呼气末正压滴定技术在急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气中的应用

针对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者采用肺保护性通气策略是目前公认的方案,其中呼气末正压(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)的设定是肺保护性通气中的重要一环,PEEP滴定技术多样,但最佳PEEP的选择仍是临床工作中的难点。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征与机械通气策略

在寒冷季节,我国甲型H1N1流感的防治工作更加艰巨,其中部分危重患儿需要呼吸机支持治疗。各地医疗机构加大投入力度,相继建立了ICU和抢救室,并配备了呼吸机等设备。但对于普通儿科医师和广大基层人员来说,对呼吸机的使用知识以及其在儿童的使用特点仍缺乏深入了解。为此,本刊特邀请部分急诊和重症医学专家进行呼吸机临床使用的专题笔谈。其目的是帮助临床一线的广大医师尽快熟悉和掌握呼吸机在儿童的使用,使呼吸机在抗击甲流的临床工作中发挥更大的作用。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气策略的新进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）机械通气的目标是保证足够的氧合和最小的呼吸机相关肺损伤。无创机械通气应慎用于ARDS。小潮气量通气的肺保护性通气策略能降低ARDS死亡率,以驱动压为导向设置潮气量更合理。建议根据静态压力-容积曲线采用低位转折点法来确定理想的呼气末正压（PEEP）,不支持常规使用高水平PEEP。俯卧位通气、高频振荡通气和体外膜氧合技术可用于拯救重症ARDS。机械通气中保持ARDS患者自主呼吸很重要,可采用双相气道正压通气、压力支持通气和神经电活动辅助通气等辅助通气模式。不推荐补充外源性肺泡表面活性物质、吸入一氧化氮或支气管扩张剂、气道压力释放通气和部分液体通气。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗时自主呼吸的调节

机械通气是急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的主要治疗手段。机械通气时适当的保留自主呼吸能促进肺泡复张、改善通气/血流比例及氧合、减轻膈肌萎缩、改善部分器官灌注,但过强的自主呼吸也可能导致跨肺压过高、肺灌注增加,加重肺损伤。在临床实践中,应注意自主呼吸的调节,选择合适的机械通气方案,以实现更好的肺保护性通气策略。本文就调节自主呼吸在ARDS患者机械通气治疗中的作用进行综述。     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

目的 探讨肺保护性通气策略在治疗儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的临床应用价值.方法 对1999年1月至2007年12月上海儿童医学中心PICU收治的43例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.根据机械通气模式的不同分为肺保护性通气组(A组)和传统通气组(B组).A组采用肺保护性通气模式,潮气量6～7 ml/kg,吸气峰压≤30 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.133 kPa),应用相对较高的呼气末正压(PEEP),调节吸人氧分数(FiO2)及PEEP以维持经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2)高于90%.B组采用传统通气模式,潮气量8～12 ml/kg,PEEP 2～6 cm H2O,调节FiO2以维持SpO2高于90%.观察2组潮气量、PEEP、动脉血气、病死率及入PICU 28 d内自主呼吸天数.结果 A组潮气量(7.09±1.66)ml/kg,PEEP(7.15±2.08)cm H2O;B组潮气量(9.82±2.31)ml/kg,PEEP(5.40±1.84)cm H2O;A组潮气量较B组显著降低(P=0.001),PEEP较B组显著升高(P=0.021).A组病死率30.3%,自主呼吸天数(10.88±8.84)d;B组病死率60.0%,自主呼吸天数(8.40±10.86)d;两组在病死率与自主呼吸天数上差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 肺保护性通气策略治疗儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征的效果可能优于传统通气模式,但确定结论尚需进一步进行前瞻性临床研究.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

肺保护性通气策略在早产儿重症呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的探讨肺保护通气策略在机械通气治疗早产儿重症呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)中的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年12月采用常频通气(SIMV模式)治疗的64例重症早产儿RDS临床资料,按患儿所应用的通气策略分成研究组(采用肺保护性通气策略,36例)和对照组(采用传统通气策略,28例),比较两组患儿的呼吸机参数、血气分析、并发症发生率、病死率、上机时间、氧疗时间、住院时间等。结果研究组患儿极期呼吸机参数吸气峰压(PIP)、平均气道压(MAP)、吸入氧浓度(FiO2)、吸气时间(Ti)明显低于对照组,而呼气末正压(PEEP)、呼吸频率(RR)均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);研究组患儿极期动脉血pH值、氧分压(PO2)均低于对照组,二氧化碳分压(PCO2)高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);研究组患儿呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VALI)发生率、上机时间、氧疗时间、住院时间均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),而在肺出血、慢性肺疾病(CLD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)、脑室内出血(IVH)等发生率和病死率方面,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 RDS早产儿实施肺保护通气策略,可显著降低VALI的发生率,缩短上机时间、氧疗时间和住院时间,并不增加CLD、PDA、IVH等并发症的发生率,是一种更安全有效的通气策略。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿肺力学特点

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的病因不一,发病机制各有所异,病情进展过程中肺力学的改变存在个体差异。顺应性、压力、容量等的变化与病因、病情轻重、年龄等密切相关。正确采用肺保护性通气策略、合理调节呼吸机参数、减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤是提高ARDS救治成功率的关键。因此,在ARDS机械通气治疗中必须高度注意患儿肺力学的特点和变化。     

儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征肺复张及呼气末正压滴定方法

应用小潮气量及限制气道压力进行机械通气的策略在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用已经得到公认。肺复张及呼气末正压（PEEP）滴定能提高氧合并进行肺保护,但是肺复张及PEEP设定方法一直存在争议,该文就呼吸窘迫综合征患儿的肺复张策略及PEEP滴定进行综述。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的肺开放策略

机械通气是抢救急性呼吸窘迫综合征的最关键措施，开放塌陷肺泡的压力高达60cmH2O，而维持肺泡开放的压力即呼气末正压应大于20cmH2O。数分钟内维持极高的气道压力来开放已塌陷的肺泡即肺开放策略，有短时高压力控制通气、叹息通气和短时高持续气道正压通气，它们并无气压伤和持久的循环影响，但肺开放策略并不常规用于每个急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者。