农村定向培养中专学生的膳食营养状况

为了解经济条件较差的学生的膳食营养状况，对沈阳市体育运动学校农村定向培养师资班的58名男生（15～18岁）进行人体测量、三天称重法膳食调查、24小时尿中维生素C、维生素B2排出量检测。结果表明，膳食中食物种类单一，动物性食品少。热能摄入量平均每人每日为12301kJ（2490kcal），蛋白质的平均摄入量为74．7g，钙、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2缺乏严重，仅达供给量的50％左右。24小时尿中维生素C平均含量为29.6±17．3mg，维生素B2平均含量为143．6±56.9μg。     

银川市某私立学校学生膳食营养状况

目的了解私立学校学生膳食营养状况，为改善学生膳食结构提供科学依据。方法用记帐法和称量法调查某私立学校住宿学生1007名的膳食情况。结果平均每人每日能量和各种营养素摄入量为：能量13．05Mj（3120kcal），蛋白质85．4g，脂肪92.6g，碳水化合物486.2g。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物供能比分别为10.96％，26．64％，62．30％，蛋白质供能占总能量比例低于12％。常量及微量元素中钾、钠、磷、镁、铁、铜、锰及维生素PP均达《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》（DRIs）要求，但维生素A、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素E、钙、锌、硒摄入量不足。结论应加强平衡膳食和合理营养的教育，逐步改善学生的营养状况。     

某小学134名寄宿生营养状况

目的　了解小学寄宿生的营养现状 ,为膳食指导提供科学依据。方法　整群抽取平顶山煤业集团所属某小学寄宿生 1 34名 ,采用 5d称重法进行膳食调查 ,原子吸收光谱法测定血清Ca、Fe、Zn含量 ,氰化高铁法测定血红蛋白值。结果　蛋白质和能量摄入量均达到推荐摄入量 (RNI)规定 ;Fe、Zn、维生素B1 及烟酸摄入量基本达到RNI规定 ;Ca、视黄醇、维生素B2 、维生素C摄入量不足 ,分别达RNI的45 .6 %、58.2 %、65 .2 % ;Na摄入量为RNI的 2 50 % ;血清Ca、Zn、Fe值低于正常参考值范围的检出率分别为 1 7.9%、2 .3 %、1 .5 % ;Hb <1 2 0g/L的占 0 .8%。结论　该小学住宿生钙摄入严重不足 ,应调整膳食结构 ,增加含钙丰富的食物。     

广州卫生学校385名寄宿女生膳食营养状况

目的了解广州卫校寄宿学生营养状况、早餐特点及营养知识，探讨其影响因素，为指导学生合理营养提供依据。方法采用4d记账法计算每人每日的营养素摄入量，并与推荐摄入量进行比较。采用询问法询问24h膳食组成和对营养知识的知晓情况。结果能量摄入量占推荐摄入量的82，8％；蛋白质摄入量占推荐摄入量的84．0％；钙摄入量明显不足，占推荐摄入量的35．1％；视黄醇、维生素B1、维生素B2和维生素C有不同程度的摄入不足，分别占推荐摄入量的62．3％，75．0％，70．8％和63．0％；早餐中没有奶类食品的占68.0％，早餐质量较差的人数占52．3％；对营养知识的知晓率为80．0％。结论应在学生中开展营养知识教育，尤其是要加强平衡膳食的教育，明确早餐的重要性，并提高早餐的质量。     

厦门市两所中学学生膳食营养状况

目的：了解厦门市中学生营养状况并针对问题提出改进措施，以便为中学生提供合理的膳食营养。方法：采用24h膳食记录法和称重法，连续调查3d学生膳食状况，计算每人每日能量和营养素摄入量，与推荐摄入量进行比较。结果：男生能量摄入量占推荐摄入量为73．38％，女生为74．00％；蛋白质摄入量占推荐摄入量男生为87．88％，女生为77．13％；钙摄入量严重不足，男生仅为推荐摄入量的24．70％，女生为27．10％；视黄醇、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和锌、铁也存在不同程度的摄入不足。结论：应对学生进行营养教育，提高早餐质量，增加副食摄入，补充牛奶。     

集美中学寄宿学生膳食状况调查

目的了解厦门市集美中学寄宿生膳食营养状况,为采取营养改善措施提供科学依据。方法对集美中学寄宿学生764名进行膳食调查,采用称量法称取5 d食物消耗量,依据食物成分表和2000年《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行评价。结果学生多数营养素摄入量充足或基本充足,膳食中优质蛋白质来源比例合适,但能量营养素来源比例不合理,碳水化合物供能较低,维生素B1、维生素C、锌摄入量不足,维生素B2、钙摄入量严重不足,钙、铁质量较差。结论应对学生加强营养知识教育,培养良好的饮食习惯。     

广西250名大学生营养观念与膳食状况

目的 了解广西大学学生的营养观念与膳食状况，为在大学生中开展营养健康教育提供依据。方法 采用自行设计的综合问卷表和5d膳食跟踪调查表对281名学生进行调查。结果 广西大学学生现有营养观念和营养知识不容乐观。膳食结构中，蔬菜、奶、豆制品、蛋、粮谷类摄入不足，而肉、禽类摄入过多；能量、B族维生素、维生素C、钙摄入不足，尤其是钙、维生素C以及男生中维生素B2的摄入严重不足。结论 必须在大学生中开展营养健康教育。以改进学生的营养观念和膳食结构。     

唐山体校学生的膳食与营养状况

目的了解体校学生的膳食营养素摄入量是否合理以及营养知识与膳食选择的关系，为营养指导提供依据。方法膳食调查采用称重法与记帐法相结合。能量消耗测定采用24h跟踪登记法。结果同《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》(DRIS)进行比较，该校学生摄入的三大营养素、各种维生素和矿物质，除维生素C、维生素B2分别占推荐摄入量(RNI)标准的55．0％，77．0%以外，其余营养素均达到要求。食物结构同《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》比较，搭配不甚合理。学生营养不良率为17．7%(男9．8％，女28．6％)，营养过剩率为25．8％(男32．9％，女16．0％)。结论体校应配备营养师，实行营养配餐，定期做好学生膳食营养评价，提高运动员健康水平。     

化州市江湖中学学生食谱与膳食营养分析

目的 了解化州市农村中学生膳食结构，探索既能改善学生膳食营养，又适合农村学生及家长经济能力的食谱和食堂管理途径。方法 用查帐法对广东省1所990名学生的农村初中进行全日在校用餐学生膳食调查。结果 学生周间平均每人每日热能，铁，维生素B2，维生素C摄入量均大于供给量，蛋白质，尼克酸接近供给量，视黄醇当量大于供给量的2／3，钙，维生素B1接近或达到供给量的1／2。结论 该校中学生膳食营养摄入量相对合理。提示加强学校食堂的经营管理，可有效地降低学生伙食费，改善学生膳食营养状况。     

宁夏吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食调查

目的了解职业技术学院在校学生营养状况，促进平衡膳食、合理营养，为职业技术学院制订学生科学食谱提供依据。方法采用称量记帐法对吴忠市职业技术学院349名学生进行膳食调查。结果蛋白质摄入量占《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量，DRIs》的69％左右；能量摄入分布中，蛋白质供能不足，仅占9．4％(标准为12％～14％)；动物脂肪摄入量偏低；钙摄入量占DRIs的45％左右，严重缺乏；核黄素摄入量为DRIs的53％左右，维生素A摄入量占DRIs的65％左右；铁、硫胺素、尼克酸以及维生素C摄入量大于DRIs。结果吴忠市职业技术学院学生膳食结构不合理，应增加蛋白质、矿物质、钙和维生素A、B2的摄入量。     

Nutritional status of vitamin A, E, C, B1, B2, B6, nicotinic acid, B12, folate, and beta-carotene in young women

To investigate the vitamin status of young Japanese women, dietary intakes of vitamin A, E, C, B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folate, and beta-carotene were assessed by a 3-d weighed food record in 150 female students aged 21-22. Whole blood levels of vitamin B1, B2, and nicotinic acid, and serum levels of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin B6, and beta-carotene were determined by HPLC. Vitamin B12 and folate in serum were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay, and serum vitamin C was done by dinitrophenylhydrazine method. When the 6th revision RDAs for the Japanese (physical activity level 1) were applied, 46.7% of the females showed sufficient intake for vitamin A, 28.7% for E, 80.7%, for B1, 92.7% for B2, 54.7% for B6, 99.3% for niacin, 76.0% for B12, 34.0% for folate, and 54.0% for C. Fifty-nine percent of total vitamin A (microgRE) intakes were derived from beta-carotene. The mean+/- SD of energy intakes was low, 1.572+/-315 kcal. Significant correlations among intakes of energy and all these vitamins were found. Serum folate and ascorbic acid levels in the females with corresponding vitamin intakes above the RDA were significantly higher than in those with intakes below the RDA. There were significant correlations between blood vitamin levels and vitamin intakes in vitamin B12 (r=0.185), folate (r=0.255), vitamin C (r=0.272), and beta-carotene (r=0.319). Mean blood levels of folate, ascorbic acid, vitamin B2, B12, and beta-carotene were higher in the highest quartile of intake than in the lowest. The 95% confidence intervals of blood vitamin levels obtained from the females with sufficient vitamin intakes were nearly equal to those obtained from all subjects. Only a few females (0.7-4.7%) had their blood vitamin levels below the lower limits. Serum alpha-tocopherol levels were significantly correlated with serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C. This data suggested that young women should increase suitable dietary food intakes in order to maintain good status of vitamin. Moreover, sufficient amount of physical activity would be expected for prevention of excessive energy intake.     

Measurements of B1, B2, B6 status in children and their mothers attending a well-baby clinic in Bangkok

The status of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine in 717 healthy children aged 1-60 months and 569 mothers aged 16-45 years attending a well-baby clinic in Bangkok were determined by using the erythrocyte enzymes, transketolase, glutathione oxidoreductase, aspartate aminotransferase and measuring the degree of stimulation with the coenzymes thiamin pyrophosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide and pyridoxal phosphate respectively. Cut-off points for the upper limit of the normal ranges for the respective activation coefficients were established from the data obtained.     

Interventions with vitamins B6, B12 and C in pregnancy

The water-soluble vitamins B6, B12 and C play important roles in maternal health as well as fetal development and physiology during gestation. This systematic review evaluates the risks and benefits of interventions with vitamins B6, B12 and C during pregnancy on maternal, neonatal and child health and nutrition outcomes. Relevant publications were identified by searching PubMed, Popline and Web of Science databases. Meta-analyses were conducted for outcomes where results from at least three controlled trials were available. Potential benefits of vitamin B6 supplementation were reduction in nausea and vomiting, improvement in dental health, and treatment of some cases of anaemia. In meta-analysis based on three small studies, vitamin B6 supplementation had a significant positive effect on birthweight (d = 217 g [95% confidence interval (CI) 130, 304]). Interventions with vitamin C alone or combined with vitamin E did not systematically reduce the incidence of pre-eclampsia, premature rupture of membranes, or other adverse pregnancy outcomes. In meta-analyses, vitamins C and E increased the risk of pregnancy-related hypertension (relative risk 1.10 [95% CI 1.02, 1.19]). Effects of vitamin B6 or C intervention on other neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, low birthweight, and perinatal morbidity and mortality, were not significant. Data on child health outcomes were lacking. Despite the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency amongst populations with limited intake of animal source foods, no intervention trials have evaluated vitamin B12 supplementation before or during pregnancy. In conclusion, existing evidence does not justify vitamin C supplementation during pregnancy. Additional studies are needed to confirm positive effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on infant birthweight and other outcomes. While vitamin B12 supplementation may reduce the incidence of neural tube defects in the offspring based on theoretical considerations, research is needed to support this hypothesis.     

HPLC同时测定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2

目的：分析常见种类食物中黄曲霉毒素的含量，为建立食品中黄曲霉毒素的限量指标提供数据，并为大众的健康饮食提供参考。方法：以黄曲霉毒素B1的平均含量为参考选择黄曲霉毒素含量较多的常见食物种类，使用高效液相色谱仪及荧光检测器分析食物中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2的含量。结果：花生酱中含有的黄曲霉毒素最多，平均为2．41μg／kg；大米中黄曲霉毒素的含量次之，平均为0．15μg／kg；花生中黄曲霉毒素的平均含量为0．04μg／kg。结论：高效液相色谱法测定食物中黄曲霉毒素其重现性较好，而且可以一次分别测定出黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2的含量，从结果看来尽管多数食品中均含有黄曲霉毒素，但是其含量均没有超过国家限量标准，其中花生酱中的黄曲霉毒素含量较高。这些数据均可以为大众的健康饮食提供参考。     

蔬菜维生素B_1、维生素B_2保留因子的研究

目的通过比较不同蔬菜、不同烹调方法间维生素B1、维生素B2保留因子(RF)的差异,探讨影响蔬菜维生素B1、维生素B2保留因子的因素。方法选取了常见的12种蔬菜,以炒、炖、炸、蒸、焯、盐腌的方法进行烹调,分别记录烹调前后的重量,采用GB/T5009.84-2003荧光法、GB/T5009.85-2003荧光法分别测定烹调前后维生素B1、维生素B2含量,计算出相应的重量保留因子(保留率)和维生素B1、维生素B2保留因子(保留率)。结果鲜豆类蔬菜,维生素B1的保留率大多在66%~75%之间,维生素B2的保留率在85%~90%之间。焯不论对于根茎类还是叶菜类都会造成维生素B1的较大损失,损失率为50%。对于叶菜类,焯同样会造成维生素B2较大损失,RF的均值为50,明显低于炒青菜(P<0.05)。根茎类和茄果类蔬菜在炒的烹调方式下维生素B2的RF值在77~79之间。结论焯会造成较大的维生素B1、维生素B2损失,炒的维生素B1、维生素B2保留率较高;烹调方法、蔬菜的品种是影响维生素保留因子的重要因素。     

Folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and vitamin B2 intake, genetic polymorphisms of related enzymes, and risk of colorectal cancer in a hospital-based case-control study in Japan

We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association of nutrient intake involved in the one-carbon pathway of folate for DNA methylation and DNA synthesis and the related enzyme genetic polymorphisms with colorectal cancer. Cases were 107 patients newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Controls were 224 subjects matched with cases by sex, age, and residential area. Nutrient intake was assessed by a self-administered, semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Four genetic polymorphisms-MTHFR C677T and A1298C, MTRR A66G, and ALDH2 Glu487Lys-were determined using blood samples. Odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and dietary fiber intake. Although folate intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer, this association was attenuated after further controlling for dietary fiber intake. Neither vitamin B6, vitamin B12, nor vitamin B2, nor any genetic polymorphism was significantly associated with colorectal cancer. MTRR polymorphism interacted with the association of folate (P for interaction = 0.04) or vitamin (P for interaction = 0.02) with colorectal cancer, although the other polymorphisms did not interact with any nutrient intake. In conclusion, the study did not support the existing hypothesis of gene-nutrient interaction in colorectal carcinogenesis.