远端蒂小腿皮神经营养血管肌皮复合组织瓣的解剖学研究

目的观测小腿皮神经营养血管链与周围肌肉内血管的吻合情况,为设计远端蒂小腿皮神经营养血管肌皮复合组织瓣转位术提供解剖学资料。方法对30侧红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本进行解剖,系统观测小腿皮神经营养血管链与周围肌肉内血管的吻合情况。结果腓肠神经营养血管为主的浅筋膜血管网与腓肠肌内、外侧头的肌皮穿支吻合,吻合支均为2—3支,内侧头的肌皮穿支较外侧粗大,位置恒定;隐神经营养血管主要通过胫后动脉肌间隙支的肌皮支与比目鱼肌肌支吻合,肌支2～3个,管径(0.5±0.2)mm,均有1—2支静脉伴行;腓浅神经营养血管分别向内、外侧发出2～3支肌支营养趾长伸肌和腓骨长肌,肌支外径(0.4±0.2)mm,皆有一支静脉伴行,另1～2支筋膜皮支浅出营养皮肤。结论远端蒂小腿皮神经营养血管肌皮复合组织瓣血供可靠,可以为修复特殊类型踝足部软组织缺损提供良好的供区。     

腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣感觉重建的解剖学基础

目的 为腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣感觉功能重建提供解剖学依据. 方法 在40侧常规防腐的成人下肢标本上,解剖观测小腿外侧部感觉神经的来源、走行及分布规律.1例标本摹拟手术设计. 结果 ①腓肠外侧皮神经在腓骨头尖平面上方约7 cm处自腓总神经发出,向下随腓总神经行一短程后穿出胭筋膜至小腿外面,沿途发出1～3个终支,分布于小腿后外侧Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的皮肤.②腓浅神经在腓骨头下1.9 cm处起于腓总神经,先于腓骨长肌与腓骨之间向下向前行,继降于腓骨长肌与腓骨短肌之间并分支供应两肌,其主干(纯感觉支)径直下行于腓骨短肌与小腿前肌间隔之间,在小腿外侧Ⅱ、Ⅲ区交界处穿出深筋膜至皮下组织中分为足背内侧、中间皮神经,分布于小腿外侧Ⅲ区和足背的皮肤.结论 通过腓肠外侧皮神经主干与受区感觉神经分支吻合,可重建腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的感觉功能.     

前臂内侧皮神经--贵要静脉营养血管远端蒂复合皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为前臂内侧皮神经—贵要静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法对30侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本,解剖观测下1/3段前臂内侧皮神经-贵要静脉营养血管的来源、分支及其与尺骨膜血管的关系。结果下1/3段前臂内侧皮神经-贵要静脉营养血管来自:尺动脉皮支5～9支,外径(0.7±0.3)mm,尺动脉腕上皮支外径(0.7±0.2)mm。在尺骨茎突上(6.0～16.0)cm,骨间前动脉骨皮穿支2～3支,外径(0.7±0.2)mm;骨间后动脉骨皮穿支1～3支,外径(0.6±0.2)mm。二者分布尺骨中下段骨膜及相应区域的皮肤。上述穿支发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、皮神经—浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经干血管链和贵要静脉旁营养血管链及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论前臂内侧皮神经-贵要静脉营养血管与骨、皮营养血管同源,其远端蒂复合瓣的旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于转位修复手部远处组织缺损。     

皮神经营养血管组织瓣的临床应用原则与命名

目的 探讨皮神经营养血管组织瓣的临床应用原则，并提出新的命名方法。方法 总结皮神经营养血管组织瓣的解剖研究和临床经验。结果 皮神经多与皮静脉伴行，在其周围均存在丰富的链式吻合血管丛，显著增加了这类组织瓣的血供。临床以远端(31例)或近端(3例)为蒂，在前臂(26例)和小腿(8例)切取带皮神经和皮静脉营养血管的岛状筋膜皮瓣(20例)和筋膜皮下组织瓣(14例)共34例，长宽比例2．7～5．1：1，平均3．5：1，完全成活。结论 带皮神经营养血管的组织瓣是传统筋膜皮瓣和筋膜皮下组织瓣的特殊范例，临床应用应遵循一定的原则。     

Comparison of different managements of large superficial veins in distally based fasciocutaneous flaps with a veno-neuro-adipofascial pedicle: an experimental study using a rabbit model

The role of large superficial veins in the survival of a distally based fasciocutaneous flap with a veno-neuro-adipofascial pedicle was studied in a rabbit model. A sural veno-neuro-fasciocutaneous flap model (6 x 2 cm) with a distally based lesser saphenous veno-neuro-adipofascial pedicle (1.5 cm) was established. Fifteen rabbits were randomly divided into three groups with 10 flaps in each group. In group I, the distal lesser saphenous vein was left open (venous inflow remained) after the flap was raised. In group II, the lesser saphenous vein was ligated in the pedicle (no venous inflow). In group III, the venous pedicle was left open in the pedicle, and the proximal end was microsurgically anastomosed to the recipient vein (outflow established). Intravenous pressure, flap survival, and histology were examined. The results showed that the values of intravenous pressure in group I were significantly higher than in group II (P < 0.001). The mean flap survival rate of group III (94.5%) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than of groups I (22.7%) and II (55.5%). Histology showed that the lesser saphenous vein in group I was extremely dilated and filled with thrombosis. This experiment demonstrated that establishing a superficial venous outflow channel by anastomosis at the proximal end, or interrupting the inflow channel by ligation at the distal pedicle, may significantly improve the survival rate of distally based veno-neuro-fasciocutaneous flaps.     

前臂皮神经、皮神经营养血管与浅静脉的关系和临床意义的解剖学研究

目的　为临床设计皮神经营养血管皮瓣和对该类皮瓣与某些局部移转的静脉皮瓣的关系的认识提供解剖学基础。方法　用显微解剖法、标本双色透明法观测前臂内侧皮神经血供、贵要静脉与前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管的关系和前臂外侧皮神经的血供、头静脉与前臂外侧皮神经及其营养血管的关系。结果　前臂内、外侧皮神经的血供形式不相同 ,前者由神经旁血管供养 ,后者由主要动脉和神经旁血管共同供养。头静脉与前臂外侧皮神经及其营养血管 ,贵要静脉与前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管三者相伴行 ,皮神经与浅静脉干距离一般不超过 1cm ,神经旁血管与浅静脉干距离约 0 3～ 1 2cm。结论　顺沿浅静脉干可切取皮神经营养血管皮瓣 ;前臂内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣与前臂外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣蒂部形式应有所不同 ;某些局部移转的静脉皮瓣可能是皮神经营养血管皮瓣。     

前臂皮神经,皮神经营养血管与浅静脉的关系和临床意义？…

目的 为设计皮神经营养血管皮瓣和对该类皮瓣与某些局部移转的静脉的的关系的认识提供学基础。方法 用显微解剖法,标本双色透明法观测前臂内侧皮神经血供、贵要静脉与前臂内侧皮神经及其营养血管的关系和前臂外侧皮神经的血供、头静脉与前外侧皮神经及其营养血管的关系。结果 前臂内、外侧皮神经的血供形式不相同,前者由神经旁血管供养,后者由主要动脉和神经旁血管共同供养。头静脉与前外侧皮神经及其营养血管,贵要静脉与前后     

前臂桡神经浅支营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的 总结前臂桡神经浅支营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复手部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 1999年6月至2010年12月,应用前臂桡神经浅支营养血管皮瓣逆行转移修复15例手部皮肤软组织缺损.以前臂桡神经浅支走行线作为皮瓣的轴线设计皮瓣,深筋膜下锐性分离,逆行转移覆盖创面,如需重建感觉功能,可将皮瓣上携带的皮神经与受区皮神经相缝合.结果 术后15例中,2例皮瓣远1/3部分皮下淤血,其中1例皮瓣尖端约1.5 cm× 1.0cm坏死,经换药后愈合;其余皮瓣均顺利存活.术后随访4个月至8年,皮瓣外形及功能满意.结论 该皮瓣切取简单,外观好,对供区损伤小,转移随意性强,可重建感觉功能,并与受区皮肤颜色近似,是修复手背、手掌及虎口部皮肤软组织缺损较为理想的方法之一.     

The distally based island superficial sural artery flap: clinical experience with 36 flaps

The principles of neurocutaneous flaps, first described by Masquelet in 1992, represented a new concept in skin vascularization. The distally based superficial sural artery flap is an example of this kind of flap, which is supplied by the vascular axis that accompanies the sural nerve. The authors treated 36 patients with 36 distally based superficial sural artery flaps. All flaps survived, but six of them exhibited partial necrosis. No patient experienced anesthesia of the lateral side of the foot or neuroma at the donor site 12 months after surgery. The authors confirmed that this flap is very useful for soft-tissue reconstruction of the distal third of the leg and foot. Additionally they conclude that the principal advantages are that the blood supply is reliable, execution is easy and fast, the operation can be performed under regional anesthesia, the flap has a large arc of rotation, direct closure of the donor area is possible for small flaps, major arteries or nerves are not sacrificed, and excellent durability is achieved, even on weight-bearing areas. The major drawback is the donor site scar.     

Anatomy of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous and superficial radial nerves in the forearm: a cadaveric and clinical study

PURPOSE: To define the anatomy of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) and the superficial radial nerve (SRN) in relation to easily identifiable landmarks in the dorsoradial forearm to minimize the risk to both nerves during surgical approaches to the dorsal radius. METHODS: In this study 37 cadaveric forearms and 20 patients having distal radius external fixation were dissected to identify these nerves in relation to various anatomic landmarks. RESULTS: Based on these dissections the anatomy was divided into 2 zones that can be identified by easily visible and palpable landmarks. Zone 1 extends from the elbow to the cross-over of the abductor pollicis longus with the extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus. Zone 2 is distal to the cross-over. In zone 1 the 2 nerves can be differentiated through limited incisions based on their depth and anatomic location. Within this zone the SRN is deep to the brachioradialis until 1.8 cm proximal to zone 2 (9 cm proximal to the radial styloid), where it becomes superficial and pierces the fascia of the mobile wad and then remains deep to the subcutaneous fat. In contrast the LACN pierces the fascia between the brachialis and biceps muscles at the level of the elbow. In all specimens the LACN ran parallel to the cephalic vein within the subcutaneous fat. In 31 specimens it ran volar to the vein and in 5 specimens the nerve crossed under the cephalic vein at the elbow and ran dorsal to the vein in the forearm. One specimen had 2 branches with 1 on either side of the vein. Differentiation of these nerves was found to be possible through limited incisions in zone 1 during placement of external fixation pins for distal radius fractures. The LACN always was located in the superficial fat running with the cephalic vein, whereas the SRN was deeper to this nerve either covered by the brachioradialis or closely adherent to it within the investing fascia of the mobile wad. In zone 2 the nerves arborized and ran in the same tissue plane, making differentiation through limited incisions difficult. CONCLUSIONS: Dividing forearm anatomy into zones aids in understanding the complex 3-dimensional anatomy. Recognition of the consistent location of both the LACN and SRN facilitates surgical exposure. This allows localization through limited incisions during nerve repair and hardware placement, thereby enhancing uncomplicated and favorable outcomes.     

腓肠神经营养血管腓肠肌外侧头复合瓣转移治疗胫骨骨髓炎

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣与腓肠肌外侧头一同切取成复合瓣的可行性,观察应用复合瓣转移治疗胫骨骨髓炎的疗效. 方法 在尸体标本上观察腓肠神经营养血管蒂与深层的腓肠肌外侧头之间的血管比邻关系.对15例胫骨骨髓炎的患者采用窦道切除、胫骨开槽的方法进行彻底清创,采用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管与腓肠肌外侧头的复合瓣转移覆盖窦道切除后的皮肤缺损区,将肌肉部分尽量填塞入胫骨骨槽内,置负压引流;3例骨不连患者拆除内固定后更换外固定支架. 结果 腓肠神经营养血管筋膜蒂与腓肠肌外侧头之间有5～6支血管穿支,可以一同切取为复合皮瓣;临床治疗15例患者转移复合瓣全部成活,14例胫骨骨髓炎完全治愈,1例患者经过第二次清创后完全愈合,3例骨不连者经二期髂骨植骨后6个月完全愈合,平均随访18个月(10～26个月)无复发. 结论 腓肠神经营养血管蒂与深层的腓肠肌外侧头有血管穿支存在,二者可以切取成远端蒂的复合瓣,可有效治疗胫骨骨髓炎.     

Anatomic study and clinical application of distally-based neuro-myocutaneous compound flaps in the leg

OBJECTIVE: Anatomical study on the anastomosis between the neurovascular axis and the musculocutaneous perforators in leg. The distally-based neuron-myocutaneous flap was used for repairing special patients with soft tissue defect in foot and ankle. METHODS: Systematical observation was carried out on 30 injected lower legs about the anastomosis between the neurovascular axis and the musculocutaneous perforators, and we summarized the clinical experiences from February 2004 on 12 cases using distally-based neuron-myocutaneous flap for repairing special patients with soft tissue defect in foot and ankle. RESULTS: The neuron-vessels of sural nerve anastomosed permanently with the musculocutaneous perforators of medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius. There were two to three anastomoses found, respectively. The medial anastomotic branches were found larger in caliber than the lateral ones. The spatium intermuscular branches of the posterior tibial artery gave off their junior branches and anastomosed with the vessels in or out of the soleus muscle. There were two to three muscular branches perforated out of the soleus muscle, with mean caliber 0.5 +/- 0.2 mm and accompanying with one to two veins. The neuron-vessels of the superficial fibular nerve gave off alone its course two to three muscular branches to the long extensor muscle digits and the long fibular muscle, and one to two fasciocutaneous to the skin. The diameter of the muscular branches was 0.4 +/- 0.2 mm in average. Accounting for the operating models in the 12 cases, we had distally-based sural neuron-myocutaneous flap in 7 cases, saphenous neuron-myocutaneous flap in 4 cases, and superficial fibular neuron-myocutaneous flap in 1 case. All these cases were followed up at least for 2-6 months and had the significant results of nice limb's shape and cured osteomyelitis. CONCLUSION: Distally-based neuro-myocutaneous flap in leg can live with reliable blood circulation. These flaps offer excellent donor sites for repairing special the soft tissue defect in foot and ankle.     

腕部桡尺神经浅支的解剖学研究

目的为在桡、尺骨远端骨折处经皮穿针固定提供一个安全进针区域,减少桡、尺神经浅支的损伤提供解剖学依据。方法成人前臂标本18侧,观察桡、尺神经浅支的走行规律。结果桡神经浅支从肱桡肌和桡侧腕长伸肌腱平均间穿出点与桡骨茎突纵向平均距离(L_1)为[(7．4±0．7)cm,(?)±s,下同]。其中16侧在穿出点与桡骨茎突纵向平均距离(L_2)为(4．5±0．6)cm处发出一级分支,称为尺侧支(Ⅰ)和桡侧支(Ⅱ)；尺侧支的桡侧分支(I a)与桡骨茎突的横向平均距离(L_3)为(1．0±0．3)cm,桡侧支与桡骨茎突横向平均距离(L_4)为(0．8±0．3)cm,纵向平均距离(L_5)为(1．5±0．4)cm。2侧桡神经浅支桡侧支被前臂外侧皮神经所替代。尺神经浅支手背支均从尺骨茎突的掌侧走行,与尺骨茎突距离为(0．9±0．3) cm。结论以桡骨茎突为中心,横向距离0．4cm．纵向距离0．6cm的椭圆形区域为桡神经分布相对盲区．从该区经皮克氏针固定桡骨远端,可有效地减少桡神经浅支损伤的发生率。尺骨远端骨折应从尺骨茎突背侧经皮进针相对较安全。     

颞浅血管预构扩张皮瓣的临床应用

目的:探讨颞浅血管预构扩张皮瓣在修复面、颈部较大皮肤软组织缺损中的应用及其修复效果。方法:通过将颞浅动、静脉植入颈部皮下,皮下置入扩张器,经过3个月的组织扩张,形成以颞浅动、静脉为蒂的颈部预构扩张皮瓣,转移修复同侧面、颈部的皮肤软组织缺损。结果:2001年至2006年,应用此方法修复10例面、颈部瘢痕挛缩患者的面颊部及颏颈部皮肤软组织缺损,均取得了成功。随访6个月,效果满意。结论:采用颞浅动、静脉颈部预构扩张皮瓣修复面、颈部皮肤软组织缺损是一种可行的方法。     

股前皮神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 为开发应用股前皮神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣提供实践依据及应用价值和适应证。方法 经6例应用股前皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复皮肤软组织缺损病例的临床实践,证实该皮瓣的解剖位置和适用范围。结果 6例皮瓣均成活良好。皮肤颜色、质地接近正常,创面一期愈合。结论 股前皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复大腿、腹股沟区、会阴及膝部皮肤软组织缺损有良好疗效。     

Anatomic course of the medial cutaneous nerves of the arm

The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve and the medial brachial cutaneous nerve were dissected in twenty fresh cadaver extremities. These nerves have a variable number of cutaneous branches ranging from four to twelve, with an average of eight. Branches always originated medially in both nerves and ran in an anterolateral direction. In all the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves, there were three to five terminal branches directly overlying the medial epicondyle and supplying the skin over the olecranon. The course of this nerve is predictable relative to the basilic vein and the medial epicondyle. There was a ninety percent incidence of communication between the medial brachial cutaneous nerve and the intercostobrachial cutaneous nerve. The standard incision used for surgery of the ulnar nerve at the elbow will cut the terminal branches of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve one hundred percent of the time, and the terminal branches of the medial brachial cutaneous nerve eighty percent of the time, if they are not identified. A posterior approach for transposition of the ulnar nerve would avoid damage to these nerves.     

Use of distally based superficial sural island artery flaps in acute open fractures of the lower leg.

The reverse sural artery flap is a fasciocutaneous flap based on the median superficial sural artery and its communication with the perforating branch of the peroneal artery situated in the region of the lateral malleolar gutter. Reverse flow is established after elevation of the flap and with division of the sural artery and the nerve proximally. The authors present resurfacing of acute open fractures of the lower third of the leg in 7 patients immediately after the acute phase of injury. Reconstruction was carried out within an average of 3 days after injury. All 7 patients sustained low-velocity injuries. Although 2 patients had partial necrosis of the distal tip of the flap, all patients had excellent recovery with minimal donor site morbidity.     

小腿浅静脉-皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复骨外露缺损创面

目的 探讨小隐静脉-腓肠神经、大隐静脉-隐神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿骨外露缺损创面的方法及疗效.方法 对18例各种原因造成的小腿软组织缺损、骨外露分别采用腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复.应用腓肠神经皮瓣12例,其中近端蒂5例,远端蒂7例;隐神经皮瓣5例,其中近端蒂2例,远端蒂3例;两种皮瓣联合应用1例.结果 除早期1例皮瓣远端1～2cm宽的不同程度坏死经换药而愈外,余例皮瓣均成活,供、受区形态与功能恢复良好,3个月后X线片显示骨外露处骨质愈合良好.结论 此两种皮神经皮瓣血运丰富,抗感染力强,操作简便,是治疗小腿软组织缺损、骨外露、伴有内固定外露、骨感染的一种有效、安全的修复方法.     

隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的临床应用

目的 研究设计隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的方法和报道临床应用的疗效。方法利用隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源的解剖学基础，形成小腿内侧隐神经一大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣修复足踝部组织缺损8例。结果7例复合瓣创面Ⅰ期愈合，1例发生小面积皮肤坏死，经换药后创面Ⅱ期愈合。1例跟骨缺损Ⅱ期行髂骨植骨，术后12周X线片显示获得骨愈合。术后经3～12个月随访，复合组织瓣的质地、外观及功能良好。结论隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣血供可靠，不损伤主干血管，操作简单，肌瓣充填软组织缺损，骨膜瓣促进骨修复，皮瓣具有重建感觉的条件。