肝脏局灶性结节增生的MR表现及病理对照研究

目的:探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的MRI表现及其病理基础.方法:回顾性分析26例手术病理证实的FNH患者MRI平扫(T1WI、T2WI及DWI)和动态增强扫描的资料,对病灶信号及强化特点进行评价.结果:26例共33个病灶,单发型23例,多发型3例.实质部分于T1 WI显示31例,其中低信号3例、略低信号28例;T2WI显示32例,其中略高信号25例,高信号7例;DWI显示29例,其中略高信号21例,高信号8例.共21例病灶显示中央瘢痕,其中T1WI显示19例,均为低信号;T2WI均可显示,且均呈高信号;DWI显示15例,均为高信号.增强后,实质部分均于动脉期明显、均匀强化,延迟扫描呈略高信号28例,等信号4例,略低信号l例.中央瘢痕于动脉期明显强化1例,延迟期仍持续强化,余32例均表现为延迟强化.8例病灶周围可见增粗、扭曲的供血动脉,4例病灶周围见不完整的环形包膜样延迟强化影.结论:MRI能全面展示FNH病理改变及血流动力学特征,DWI可以提供辅助诊断信息.     

肝脓肿的MRI平扫及动态增强信号特征分析

目的：探讨肝脓肿的MRI平扫及动态增强扫描信号特点。方法：对临床及手术病理证实的21例肝脓肿患者MRI平扫及增强后动态扫描资料进行回顾性分析。结果：21例中,单发肝脓肿13例,多发8例,共39个主病灶,15个伴多发子灶。39个主病灶中,＂簇样征＂3个,蜂窝网格状、花边样征24个,＂环靶征＂12个。平扫示主病灶T1WI间隔及壁呈等低信号、脓腔低信号,T2WI间隔及壁略高信号、内脓腔呈更高信号;子病灶中央见点状T1WI低、T2WI高信号;20个主病灶周围见片状或肝段性T2WI高信号。增强后动态扫描：①动脉期肝脓肿27个主病灶分隔及边缘轻度强化,12个主病灶壁轻度强化、其中10个壁边缘明显强化;②门脉期分隔或/和壁强化逐渐明显、壁边缘持续强化,边界更加清晰;③延迟期（1～5min）分隔或/和壁持续强化。30min延迟扫描8个主病灶,壁内层仍见强化,壁边缘强化减退;④子病灶环边缘动脉期轻度强化、门脉期及延迟期强化逐渐明显;⑤主、子病灶坏死脓腔均无强化;⑥28个主病灶周围见片状或肝段性动脉期一过性强化。结论：MRI平扫及动态增强扫描能较好的显示肝脓肿的发生、演变、发展及转归过程,反映肝脓肿的特征表现。     

磁共振动态增强和DWI在肝结节性病变与小肝癌诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨磁共振动态增强和弥散加权成像(DWI)在肝结节性病变与小肝癌诊断中的应用价值。方法对在本院接受诊断与治疗的肝脏占位性病变患者分别采用磁共振动态增强检查和DWI检查。结果肝癌和小肝癌的常规扫描T1WI呈现信号低,T2WI和DWI上呈高或略高信号,LAVA动脉期强化显著,门静脉期强化下降,延迟期信号低,呈现出典型的"快进快出"式。而肝结节性病变在DWI上呈略高信号,T1WI上为低或稍低信号,T2WI上呈高或略高信号,动脉期有强化,门脉及延时期强化消退。本组120例患者经磁共振常规扫描、动态增强扫描及DWI共计检查出168个病灶,其中动态增强扫描共检出病灶142个,检出率为84.52%(142/168);DWI共检出病灶137个,检出率为81.55%(137/168);经统计学分析发现动态增强扫描与DWI单独应用在病灶检出方面比较无明显差异(2=0.87,P0.05)。而动态增强扫描与DWI联合应用检出情况明显优于动态增强扫描或DWI单独应用,且差异具有统计学意义。结论动态增强扫描联合DWI有助于提高肝结节性病变与小肝癌的检出率,有利于早期治疗。     

肝脏囊性转移瘤的CT和MR征象的比较

目的:分析肝脏囊性转移瘤在CT和MR上的表现,比较CT和MR检查对囊性转移瘤的临床诊断价值.材料和方法:18例(共52个病灶)肝脏囊性转移瘤中10例行CT平扫和增强门脉期扫描.8例行MR T1WI和FMP-SPGR多期动态增强扫描.观察肿瘤的大小、形态、数目、囊壁和壁结节的强化情况.结果:2例为单发病灶外,其余均为多发病灶.病灶呈类圆形或椭圆形.CT上8例见到囊壁不规则增厚,其中6例可见向囊腔内突起的壁结节,1例内有分隔.2例薄壁且均匀的病灶误诊为肝囊肿.T1WI上,7例为低信号,1例为混杂信号.T2WI上,病灶均为明显高信号,2例信号均匀,6例信号不均匀,可见到壁结节为略低信号.增强动脉期所有病灶均无强化表现,门脉期和延迟期,可见到边缘环形强化和壁结节的强化.也有1例见到分隔.结论:CT和MR均可显示肝脏囊性转移瘤的特征,MR在显示病灶的出血、囊变、分隔和囊壁的情况等比CT更为敏感、可靠,在鉴别诊断方面价值更大.     

肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT及MRI征象分析

目的 分析13例肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（AML）的CT及MRI表现,进一步提高诊断准确性。方法 所有病例均经手术病理证实。12例经CT检查,其中6例做过MRI检查,仅1例只做MRI检查。平扫后行增强动脉期和门脉期扫描,5例做了延迟期扫描。MRI检查行SE T1WI、快速自旋回波（FSE）T2WI和快速多层面干扰梯度回波（FMPSPGR）序列横断面动态多期增强扫描。结果 CT平扫11个病灶为低密度,1个为略高密度。动脉期所有病灶均有强化表现,8个病灶见到中心血管影。门脉期8个病灶有持续强化,有6个病灶见到中心血管影。MR T1WI上5个病灶为混杂信号,T2WI上所有病灶均为高信号,但信号强度各不相同。MR增强动脉期6个病灶有强化,1个病灶强化不明显。门脉期4个病灶有持续强化,3个为低信号。MR增强扫描中也有4个病灶显示中心血管影。结论 CT和MRI检查均可显示AML的特征,特别是病灶中脂肪成分和血管影高度提示AML的诊断。MR SE序列加脂肪抑制显示脂肪成分比CT更加敏感。CT和MR动态增强多期扫描可充分反映AML的强化特征,有助于提高AML的诊断准确性。     

肝脏炎性假瘤的MRI表现及临床病理对照

目的探讨肝脏炎性假瘤(inflammatory pseudotumor, IPT)的MRI表现及临床病理对照。方法对18例经病理证实的IPT的影像及组织学表现进行回顾性分析。结果 IPT的MRI表现:1)MR平扫:T_1WI低信号为14例(14/18,77.78%),T_2WI高信号为17例(17/18,94.44%),其中2例呈病变周边高信号。DWI(b值=800s/mm~2)表现弥散受限的高信号15例(15/18,83.33%);2)MR多期动态增强扫描可见3种表现:①环状强化12例(12/18, 66.67%):动脉期病变边缘出现模糊的轻度环状强化,其中1例病变内部可见结节状强化。12例中有9例在静脉期及平衡期表现持续的环状强化,3例表现向心性强化;②病变呈不均匀的整体强化4例(4/18, 22.22%);动脉期病变表现整体强化,2例在平衡期出现病变周围持续的环状强化,2例表现持续的整体强化;③延迟强化2例(2/18,11.11%):动脉期2例均无强化。1例在平衡期出现延迟的环状强化,1例在平衡期表现延迟的病变中央强化;3)本组中9例进行了肝胆期扫描,其中6例的环状强化在肝胆期表现等或稍高信号,其病变范围与动态增强阶段图像对比出现向心性缩小。结论肝脏炎性假瘤的典型MRI表现为动态增强的延续强化和病变范围在肝胆期的向心性缩小。     

肝脏炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的CT、MRI表现及其与病理对照分析

目的 探讨肝脏炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(HIMT)的CT及MRI表现,并与病理对照分析,以提高对该病的影像诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术或穿刺活检病理证实的19例HIMT患者的影像表现与病理学特点,其中19例均行CT平扫及动态增强扫描,3例同时行MR平扫及动态增强扫描.结果 19例HIMT,18例单发,1例多发,共20个病灶,18个位于肝右叶,2个位于左叶,病灶直径12.8～38.6 mm,平扫CT呈等密度结节或肿块,3例MR共3个病灶,T2WI均呈略高信号显示,T1WI有1例病灶呈略高信号,2个病灶呈等低信号,动态增强扫描8个病灶呈整瘤不规则强化,4个病灶呈花环、葫芦边缘延时强化,3个病灶呈分隔样强化,3个病灶三期无强化,1个病灶动脉期边缘模糊强化,门脉期及延时期呈等密度显示.1个病灶内可见“血管漂浮征”.全部病灶病理镜下均可见正常肝脏组织结构破坏,不同程度凝固坏死,纤维组织增生,伴有炎症细胞浸润.结论 HIMT的CT及MRI表现充分反映其病理学特点,影像学检查能为临床诊断及鉴别诊断HIMT提供有价值的信息.     

Study of clinical application of hepatic-biliary specific MR contrast agent (Gd-EOB-DTPA) in the diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions

目的:探讨Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI增强扫描时肝局灶性病变的表现及此新型对比剂的诊断效能,提高对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断准确性.方法:已知或怀疑为肝脏局灶性病变的34例患者共90个病灶,病灶性质依次为肝囊肿20个、肝细胞肝癌16个、胆管细胞癌1个、肝脏转移性肿瘤37个、肝血管瘤9个、退变结节1个、肝脏局灶性结节增生1个、肝细胞腺瘤1个、肝脏炎性病变3个及肝脏淋巴上皮瘤样癌1个.所有患者依次行MRI平扫(抑脂TSE T2 WI、抑脂3DVIBE、2D GRE T1 WI)、Gd-EOB-DTPA三期(动脉期、门脉期和平衡期)增强扫描(抑脂3D VIBE)及延迟20min肝实质期扫描(抑脂2D GRET1WI、抑脂TSE T2 WI、抑脂3D VIBE).测量并分析Gd-EOB-DTPA增强前后肝脏和病灶信号变化、病灶-肝脏对比噪声比绝对值(|CNR|)变化情况;并观察病灶Gd-EOB-DTPA增强扫描表现和特征.结果:Gd-EOB-DTPA增强后各期肝实质信号及病灶肝脏|CNR|均显著增加(P＜0.001).动脉期、门脉期和平衡期所有病灶符合应用常规含钆(Gd)对比剂时的强化表现和特征;延迟20min肝实质期扫描时,肝脏局灶性结节增生呈等信号—高信号.1个肝细胞肝癌呈相对高信号,其余肝囊肿、肝细胞肝癌、胆管细胞癌、肝脏转移性肿瘤、淋巴上皮瘤样癌、退变结节、肝细胞腺瘤、肝血管瘤和肝脏炎性假瘤等均呈相对低信号.结论:Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强扫描与延迟肝实质期扫描联合应用,可以提供病变形态、血供、细胞来源及功能等更多相关信息,从而提高诊断信心及诊断准确性.     

多层螺旋CT及MRI对肝脏结核性肉芽肿的诊断价值

目的：探讨MSCT及MRI对肝脏结核性肉芽肿的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析7例经手术或穿刺病理证实的肝脏结核性肉芽肿的影像表现。其中男5例,女2例,均行上腹部MSCT和MRI平扫及动态增强扫描,MRI扫描序列包括FSPGR T1WI、FRFSE T2WIF、SPGR T1WI动态增强和DWI（b=500 s/mm2）扫描。结果：7例中表现为肝实质内单发结节6例,多个粟粒结节聚集成簇状1例。5例CT平扫呈稍低密度,2例呈等密度,3例病灶内有点状或粉末状钙化。MRI平扫4例呈T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号,3例病灶T2WI上表现为中心低信号、周边高信号。DWI示病灶呈稍高信号,ADC值平均为（1.379±0.297）×10-3mm2/s,相对ADC为1.263±0.148。增强扫描示4例动脉期轻度不均匀强化,门静脉期及延迟期强化程度逐渐增加,其中3例病灶周围肝组织出现一过性晕状强化;3例动脉期未见明显强化,门静脉期及延迟期示病灶边缘轻度环状强化。结论：MSCT及MRI对肝脏结核性肉芽肿具有较高诊断价值,在一定程度上能反映病变所处的病理时期。     

肝脏孤立性坏死结节的CT及MRI表现

目的:探讨肝脏孤立性坏死结节(SNN)的螺旋CT及高场强MRI表现,提高对SNN的诊断准确性。方法:回顾性分析30例(34个)经手术病理证实的SNN患者的影像学表现。其中10例行螺旋CT平扫和3期动态增强检查,20例行MRI平扫及增强检查。结果:CT发现11个病灶,MRI发现23个病灶。CT平扫示病灶均呈低或稍低密度,6例中央可见星芒状更低密度区,增强扫描动脉期病灶均无明显强化,延迟期4个病灶有边缘强化。MRT1WI示23个病灶均为低或稍低信号,10个病灶中心见点状、星状更低信号;T2WI示5个病灶呈稍低信号、18个为稍高信号;增强扫描动脉期所有病灶均未见明显强化,8个病灶门脉期及延迟期边缘强化。16个病灶中心更低密度/信号区均未见强化。结论:CT平扫和动态增强及MRI能较好地反映SNN的影像学特点,提高了对SNN的诊断准确性。.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.