SP2/0细胞膜抗原负载DC诱导体外特异性CTL效应

目的 研究SP2／0细胞膜抗原负载树突状细胞（DC）诱导的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。方法 密度梯度离心法分离SP2／0细胞膜，负载经rmGM-CSF和rmIL-4诱导扩增的小鼠骨髓来源的DC，活化T淋巴细胞获得肿瘤特异性CTL，MTT法检测对SP2／0细胞的杀伤效果。结果 骨髓单个核细胞在rmGM-CSF和rmIL-4作用下获得了高表达CDS0、CD86和MHC-Ⅱ分子的DC，致敏的CTL对SP2／0骨髓瘤细胞具有高杀伤率，显著高于对I5178Y淋巴瘤细胞的杀伤活性（P〈0．01）。结论 SP2／0细胞膜抗原负载DC能诱导明显的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答。     

Renca细胞exosomes所诱导的CD8~+T细胞的特异性杀伤作用

目的检测Renca细胞exosomes对CD8~+T细胞的激活效应以及exosomes负载的树突状细胞(DCs)所诱导的CD8~+T细胞对Renca细胞特异性杀伤作用。方法采用超速离心法从Renca细胞无血清上清液中提取出exosomes并鉴定,体内通过流式和ELISA;体外通过CFSE荧光染色和ELISA检测exosomes对CD8~+T细胞的激活效应。小鼠骨髓分离出DCs并进行体外培养,用exosomes冲击成熟的DCs然后活化CD8~+T细胞,测定其对Renca、4T1、CT26细胞的杀伤率。结果透射电镜下观察exosomes是直径在30～100 nm的盘状囊泡,Western blot检测exosomes高表达MHC-1和HSP70。Exosomes能在体内和体外促进CD8~+T细胞的增殖和激活效应。在体外杀伤实验中,exosomes冲击的DCs所诱导的CD8~+T细胞相对于4T1和CT26细胞,其对Renca细胞具有明显更强的杀伤作用。结论 Renca细胞exosomes对CD8~+T细胞具有明显的激活作用且exosomes负载的DCs所诱导的CD8~+T细胞对自体肿瘤细胞具有强烈的特异性杀伤能力。     

氩氦刀冷冻处理的肺癌细胞增强树突状细胞诱导抗肿瘤效应

探讨氩氦刀冷冻处理的肺癌细胞致敏树突状细胞（DCs）后,激活T淋巴细胞的抗肿瘤效应。取肺癌细胞系NCI-H446经氩氦刀处理制备肿瘤粗抗原,在骨髓来源DCs的体外培养过程中,加入上述肿瘤粗抗原,观察细胞毒T淋巴细胞对NCI-H446的杀伤及诱导细胞凋亡的效应。结果表明,肺癌细胞经氩氦刀处理后可致敏DCs,并可诱导细胞毒T淋巴细胞对NCI-H446的杀伤效应,靶细胞凋亡增加。氩氦刀处理的肺癌细胞致敏DCs后,可增强DCs诱导CTLs的抗肿瘤效应（凋亡）。     

致敏树突状细胞活化细胞毒性T细胞抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的：研究树突状细胞（DCs）激活的细胞毒性T细胞的抗肿瘤及预防肿瘤发生的作用。 方法： 细胞因子诱生人PBMC未成熟DCs，加入肿瘤细胞抗原提取物致敏DCs产生成熟DCs；通过细胞形态、表面标记鉴定成熟DCs，MTT法测成熟DCs活化的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)的体外杀伤活性；裸鼠体内注射活化CTL观察其抑制移植瘤生长及发生的作用。 结果： 经过7 d培养，获得大量形态典型、具有强烈刺激增殖能力、高表达CD80(63.5%)、CD83（67.6%）和CD3/ HLA-DR(83.2%)的DCs。其活化的CTL在20∶1效靶比时对抗原来源细胞株自身的杀伤率达75%以上，对同系细胞株的杀伤活性为35%-45%，对其它种系肿瘤细胞仅有微弱杀伤力（P<0.01）。CTL对裸鼠结肠癌HT-29移植瘤有特异性的生长抑制和预防生成作用（P<0.05）。CTL治疗组肿瘤组织中PCNA表达水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论： 肿瘤细胞抗原活化的DC诱导CTL对肿瘤有特异性的杀伤作用，体内应用可特异性抑制移植结肠癌的生长或预防小鼠结肠癌移植瘤的发生。     

肿瘤抗原联合CD40L致敏树突状细胞诱导CTLs杀伤K562细胞的实验研究

目的：以健康人外周血单核细胞为前体细胞，体外诱导为树突状细胞（DCs），负载K562细胞冻融抗原，并联合CD40L诱导产生特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTLs）对K562细胞的杀伤作用。方法:密度梯度离心法、贴壁法分离健康人外周血单核细胞，应用rhGM-CSF、rhIL-4、rhTNF-α等细胞因子诱导扩增，培养DCs，用K562细胞冻融抗原联合rhsCD40L致敏DCs。实验分4组：K562细胞冻融抗原致敏DCs为实验组A，联合CD40L致敏DCs为实验组B，未致敏DCs为对照组A，单核细胞+异体淋巴细胞组为对照组B，观察CTLs对K562细胞的杀伤效应。结果:培养出具有典型特征的DCs，表达CD40最高达96%、CD86达97%、CD80为77%、CD1a为 69%，体外能诱导强烈的同种异体混合淋巴细胞增殖反应。在效靶比为 20∶1 时，实验组A对K562细胞的杀伤率为71.3%，实验组B为86.9%，对照组A为37.6%，对照组B为21.1%。实验组均显示高水平杀伤率，与对照组比较差异显著（P＜0.05），实验组B加CD40L杀伤率高于实验组A（P＜0.05） 。结论：K562细胞冻融抗原冲击致敏DCs能有效诱导T细胞特异性抗白血病作用，联合CD40L能增强其CTL的杀伤作用。     

自身骨髓瘤抗原致敏树突细胞介导特异性CTL反应的研究

目的：研究多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者肿瘤冻融物致敏的树突细胞(DC)能否诱导特异性细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTL)反应。方法：用MM患者骨髓CD34^ 细胞诱生DC。将MM患者骨髓瘤冻融物冲击致敏DC。MTT法检测骨髓瘤抗原致敏及非致敏DC诱导的自身T细胞对不同靶细胞(患者骨髓瘤细胞、K562细胞)的杀伤率。结果：骨髓瘤冻融物致敏DC诱导的自身T细胞对患者骨髓瘤细胞的杀伤远大于对K562细胞的杀伤。结论：患者骨髓瘤冻融物致敏的DC能有效诱导自身T细胞特异性抗瘤免疫。     

超抗原SEB和SEC诱导的树突状细胞对T细胞的影响

目的：阐明超抗原葡萄球菌肠毒素B（SEB）和葡萄球菌肠毒素C（SEC）诱导树突状细胞(dendritic cells，DC)促进T细胞活化、增殖、分泌及其对肝癌HcaF细胞的杀伤作用。 方法： 以SEB或SEC诱导DC刺激T细胞，免疫组化染色检测DC表达S-100蛋白；流式细胞术检测DC表达I-Eκ和CD80分子水平，检测T细胞受刺激后CD69的表达、IL-2和TNF-α的生成；用MTT法检测T细胞增殖及其对HcaF细胞的杀伤效应。 结果： 体外试验表明，DC高表达S-100蛋白，SEB或SEC诱导的DC高表达I-Eκ和CD80分子；SEB或SEC能诱导DC促进T细胞活化，其浓度以100 μg/L时作用最强；SEB或SEC能诱导DC促进T细胞增殖、大量分泌IL-2和TNF-α, 被激活的T细胞对HcaF细胞的杀伤率高达83.2%±12.8%，明显优于肿瘤抗原诱导的DC所激活的T细胞对HcaF细胞的杀伤作用；SEB与SEC的诱导作用无明显差异。 结论： 超抗原SEB或SEC能诱导DC显著增强T细胞活化、增殖、分泌和杀伤肿瘤细胞，并优于肿瘤抗原的诱导作用，SEB和SEC的作用相似，为超抗原SEB或SEC与DC联合应用于临床肿瘤的治疗提供了证据。     

人脐血树突状细胞分泌外来体的特性及其增强CTL杀伤活性的研究

目的探讨脐血树突状细胞(UBDC)及其分泌的亚细胞结构外来体(exosomes)的特性,以及他们对细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)杀伤活性的增强作用。方法分离脐血单个核细胞(UBMC),用rhSCF、rhGM-CSF及rhIL-4诱导12d,加入经反复冻融提取的肿瘤细胞膜抗原,继续培养2d。收集DC并从其培养上清中通过离心(1×105g)分离外来体。用流式细胞术、SDS-PAGE、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和MTT比色法,对DC和外来体的特性及其对CTL杀伤活性的增强作用进行分析。结果用3种细胞因子体外诱导UBMC12d,可使其扩增10倍,并出现DC典型的形态特征。负载肿瘤抗原后,细胞表面可高表达MHC-I、MHC-II、CD40、CD80、CD86、CD11c和CD54。利用超速离心法能从DC培养上清中分离出外来体。混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)和CTL杀伤活性的分析表明,脐血DC分泌的外来体能有效地刺激T细胞增殖并增强CTL的杀伤活性。结论由UBMC可诱导出大量的DC并分泌外来体。后者可有效地向CTL细胞递呈肿瘤抗原使之活化并增强其杀伤活性。     

激动型CD40单克隆抗体体外抑制结肠癌细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨激动型CD40单克隆抗体在体外对结肠癌细胞增殖的抑制作用.方法 树突状细胞(DCs)经结肠癌冻融抗原致敏后予以不同条件激活,分为激动型CD40单克隆抗体组、阴性对照组及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)阳性对照组,诱导培养至第7天,用流式细胞仪检测各组DCs表面分化相关抗原CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达,酶联免疫吸附测定法检测DCs培养液上清中白细胞介素-12(IL-12)的质量浓度,噻唑蓝比色法检测DCs体外刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力,进而检测DCs所诱导的肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)对人结肠癌细胞HCT116的杀伤作用.结果 与阴性对照组相比,激动型CD40单克隆抗体组活化的DCs表面抗原CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达率均显著升高(均P＜0.05),DCs上清中IL-12的质量浓度亦显著升高((716.80±53.43) pg/ml比(405.51±12.17) pg/ml,P＜0.05),活化的DCs具有更强的刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力(刺激指数2.006 2±0.438 3比1.365 0±0.209 8,P＜0.05),活化的DCs所诱导的CTL对HCT116细胞具有更强的杀伤作用(抑制率(66.08±0.41)％比(46.60±1.10)％,P＜0.05);而与TNF-α阳性对照组相比,其差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 激动型CD40单克隆抗体在体外可促进DCs的活化与成熟,进而诱导肿瘤特异性CTL的产生,从而抑制人结肠癌细胞HCT116的增殖.     

大剂量过敏原对致敏小鼠DC表面共刺激分子表达及调节性T细胞极化的作用

目的观察和比较致敏小鼠及正常小鼠DC表面共刺激分子表达及CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T数量的差异及大剂量过敏原在体外的作用。方法流式细胞仪检测致敏及正常对照小鼠脾脏DC表面分子CD11c、MHCⅡ、CD80、CD86表达。分离致敏及正常对照小鼠CD4+T细胞,流式细胞仪检测CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞的数量。致敏小鼠脾脏DC、CD4+T细胞与10 mg/ml OVA或生理盐水共培养后,流式细胞仪检测并比较CD80、CD86等共刺激分子的表达及CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞的数量。结果致敏小鼠脾脏DC表面共刺激分子CD80、CD86、MHCⅡ表达显著高于正常对照小鼠。10 mg/ml的OVA作用后,致敏小鼠脾脏DC表面共刺激分子CD80、CD86的表达明显降低。致敏小鼠脾脏细胞中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞数量显著低于正常对照小鼠。10 mg/ml的OVA作用后,致敏小鼠CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞数量显著上升。结论大剂量过敏原在体外诱导致敏小鼠T细胞的不反应性,其机制与降低致敏小鼠DC共刺激分子表达,诱导调节性T细胞极化等有关。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.