带前臂外侧皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为带前臂外侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法：在３２侧成人上肢标本上，观测前臂外侧皮神经营养血管及其周围皮肤的供血情况。结果：前臂外侧皮神经近侧的血供为肱动脉末端和桡动脉起始部的肌皮支，起始处外径分别为１．４ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ，穿出深筋膜前长为１．９ｃｍ、１．４ｃｍ；远侧主要为桡动脉的粗大皮支，起始处外径为０．８ｍｍ，穿出深筋膜前长０．８ｃｍ；此外，桡动脉的茎突返支及掌浅支的皮支营养其远端。其神经支在神经束间或神经旁相互吻合构成纵向（链式）血管网，并借分支与筋膜皮支所形成的皮下筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带前臂外侧皮神经及其营养血管的筋膜皮瓣，顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损。     

The dorsoradial flap: a new flap for hand reconstruction. Anatomical study and clinical applications

The authors report a new cutaneous flap harvested from the dorsal and distal quarter of the forearm: the dorsoradial flap. The vascularisation type of the cutaneous paddle belongs this flap to the anterograde and axial family flaps. The anatomical study carried out on thirty six fresh cadaver upper arms showed a constant and a consistent cutaneous collateral branch of the radial artery which arises at the apex of the first intermetacarpal space. Two anatomical types were recorded according to the origin of the dorsoradial artery: type I (84% of cases), the vessel arises directly from the radial artery; type II (16% of cases), it arises from a common trunk with the first dorsal intermetacarpal artery. Those anatomical findings does not influence the flap operative technique, the flap design and the location of the pedicle pivot point. The dorsoradial artery emerges vertically from the apex of the first intermetacarpal space, crosses the angle between the extensor pollicis longus tendon laterally and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendon medially and turns proximally towards the distal radio-ulnar joint. Over the dorsal aspect of the wrist, the dorsoradial artery enters the subcutaneous tissue, runs parallel to the extensor pollicis longus tendon at three millimeters in a medial position, passes over the medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve and irrigates all the distal and dorsal quarter of the forearm. The artery is consistently accompanied by two comitantes veins, which assume the venous drainage of the cutaneous territory. The flap paddle is designed over the distal dorsal forearm quarter, between the dorsal crease of the wrist distally, the ulnar crest medially and the radial crest laterally. All this skin territory can be harvested and supplied by the dorsoradial pedicle, but we always should deal with the needs of the defects reconstruction and the morbidity of the donor site. The vascular pedicle is outlined between the distal radio-ulnar joint and the apex of the first intermetacarpal space with a minimum of one centimeter width. The surgical procedure is carried out under a tourniquet without an upper arm exsanguination. The skin is firstly dissected over the vascular pedicle through an S shape incision; it is lifted on the dermo-hypodermis plan preserving all the superficial venous network with the pedicle. The flap is elevated from proximal to distal including the dorsal forearm fascia. Over the dorsal extensor retinaculum, the dissection is underwent close to it elevating all the subcutaneous tissues. The medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve should be identified and respected. At the distal border of the dorsal retinaculum, the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendons are identified and retracted. The pedicle dissection goes deeper between this two tendons towards the first web space. It takes all the areolar tissue around the pedicle in order to preserve the venous network of the cutaneous paddle. The donor site is closed primarily if the skin width does not exceed 3 cm or grafted secondarily. Its large rotational arc allows the cutaneous paddle to cover the dorsal hand and metacarpo-phalangeal long fingers defects, the dorsal aspect of the thumb and the first intermetacarpal space. It can also safely reach the palmar aspect of the wrist. We report four clinical cases where the dorsoradial flap was successfully applied. This preliminary clinical experience exhibits the vascular network reliability and the operative technique simplicity of this new cutaneous flap. We believe that it should be added to the armamentarium of the reconstructive hand surgeon and considered as a useful tool for soft tissue hand and thumb reconstruction defects.     

Ultrasound examination of peripheral nerves in the forearm

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We examined in a volunteer population whether nerves in the forearm could be seen consistently using ultrasound imaging and whether this new information could have implications for the way we perform regional anesthesia of the median, radial, and ulnar nerves. METHODS: Eleven volunteers underwent ultrasound examination of both forearms. The median, ulnar, and radial nerves were followed and images were obtained at the elbow, proximal forearm, mid forearm, distal forearm and wrist levels. In addition the radial nerve was followed proximally to a point 5 cm above the elbow. Images were compared for consistency of location of the nerves and depth from skin and width was calculated for each nerve at each level. RESULTS: Anatomy of each nerve was consistent except for one forearm where the median nerve was lateral to the brachial artery at the elbow and one forearm where a superficial ulnar artery only joined the ulnar nerve at the wrist. A convenient location for blockade of both median and ulnar nerves is the midforearm combining ease of visualization, ability to block all terminal branches and minimal potential for vascular injury. The radial nerve is seen most easily at the elbow although blockade of the superficial radial nerve may spare radial motor function. CONCLUSIONS: Nerves in the forearm are consistently located using ultrasound. Further confirmation in clinical practice is required.     

第一掌骨背侧血管蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的研究第一掌骨背侧４种血管蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖学基础。方法对３２只新鲜尸手标本,分别行血管染料灌注、血管造影、透明标本后,进行显微解剖学观察。结果（１）桡动脉腕背支、拇指桡侧指背动脉、第一掌背动脉的拇指尺侧支、拇指桡掌侧动脉掌指关节周围支、拇主要动脉分出的拇指尺侧指背动脉等５支血管,共同构成第一掌骨背面区域筋膜层的血管网;并与拇指背皮神经呈节段性伴行。（２）供区内有２条同行浅静脉干,存在静脉瓣膜。结论该供区可设计成拇指桡侧指背动脉、拇指桡侧血管筋膜蒂、拇指尺侧指背动脉筋膜蒂和拇指背皮神经伴行血管蒂等４种类型的岛状皮瓣,可顺行或逆行移位修复创面。     

尺动脉腕上皮支上下行支为蒂的前臂逆行岛状皮瓣修复手部缺损

目的介绍一种修复手部创面的皮瓣设计。方法尺动脉腕上皮支下行支与腕背动脉弓交通,形成尺动脉腕上皮支上下行支为蒂的前臂逆行岛状皮瓣修复手部缺损。结果2000年4月～2003年10月于临床应用8例,其中修复手背和指背创面3例、手掌创面2例、第1指间隙创面3例。所有皮瓣均成活,伤口一期愈合,外形满意。结论该皮瓣血管蒂长、供区隐蔽,为手部深度创面修复提供了一种新的方法     

手及前臂皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：观察手及前臂皮神经营养血管的情况，为设计以皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供形态学依据。方法：用红色氯仿油画染料灌注的20侧成人上肢标本，在手术显微镜下解剖并观测手及前臂 5条皮神经营养血管的来源、数目、外径，穿出深筋膜的位置，与皮神经及浅静脉的关系等项目。结果；营养动脉多以降支方式伴行在皮神经深面内侧，前臂皮神经的血管网可达神经两侧各2．5cm范围内的皮肤，5条皮神经的营养动脉外径接近，结论：手及前臂皮神经的营养血管血供可靠，可设计相应部位的岛状皮瓣。     

Role of the perforating vein in vascular pedicle of free forearm flap

An innovation in the preparation of the vascular pedicle of the free radial forearm flap is presented. While the radial artery is commonly used as the arterial pedicle of the flap, either the cutaneous venous system or the radial comitant vein (deep venous system) is used as the venous pedicle. The perforating vein communicates between these two venous systems at the cubital fossa, and we confirmed its presence in all but one of more than 180 cases. When the vascular pedicle is dissected proximally to the perforating vein contained in the flap, the venous drainage of both the deep and cutaneous systems can be restored by anastomosis of only one vein: the cutanous or the radial comitant vein. On the other hand, the flap can be raised with the radial vessels (without the cutaneous vein) at the start of surgery, and a large caliber cutaneous vein, such as the median cubital, the cephalic, or the basilic, can be used for anastomosis in cases where the cutaneous veins in the distal forearm are too thin, or where the radial comitant vein is composed of two thin separated veins. We believe that preserving the perforating vein would make the forearm flap more reliable and more convenient in reconstructive surgery. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

前臂远端复合血管网带蒂皮瓣的血供特点及应用

目的探讨前臂远端蒂复合血管网皮瓣的血供特点及临床疗效。方法应用包含深筋膜、皮神经及浅静脉的前臂远端蒂复合血管网皮瓣修复手、腕部创面26例,皮瓣面积5cm×6cm～6cm×12cm。结果本组随访3～8个月,26例皮瓣完全成活,皮瓣不臃肿、耐磨、质地优良。结论皮神经、浅静脉营养血管网与真皮下及深筋膜血管网经穿动脉相互联系,构成三维、立体、轴向的血供构筑,是皮瓣存活的解剖基础,蒂部远端的主干血管穿支是皮瓣的血供来源,皮瓣操作安全,成活率高。     

A new distally pedicled adipocutaneous perforator forearm flap]

A new distally pedicled adipocutaneous perforator forearm flap useful in corrections of congenital anomalies of hand was described. Due to the congenital anomaly expression the perforators may origin from radial, median, ulnar or anterior interosseous artery which supply blood flow into the flap tissues. Raising the flap from anterior and radial surface of the forearm begins from the proximal to the distal part, above the fascia leaving superficial cutaneous nerves and cephalic vein intact. The flap may be safely incised in the ratio 5:1 and the pivot point is localized in the place where perforators pierce the forearm fascia usually 1-2 cm above the rascetta. Rerouting of the flap distally on the hand makes reconstruction of missing thenar, the first web space or even finger tissues possible. These conditions are basal for further reconstruction in advanced hypoplasia of the radial part of hand. Similar flap may be used in the posttraumatic cases when the flap blood supply comes exclusively from radial artery perforators.     

游离尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣修复手指创面

目的探讨尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣修复手指创面的手术方法及效果。方法对11例手指皮肤软组织缺损合并肌腱或骨外露者,采用游离尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣进行修复。其中8例面积为2．5cm×1．0cm-5．2cm×2．2cm的皮瓣．在腕上皮支下行支轴线上切取：3例面积为5．5cm×3．0cm×6．2cm×3．8cm的皮瓣,在腕上皮支下行支及上行支轴线上切取。皮瓣切取后,8例下行支皮瓣内腕上皮支主干均直接与受区指动脉吻合,3例合并有上行支的皮瓣均移植了前臂静脉与受区的指动脉吻合,皮瓣内的皮下静脉或伴行静脉分别与近端指掌侧或指背侧2-3根静脉吻合,将皮瓣内携带的1条尺神经手背支与指固有神经接合。结果术后11例皮瓣全部成活．并获得4～17个月随访。皮肤弹性、色泽、质地良好,外形满意。两点辨别觉9-12mm。结论游离尺动脉腕上皮支皮瓣供区隐蔽,血管穿支位置恒定,不损伤主干血管,供区损伤小,切取简单。修复手指缺损外观满意,可携带神经恢复皮瓣感觉,是修复手指创面的一种理想选择。     

腕关节神经支配的解剖学研究

目的观察支配腕关节神经的来源、直径、数目及其行径;为去神经支配治疗腕关节疼痛提供解剖学资料。方法对10具20侧福马林固定的上肢标本,在手术显微镜下解剖并观察骨间后神经、前臂外侧皮神经、桡神经浅支、尺神经腕背支支配腕关节背侧的腕关节支;骨间前神经、正中神经掌皮支、尺神经深支及其主干支配腕关节掌侧的关节支。结果骨间后神经是支配腕关节背侧神经的主要来源;前臂外侧皮神经、桡神经浅支、尺神经腕背支也发支支配腕关节背侧。骨间前神经、正中神经掌皮支、尺神经深支发支参与支配腕关节的掌侧。结论用去神经支配的方法治疗腕关节顽固性疼痛主要适用于腕背侧的疼痛。     

远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣转移术蒂部减张皮瓣的设计与应用

目的 探讨在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣的可行性和临床应用效果.方法 临床应用胫后动脉内踝上皮支逆行岛状皮瓣修复9例,胫后动脉小腿内侧穿支远端蒂皮瓣修复2例,腓动脉外踝上皮穿支逆行岛状皮瓣修复8例,腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复4例,远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复3例,掌背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复2例.蒂部减张瓣呈梭形或圆形,面积为1.0 am×1.0 cm～5.0 cm×3.5 cm.结果 28例皮瓣术后血运良好,无肿胀、淤血,全部成活,随访皮瓣质地良好,外形美观,供区均一期愈合,疗效满意.结论 在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣是可行的.可有效地防止蒂部血管受压或血管网破坏而影响皮瓣的血运,是一种可靠的预防远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣血供障碍的新方法.     

The bottom-up approach to the suprafascial harvest of the radial forearm flap

Suprafascial radial forearm flaps cause far less donor morbidity compared with the conventional method of including the deep fascia. Here we describe our technique of harvesting the flap with a bottom-up approach, which simplifies flap elevation and is safe and expedient. The radial artery pedicle is ligated distally and secured to the flap. Gentle traction on the pedicle presents the inferior surface of the pedicle, facilitating dissection. The superficial layer of the deep fascia is taken with the flap, together with a generous cuff of subcutaneous tissue above the pedicle in which vessels nourishing the flap are located. It is crucial to preserve the conjoin of the deep layer of the deep fascia to the fascia covering the brachioradialis laterally and flexor carpi radialis medially. This fascial layer prevents bow-stringing of the tendons during wrist and finger flexion and allows the use of a full-thickness skin graft to close the donor site. The latter delivers superior cosmetic results than can be achieved with a split-thickness skin graft.     

肘下动脉穿支蒂前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣的解剖基础

目的 为肘下动脉穿支蒂前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复肘部软组织缺损提供解剖学基础.方法在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上解剖观查:①前臂外侧皮神经的走行与分布;②肘下动脉与前臂外侧皮神经营养血管间吻合关系.另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术设计.结果①前臂外侧皮神经主干行于前臂桡侧,分布于前臂外侧1/3区域;②营养血管为多节段、多源性,其中肘下动脉的位置相对恒定,在头静脉与深静脉系统的交通支形成的倒"V"状顶点到达皮肤,并分出众多的细小血管与前臂外侧皮神经的神经旁和神经干血管链的分支密切吻合.结论 可形成肘下动脉穿支蒂前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣顺行转位修复肘部软组织缺损.

Abstract：

Objective To provide anatomical basis for lateral antebrachial neurocutaneous flap pedi-cled with inferior cubital artery perforator in repairing tissue defects around elbow joint. Methods Thirty embalmed upper limbs of adult cadavers perfused with red latex were used for this study, and followings were observed:①The course and distribution of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve; ②Anastomoses between inferior cubital artery and nutrient vessels of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Mimic operation was performed on other side of fresh specimen. Results ①The main trunk of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) lined in the radial forearm and distributed in the 1/3 region of lateral forearm. ①The nutritional vessels of the flap were plurisegmental and polyphyletic. The inferior cubital artery which was relatively constant reached to skin through "V"-shaped peak formed by communicating branches of cephalic vein and deep venous system. They also gave off large number of small veins, which closely aligned with perineural branches and neural stem vascular chain of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Conclusion The lateral antebrachial neurocutaneos flap pedicled with inferior cubital artery perforator can be formed to repaire tissue defects around elbow joint.     

桡动脉穿支蒂岛状皮瓣修复腕及前臂创面

目的 探讨桡动脉穿支蒂岛状皮瓣的解剖以及修复腕及前臂创面的手术方法和临床疗效.方法 以桡动脉搏动及体表投影为中心,采用多普勒血管仪探测桡动脉穿支的部位,以靠近缺损创面部的皮支作为血管蒂及旋转点,根据缺损创面大小、形状设计皮瓣,修复腕及前臂创面12例.结果 术后12例皮瓣中有2例出现静脉危象,经拆除部分缝线后存活,创面愈合,其余10例皮瓣均顺利存活.随访时间3～18个月,皮瓣质地软,外形及功能满意.结论 桡动脉穿支在桡骨茎突近端2.0cm、4.0～ 5.0 cm、7.0cm处较恒定,以此为蒂的岛状皮瓣血供可靠,操作简单,不损伤主干血管,修复后外形好,是修复腕及前臂皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法之一.     

Surgical Technique in Cadaveric Donors for Partial Hand Allotransplant in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

For patients with severe hand deformities due to rheumatoid arthritis, we propose an allotransplantation of an osteomyotendinose structure (OMTS), preserving the recipient's skin and sensory nerves. Our objective was to develop the surgical technique in a 10 cadavers, five as donors and five as recipients. The donor's hand was 10% to 15% smaller than the recipient's. Dissections were performed by two surgical teams under magnification. In the donor, the OMTS was procured at the distal third of the forearm, maintaining the integrity of the arterial system, with its concomitant veins and motor branches of the median and ulnar nerves, leaving the skin envelope. In the recipient, the OMTS was removed, taking care to preserve the cutaneous cover with the digital arteries in continuity with the superficial palmar arch and radial and ulnar arteries. Also, the digital nerves were maintained in the skin flap, in continuity with the median and ulnar nerves. Their motor branches were divided after emergence from the main nerves. The superficial dorsal veins and radial nerve were kept adhered to the cutaneous cover. Then, the donor OMTS was placed within the recipient cutaneous flap; all the anatomic structures were repaired. The average surgical time was 780 minutes. Methylene blue was present in the digital arteries. There were no difficulties in the anatomic repair. The surgical technique is quite laborious, especially the dissection of the recipient interdigital spaces. Due to the requirement for arterial system integrity, the cutaneous flap must be viable. Also, the allotransplanted OMTS has all necessary conditions to obtain good tissue perfusion for subsequent function. Procurement without skin permits a greater opportunity to find donors, and greater social and personal acceptance by the recipient.     

Anomalous superficial ulnar artery based flap

Upper limb shows a large number of arterial variations. This case report describes the presence of additional superficial ulnar artery which was used to raise a pedicle flap to cover an arm defect thus avoided using the main vessel of the forearm - radial or ulnar artery. Vascular anomalies occurring in the arm and forearm tend to increase the likelihood of damaging the superficial anomalous arteries during surgery. Superficial ulnar or radial arteries have been described to originate from the upper third of the brachial artery; here we report the origin of the anomalous superficial ulnar artery originating from the brachial artery at the level of elbow with the concomitant presence of normal deep radial and ulnar arteries.KEY WORDS: Anomalous artery based flap, arterial variations of the forearm, superficial ulnar artery based flap     

Distally based radial forearm flap with preservation of the radial artery: anatomic,experimental, and clinical studies

In this article we report on the anatomical, experimental, and clinical investigations of the distally adipofascial pedicled radial forearm flap based on the small perforators around the radial styloid process. There are about 10 small perforators (0.3-0.5 mm in diameter) from the distal radial artery around the radial styloid process. The longitudinal chain-linked vascular plexuses (suprafascial, paraneural, and perivenous) formed by the forearm ascending and descending branches of septofasciocutaneous perforators meet and cross over with the transverse carpal vascular plexuses around the radial styloid region. Based on these directional-oriented plexuses, distally based adipofascial pedicled radial forearm fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps were designed and successfully applied in 34 clinical cases. The pivot point was located at 1-2 cm above the radial styloid. The skin island plus adipofascial pedicle measured between 9-18 cm in length, with the adipofascial pedicle 3-4 cm in width. The length-to-width ratio is 3-5:1. The venous drainage of this distally based flap was investigated anatomically and experimentally. The cephalic vein has no positive role for venous drainage in distally based flaps. The difference between distally based flaps and reverse-flow flaps, clinical selection of fasciocutaneous and adipofascial flaps, advantages and disadvantages, and technical tips for operative success are discussed.     

The Vascular Basis of the Pronator Quadratus Muscle Flap and Its Use in Clinical Cases

Background  Pronator quadratus (PQ) is a deeply situated muscle in the forearm which may occasionally be utilized for soft-tissue reconstruction. The purpose of this anatomical and clinical study was to confirm vascular supply of PQ muscle (PQM) in order to optimize its transfer and confirm its utility in clinical situations. Methods  In Part A of the anatomical study, fresh human cadavers ( n = 7) were prepared with an intra-arterial injection of lead oxide and gelatin solution, and PQM and neurovascular pedicle were dissected ( n = 14). In the anatomical study Part B, isolated limbs of embalmed human cadavers ( n = 12) were injected with India ink-gelatin mixture and PQ were dissected. Results  PQ is a type II muscle flap, with one major pedicle, the anterior interosseous (AI) vessels and two minor pedicles from the radial and ulnar vessels. The mean dimensions of the muscle were 5.5 × 5.0 × 1.0 cm ³ , mean pedicle length was 9.6 cm, and the mean diameter of the artery and the vein was 2.3 mm and 2.8 mm, respectively. The dorsal cutaneous perforating branch (DPB) of the artery supplied the skin over the dorsal forearm and wrist. This branch also anastomosed with the 1, 2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery (ICSRA). Conclusion  This study confirms the potential utility and vascular basis of the PQM flap and its associated cutaneous paddle. In the clinical part, two patients with nonhealing wounds exposing the median nerve and flexor tendons in the distal forearm were treated using the PQM flap with good results.     

The distally based radial artery/flexor carpi radialis muscle flap for dorsal hand reconstruction: a clinical and cadaver study

Complex soft tissue defects of the hand often require vascularized tissue for protection and coverage of exposed underlying structures. Pedicled local flaps from the forearm are one reconstructive option, but its use is limited by relatively high donor-site problems, including a disagreeable forearm scar and potential division of superficial forearm nerves. We describe a pedicled local flap option--the distally based radial artery/flexor carpi radialis flap, which potentially decreases forearm donor-site morbidity while still providing for coverage of small hand soft tissue defects. Six cadaver forearm dissections were performed to confirm that the vascular supply to the middle and distal portion of the flexor carpi radialis comes off the radial artery. Four clinical cases are presented in which the flexor carpi radialis muscle based on the distal radial artery was used to cover complex wounds of the dorsum of the hand. We believe the lack of damage to the superficial sensory forearm nerves and the ease of flexor carpi radialis muscle flap elevation make this a versatile flap for small, complex, soft tissue defects of the hand.