risk of young adult obesity for a contrast of approximately one standard deviation in score. The association of the “Social advantage” and “Economic hardship” factors with obesity differed by race/ethnicity (p < 0.05 for Wald test of interaction) in females; high “Social advantage” scores were inversely associated with obesity in white and Hispanic females (9–20% lower) while high scores on “Economic hardship” were positively associated with obesity (7–76% higher) in white and Asian females. In contrast, no significant racial/ethnic differences were detected in young adult males. The “Schooling” factor was significantly protective (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.98) for females of all racial/ethnic groups. These results facilitate understanding of the impact of multiple, distinct SES dimensions during the complex transition to adulthood and thus provide salient information for reducing racial/ethnic disparities in obesity during this important period for obesity development.     

沈阳市城区0～18岁儿童单纯性肥胖症流行病学研究

目的:了解沈阳市0～18岁儿童、青少年单纯性肥胖症在人群中的分布特点,分析发展趋势,为制定正确的防治对策提供科学依据。方法:采用美国卫生统计中心/疾病控制中心(NCHS/CDC)制定的身高标准体重法,按照整群分层抽样的方法调查沈阳市5个城区0～18岁儿童17332人,其中0～5岁10555人,6～18岁6777人。结果:沈阳市0～18岁儿童青少年总肥胖检出率为11.48%,总超重检出率为12.48%。学龄前儿童肥胖检出率为6.13%,超重检出率为13.22%,肥胖超重比为2.2,脂肪重聚年龄为3岁。学龄儿童肥胖检出率为19.80%,超重检出率为11.33%,肥胖超重比为0.6。与1996年相比,10年动态趋势为学龄前儿童肥胖检出率年增长值为21.5%,学龄儿童为21.1%。结论:沈阳市城区有近1/4的儿童青少年超重和肥胖,10年增长率处于失控的奇高速度。儿童青少年肥胖已经成为沈阳市一个重要公共卫生问题,需引起社会的高度关注。     

Effects of lifting frequency and technique on physical fatigue with special reference to psychophysical methodology and metabolic rate

A laboratory study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effects of lifting frequency and technique on maximum acceptable work loads using psychophysical measurement technique, and (2) to compare the physiological fatigue criteria of 5 Kcal/min with the psychophysical fatigue criteria by measuring the metabolic rates at maximum acceptable work loads determined by subjective estimates of physical fatigue. Six male college students were required to lift from the floor to a 0.5 m height for 40 minutes. Four levels of lifting frequency (3, 6, 9 and 12 lifts/min) and three different lifting techniques (free sytle, stooped back and straight-back, bent-knee) were employed. Oxygen consumption rates were measured at maximum acceptable work loads (and were reduced to STPD). Statistical analysis showed that the maximum work loads acceptable to the workers were significantly affected by both lifting frequency and technique. Maximum acceptable work loads increased with an increase in lifting frequency. Both the subjective estimates of physical fatigue and the metabolic energy expenditure rate favored the free style lifting technique. The measured metabolic rates were in agreement with the physiological fatigue criteria of 5 Kcal/min only for six of the twelve combinations of lifting frequency and technique. Use of the physiological fatigue criteria will result in more liberal standards of work load at low work paces, especially for the stooped back and the free style lifting techniques.     

青年学生体重指数与其父母体重指数的关系

目的 探讨青年学生体重指数与其父母体重指数的关系,进一步了解遗传和环境因素在超重和肥胖流行中的作用,希望能为超重和肥胖的预防提供一定的指导。方法 按照中国肥胖问题工作组对中国成人体重指数(BMI)分类标准进行分组,即低BMI组(BMI<18.5),正常BMI组(BMI为18.5～23.9),超重组(BMI为24.0～27.9)和肥胖组(BMI≥28.0)。统计了505名青年学生和993名父母的BMI结果 男女学生超重肥胖者,其父母中单方也患有超重肥胖的比率从20.0％到50.0％,父母双方均患有超重肥胖的比率从6.7％到10.0％ 青年学生与其父母相比,超重肥胖率有显著性差异,女学生父母明显高于女学生,P<0.01;男学生父母也明显高于男学生,P分别小于0.01和0.05。在BMI<18.5组中,女学生明显高于父母,男学生高于其父亲,P<0.01。男女学生的父母亲比较,以及城乡比较,超重率和肥胖率无显著性差异。结论 男女学生超重肥胖者,其父母中单方也患有超重肥胖的比率平均约为30.0%,父母双方均患有超重肥胖的比率平均约为8.0%,从而证明超重和肥胖与遗传有关。但从超重和肥胖的现患率男女学生的父母亲明显高于男女学生这一事实,其差异的显著性表明,环境等因素在超重和肥胖形成中的作用可能更重要,因此,大多数超重和肥胖是可预防的。     

Sexual Fluidity and Related Attitudes and Beliefs Among Young Adults with a Same-Gender Orientation

Little research has examined whether experiencing sexual fluidity—changes over time in attractions and sexual orientation identity—is related to specific cognitions. This study explored attitudes and beliefs among sexually fluid and non-sexually fluid individuals and developed two new measures of sexuality beliefs based on Diamond’s sexual fluidity research and Dweck’s psychological theory of intelligence beliefs. Participants were 188 female and male young adults in the United States with a same-gender orientation, ages 18–26 years. Participants completed an online questionnaire which assessed sexual fluidity in attractions and sexual orientation identity, attitudes toward bisexuality, sexuality beliefs, and demographics. Sexual fluidity in attractions was reported by 63 % of females and 50 % of males, with 48 % of those females and 34 % of those males reporting fluidity in sexual orientation identity. No significant gender differences in frequency of sexual fluidity were observed. Sexually fluid females had more positive attitudes toward bisexuality than non-sexually fluid females; however, no significant difference was observed for males. Females were more likely than males to endorse sexual fluidity beliefs and to believe that sexuality is changeable; and sexually fluid persons were more likely than non-sexually fluid persons to hold those two beliefs. Among males, non-sexually fluid individuals were more likely than sexually fluid individuals to believe that sexuality is something an individual is born with. Females were more likely than males to endorse the belief that sexuality is influenced by the environment. Findings from this research link sexual fluidity with specific cognitions.     

Predicting overweight and obesity in adulthood from body mass index values in childhood and adolescence

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) introduced the clinical use of the body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) in growth charts for young males and females. OBJECTIVE: This study updates our previous report with the use of new CDC BMI charts and definitions of adult overweight and obesity to predict adult overweight or obesity. DESIGN: Logistic models were fitted to relate adult overweight and obesity to childhood and adolescent BMI values at each age for 166 males and 181 females in the Fels Longitudinal Study and were applied to predict adult overweight and obesity at the 75th, 85th, and 95th percentiles on the CDC charts of childhood and adolescent BMI. RESULTS: A child or adolescent with a high BMI percentile on the CDC BMI-for-age growth charts has a high risk of being overweight or obese at 35 y of age, and this risk increases with age. For example, the probability of adult obesity at the 85th percentile for young males was 相似文献   

Socio-Urban Spatial Patterns Associated with Dyslipidemia among Schoolchildren in the City of San Luis Potosi,Mexico

The places where a child lives and attends to school are both major environmental and social determinants of its present and future health status. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and some of their risk factors among child and adolescent populations are obesity and dyslipidemia, so finding the patterns of distribution of these risk factors by gender, type of school, area, and margination level is important to do health intervention focusing in their necessities to prevent diseases at younger ages. Because of that, a cross-sectional study was performed among elementary and junior high school students from public and private schools in six of the seven areas of the metropolitan zone of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Biochemical dyslipidemia indicators (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein) and anthropometric data (weight and height) were obtained. Seventeen public schools and five private schools with a total of 383 students were included. More than half of the studied population (53.0 %) had elevated triglyceride levels. A total of 330 students (86.2 %) had normal levels of total cholesterol with a mean value of 141.7 mg/dl, and 202 schoolchildren (52.8 %) had lower than acceptable levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with a mean value of 43.9 mg/dl. There were differences in the levels of high-density protein between the areas and the type of school where they had been studied. Finally, a total of 150 students (39.4 %) had at least one altered lipid value and 103 participants (26.9 %) had two altered values. Several students, despite their young age, showed a high prevalence of risk factors, so it is important to design programs according to their necessities.     

北京市牛街社区婴幼儿家庭喂养行为与超重/肥胖的相关性研究

目的探讨婴幼儿家庭喂养行为与婴幼儿超重/肥胖间的关系,为婴幼儿超重/肥胖防治措施的制订提供参考依据。方法采用喂养人自填问卷,对北京市牛街社区176名0~3岁婴幼儿家庭主要喂养人的喂养行为进行调查,同时,测量儿童的身高、体重,并计算体质指数(BMI);依据BMI将儿童分为正常体重、超重/肥胖组。将调查对象按照体重分为不同组别(正常体重、超重/肥胖组),运用χ~2检验分析比较不同体重组间主要喂养人喂养行为的差异。结果经BMI计算分类,北京市牛街社区婴幼儿超重儿童占12.5%,肥胖儿童占8.5%。分析结果显示,喂养人喂养行为中强迫型喂养行为在不同体重组(正常、超重/肥胖组)间差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论婴幼儿家庭喂养行为中强迫型喂养行为与超重/肥胖密切相关,通过干预家庭强迫型喂养行为可降低婴幼儿超重/肥胖的风险。     

Stability and Change in Self-Reported Sexual Orientation Identity in Young People: Application of Mobility Metrics

This study investigated stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity over time in youth. We describe gender- and age-related changes in sexual orientation identity from early adolescence through emerging adulthood in 13,840 youth ages 12–25 employing mobility measure M, a measure we modified from its original application for econometrics. Using prospective data from a large, ongoing cohort of U.S. adolescents, we examined mobility in sexual orientation identity in youth with up to four waves of data. Ten percent of males and 20% of females at some point described themselves as a sexual minority, while 2% of both males and females reported ever being “unsure” of their orientation. Two novel findings emerged regarding gender and mobility: (1) Although mobility scores were quite low for the full cohort, females reported significantly higher mobility than did males. (2) As expected, for sexual minorities, mobility scores were appreciably higher than for the full cohort; however, the gender difference appeared to be eliminated, indicating that changing reported sexual orientation identity throughout adolescence occurred at a similar rate in female and male sexual minorities. In addition, we found that, of those who described themselves as “unsure” of their orientation identity at any point, 66% identified as completely heterosexual at other reports and never went on to describe themselves as a sexual minority. Age was positively associated with endorsing a sexual-minority orientation identity. We discuss substantive and methodological implications of our findings for understanding development of sexual orientation identity in young people.     

Gender Nonconformity, Perceived Stigmatization, and Psychological Well-Being in Dutch Sexual Minority Youth and Young Adults: A Mediation Analysis

Dutch sexual minority youth and young adults (106 females and 86 males, 16–24 years old) were assessed to establish whether there was a relation between gender nonconformity and psychological well-being and whether this relation was mediated by perceived experiences of stigmatization due to perceived or actual sexual orientation and moderated by biological sex. The participants were recruited via announcements on Dutch LGBTQ-oriented community websites and then linked to a protected online questionnaire. The questionnaire was used to measure gender nonconformity, perceived experiences of stigmatization, and psychological well-being. Gender nonconformity was found to predict lower levels of psychological well-being and the mediation analysis confirmed that lower levels of psychological well-being were related to the perceived experiences of stigmatization. This mediation was not moderated by biological sex. These findings show that both research and interventions should pay more attention to gender nonconformity among young people in order to create a more positive climate for young sexual minority members.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and dieting attitudes among Caucasian and African American college students in Eastern North carolina: A cross-sectional survey

A cross-sectional survey was used to investigate the rates of overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25), and eating attitudes among college students. Data were collected at a large southeastern university. Adolescents (ages 18-25) self-reported weight and height (to calculate BMI), and, in addition to demographic information, completed the eating attitudes (EAT 26) scale to assess dieting tendencies. Significance of the mean BMI differences between gender and ethnic background were assessed by one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). Chi-square was used to determine whether the rate of those with BMI≥25 between gender and ethnic background was statistically significant. While 52.7% of the students'' BMI were within the normal weight category, 15.2% were underweight, 21.3% were overweight, and 10.8% were obese. The rate of BMI≥25 differed by gender and ethnicity, with males and African Americans having higher rates. About 12 % of the participants reported disturbed eating behavior, which is lower than previously reported. Even so, results support the generally held belief that disturbed eating attitudes and unhealthy dieting are common among college students, especially among females. At the same time, disturbed eating attitudes are not just the domain of young female students; about 10% of college males reported disturbed eating attitudes. Findings of this study call for obesity prevention/intervention and lifestyle modification outreach programs among college students. Weight status and unhealthy eating behaviors of college students should be a concern to health care professionals. While obese young adults will likely remain obese throughout their adult life, excessive dieting among students, which is linked to eating disorders and other health hazards, does not provide healthy and adequate alternatives for maintaining a normal BMI. Implications for obesity prevention programs are discussed.