头孢唑肟钠有关物质的研究

摘要：目的 采用液相色谱法和液相色谱-质谱联用法对不同批次的头孢唑肟钠粉针中的杂质进行全面深入研究。方法 对头孢唑肟钠进行加速稳定性试验,采用液相色谱、液质联用仪检测头孢唑肟钠中的杂质类型,采用制备型液相色谱制备有关杂质,经波普分析确定各杂质的结构。结果 共检出12种杂质,其中2种为新检出的杂质,且在制剂中含量较高,本次报道的杂质为B (6R,7R)-7-((Z)-2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺-8-氧代-5-噻-1-氮杂双环[4,2,0]辛-3-烯-2-羧酸,C 2-(R)-((Z)-2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺(羧基)甲基)-3,6-二氢-2H-1,3-噻嗪-4-羧酸,D 2-((R)-(Z)-2-(2-氨基噻唑基) -2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺(羧基)甲基)-3,6-二氢-2H-1,3-噻嗪-4-羧酸,F (Z)-2-((2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺)甲基)-3,6-二氢-2H-1,3-噻嗪-4-羧酸,G 2-((R)-((E)-2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺基(羧基)甲基)-3,6-二氢-2H-1,3-噻嗪-4-羧酸,H 2-((R)-(E)-2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺基(羧基)甲基)-3,6-二氢-2H-1,3-噻嗪-4-羧酸,I (6R,7R)-7-((E)-2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺基)-8-氧基-5-噻-1-氮杂双环[4,2,0]辛-3-烯-2-羧酸,J (6R)-7-((Z)-2-(2-氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-(甲氧基亚氨基)乙酰胺)-8-氧代-5-噻-1-氮杂双环[4,2,0]辛-2-烯-2-羧酸。结论 本文报道的分析方法能较好的检测分析头孢唑肟钠中的各种可能的常见杂质,本实验室开发的分离纯化方法能够分离得到纯度合乎结构确证要求的杂质,用NMR、HRMS、NOE和CD等分析方法能准确推测这些杂质的结构。     

齐拉西酮有关物质的合成

为了对抗精神病药齐拉西酮的有关物质进行定量控制,分别合成了美国药典35版(2012)收载的4种有关物质——2-[2-氨基-5-[2-[4-(苯并[d]异噻唑-3-基)哌嗪-1-基]乙基]-4-氯苯基]乙酸(2)、5-[2-[4-(苯并[d]异噻唑-3-基)-哌嗪-1-基]乙基]-6-氯吲哚啉-2,3-二酮(3)、5,5'-二[2-[4-(苯并[d]异噻唑-3-基)哌嗪-1-基]乙基]-6,6'-二氯-3-羟基-3,3'-二吲哚啉-2,2'-二酮(4)和3-(苯并[d]异噻唑-3-基)-5-[2-[4-(苯并[d]异噻唑-3-基)哌嗪-1-基]乙基]-6-氯吲哚啉-2-酮(5),并经1H NMR和MS确证结构.     

塞瑞替尼有关物质的合成

根据塞瑞替尼(1)结构及合成工艺,制备了8个有关物质：5-氯-2-异丙氧基-N-[2-(异丙基磺酰基)苯基]-4-嘧啶胺(有关物质A)、5-氯-4-[[2-(异丙基磺酰基)苯基]氨基]-2-嘧啶醇(有关物质B)、5-氯-N²-[2-异丙氧基-5-甲基-4-(哌啶-4-基)苯基]-N⁴-[2-(异丙基亚硫酰基)苯基]-2,4-嘧啶二胺(有关物质C)、5-氯-N²-[2-异丙氧基-5-甲基-4-(哌啶-4-基)苯基]-N⁴-[2-(丙基磺酰基)苯基]-2,4-嘧啶二胺(有关物质D)、5-氯-N⁴-[2-异丙氧基-5-甲基-4-(哌啶-4-基)苯基]-N²-[2-(异丙基磺酰基)苯基]-2,4-嘧啶二胺(有关物质E)、2-[[5-氯-4-[[2-(异丙基磺酰基)苯基]-氨基]嘧啶-2-基]氨基]-4-甲基-5-(哌啶-4-基)苯酚(有关物质F)、4-[4-[4-[[5-氯-4-[[2-(异丙基磺酰基)苯基]-氨基]-嘧啶-2-基]氨基]-5-异丙氧基-2-甲基苯...     

西地那非有关物质的合成

为控制西地那非产品质量,分别合成了可能存在的3个有关物质——5-[2-乙氧基-5-(4-甲基哌嗪-1-磺酰基)苯基]-1-甲基-3-(2-甲基丙基)-1,6-二氢吡唑并[4,3-d]嘧啶-7-酮、4-乙氧基-3-(1-甲基-7-氧代-3-丙基-6,7-二氢-1H-吡唑并[4,3-d]嘧啶-5-基)苯磺酸和1-[4-乙氧基-3-[5-(6,7-二氢-1-甲基-7-氧代-3-丙基-1H-吡唑并[4,3-d]嘧啶)]-苯磺酰基]-4-甲基哌嗪-4-氧化物,并经MS、1H NMR、13C NMR等确证结构.     

(3R,5S,6E)-7-(4-对氟苯硫基-6,7,8-三氟喹啉-3-基)-3,5-二羟基庚烯酸钙有关物质的合成

为加强对降血脂候选药物(3R,5S,6E)-7-(4-对氟苯硫基-6,7,8-三氟喹啉-3-基)-3,5-二羟基庚烯酸钙(2)的质量控制,合成了可能存在于药品中的5个有关物质:(3R,6E)-7-(4-对氟苯硫基-6,7,8-三氟喹啉-3-基)-3-羟基-5-氧代庚烯酸(3)、(3R,5S,6E)-7-(4-对氟苯亚磺酰基-6,7,8-三氟喹啉-3-基)-3,5-二羟基庚烯酸(4)、(3R,5S,6Z)-7-(4-对氟苯硫基-6,7,8-三氟喹啉-3-基)-3,5-二羟基庚烯酸(5)、(3R,5R,6E)-7-(4-对氟苯硫基-6,7,8-三氟喹啉-3-基)-3,5-二羟基庚烯酸(6),以及(3R*,5S*,6E)-7-(4-对氟苯硫基-6,7,8-三氟喹啉-3-基)-3,5-二羟基庚烯酸(7).     

瑞舒伐他汀钙有关物质的合成

为控制瑞舒伐他汀钙的质量,制备了瑞舒伐他汀钙的5个有关物质：[(3R,5S,E)-7-[4-(4-氟苯基)-2-[[2-[4-(4-氟苯基)-6-异丙基-2-[N-甲基(甲基磺酰胺基)]嘧啶-5-基]-2-羟基乙基]-N-甲基磺酰胺基]-6-异丙基嘧啶-5-基]-3,5-二羟基庚-6-烯酸酯]钙盐(有关物质A)、[(3R,5S,E)-7-[4-(4-氟苯基)-2-[[(E)-2-[4-(4-氟苯基)-6-异丙基-2-[N-甲基(甲基磺酰胺基)]嘧啶-5-基]乙烯基]-N-甲基磺酰胺基]-6-异丙基嘧啶-5-基]-3,5-二羟基庚-6-烯酸酯]钙盐(有关物质B)、N-[4-(4-氟苯基)-5-[(E)-2-[(2R,4R)-4-羟基-6-氧代四氢-2H-吡喃-2-基]乙烯基]-6-异丙基嘧啶-2-基]-N-甲基甲磺酰胺(有关物质C)、N-[(R)-8-氟-6-[(2S,4R)-4-羟基-6-氧代四氢-2H-吡喃-2-基]-4-异丙基-5,6-二氢苯并[h]-喹唑啉-2-基]-N-甲基甲磺酰胺(有关物质D)、N-[(S)-8-氟-6-[(2S,4R)-4-羟基-6-氧代四氢-2H-吡喃-2...     

吉非替尼的合成

2-硝基-4-甲氧基-5-[3-(吗啉-4-基)丙氧基]苄腈经钯炭催化转移氧化得到2-氨基-4-甲氧基-5-[3-(吗啉-4-基)丙氧基]苯甲酰胺和2-氨基-4-甲氧基-5-[3-(吗啉-4-基)丙氧基]苄腈的混合物,随后在DMF和五氯化磷作用下转化为N′-[2-氰基-5-甲氧基-4-[3-(吗啉-4-基)丙氧基]苯基]-N,N-二甲基甲脒,最后与 3-氯-4-氟苯胺发生Dimroth重排反应得到吉非替尼,总收率约66％.     

苯甲酸阿格列汀有关物质的合成

以苯甲酸阿格列汀(1)的工业化生产路线为基础,制备了苯甲酸阿格列汀的7个有关物质：2,2’-[[6-氯-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢嘧啶-1,5(2H)-基]-二(亚甲基)]二苯甲腈(7)、2-[[5-溴-6-氯-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢嘧啶-1(2H)-基]甲基]-苯甲腈(8)、2,2’-[[6-乙氧基-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢嘧啶-1,5(2H)-基]-二(亚甲基)]二苯甲腈(9)、(R)-2-[[3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-6-[(哌啶-3-基)氨基]-3,4-二氢嘧啶-1(2H)-基]甲基]苯甲腈(10)、(R)-2-[[6-[3-[[3-(2-氰苄基)-1-甲基-2,6-二氧代-1,2,3,6-四氢嘧啶-4-基]氨基]哌啶-1-基]-3-甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢嘧啶-1(2H)-基]甲基]苯甲腈(11)、(R)-2-[[3-甲基-6-[3-[(1-甲基-2,6-二氧代-1,2,3,6-四氢嘧啶-4-基)氨基]哌啶-1-基]-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢嘧啶-1(2H)-基]甲基]苯甲腈(12)、(R)-N-[1-[3-(2-氰基苄...     

中国南海花刺柳珊瑚化学成分研究

目的研究花刺柳珊瑚Echinogorgia flora的化学成分。方法利用硅胶色谱、Sephadex LH-20、凝胶色谱、HPLC等手段对化学成分进行了分离纯化;通过理化性质,波谱分析结合参考文献,鉴定化合物的结构。结果从花刺柳珊瑚的甲醇氯仿混合溶剂提取物中,分离鉴定了15个单体化合物:(22E)-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(1),5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-6-烯-3β-醇(2),(24E)-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-24-乙基-6,24-二烯-3β-醇(3),(22E)-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-24-乙基-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(4),(22E)-5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-23-甲基-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(5),5α,8α-过氧化麦角甾-24-甲基-6,9(11),22-三烯-3β-醇(6),6-甲氧基-胆甾-7-烯-3β,5α-二醇(7),(22E)-24-乙基-胆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(8),24-亚甲基-胆甾-3β,5α,6β-三醇(9),(22E)-胆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(10),胆甾-5-烯-3β,7α-二醇(11),胆甾醇(12),24-亚甲基胆甾醇(13),丁烯酸内酯(14),N-2-(1,3-二羟基-4,8-十八二烯基-)-十六酰胺(15)。结论化合物(1-15)均为首次从该种柳珊瑚中得到。     

1-芳基-4-乙氧羰基-5-氨基-1,2,3,-连三唑和几种亲电子试剂的反应及产物抗菌性能的研究

本文研究1-芳基-4-乙氧羰基-5-氨基-1,2,3,-连三唑(1)同过量乙酸,乙酸酐、乙酰氯、苯甲酰氯以及甲酰胺等的反应,制得1的14种新衍生物:1-H-4-乙氧羰基-5-芳胺基-1,2,3-连三唑(2 b～d),1-酰基-4-乙氧羰基-5-芳胺基-1,2,3-连三唑(3a～d),1-芳基-4-乙氧羰基-5-乙酰胺基-1,2,3-连三唑-(4a～d)以及1-甲酰基-4-乙氧羰基-5-对硝基苯胺基-1,2,3-连三唑(5a),1-苯甲酰基-4-乙氧羰基-5-对硝基苯胺基-1,2,3-连三唑(5b),1-对氨苯甲酰基-4-乙氧羰基-5-对硝基苯胺基-1,2,3-连三唑(5c)。所有化合物的结构,均经元素分析及波谱分析确证,并筛选了一些化合物的抗菌作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.