三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛MR断层血管成像表现与手术对照分析

目的 探讨磁共振断层血管成像(magnetic resonance tomographic angiography,MRTA)在诊断三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫中的价值.方法 经临床诊断三叉神经痛23例,面肌痉挛22例,行三维时间飞越稳态梯度回波序列(3D-TOF-SPGR)采集图像,利用原始图像对两侧三叉神经和面神经进行轴位、矢状位和冠状位重建,观察血管与神经的关系,并与手术结果进行对照分析.结果 23例三叉神经痛中,MRTA显示19例存在三叉神经血管压迫或接触,阳性率为82.6%(19/23),可疑接触4例.22例面肌痉挛中有20例MRTA显示了面神经起始段有微血管跨越或对面神经有轻微的推压改变,阳性率为95.5%(21/22),与手术结果有较高的一致性.结论 MRTA对发现三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫具有重要价值.     

磁共振三维水激发梯度回波序列对特发性三叉神经痛的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振三维水激发梯度回波(3DFLASH-WE)序列对特发性三叉神经痛的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析34例经手术治疗证实的特发性三叉神经痛患者的磁共振3DFLASH-WE及3D TOF图像,并将3DFLASHWE诊断结果与手术结果对照分析。结果 13DFLASH-WE图像对三叉神经出脑干(REZ)段的显示明显优于3DTOF图像,而对三叉神经周围血管的显示与3DTOF图像无明显差异;234例患者MR 3DFLASH-WE诊断29例(85.2%)存在血管压迫神经,手术中证实有28例(82.4%)存在血管神经压迫,6例未发现压迫。结论 3DFLASH-WE序列在三叉神经显示方面优于以往3DTOF技术;3DFLASH-WE能清晰显示神经与血管关系,明确责任血管,对三叉神经痛的病因诊断及术前评估有较高的价值。     

3.0T磁共振断层血管成像对三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫的诊断价值

目的 探讨3.0T磁共振断层血管成像(magnetic resonance tomographic angiography, MRTA )对三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫的诊断价值. 方法 临床诊断的三叉神经痛52例,面肌痉挛9例,共61例.61例均行3.0T磁共振断层血管造影成像( MRTA),利用原始图像进行斜矢状位和冠状位重建,从3个方位观测血管神经的关系,并与手术结果进行对照. 结果 52例三叉神经痛中,MRTA显示46例存在三叉神经血管压迫或接触,6例无压迫.9例面肌痉挛MRTA显示面神经均有微血管跨越或压迫.手术结果显示52例三叉神经痛中45例存在三叉神经血管压迫或接触,6例无压迫,1例为囊肿;9例面肌痉挛均有微血管压迫.MRTA诊断阳性率为90.2%、敏感性为 96.4%、特异性为80%. 结论 3.0T超高场强下进行MRTA,对发现三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫有重要诊断价值.     

无三叉神经痛者三叉神经与血管关系:3D FSPGR序列

目的 利用3D FSPGR序列研究无三叉神经痛受检者中三叉神经脑池段与邻近血管关系。资料与方法 回顾性分析50例无三叉神经痛患者增强轴位3D FSPGR图像，层厚1mm，分别观察双侧三叉神经周围是否存在血管影，同时测定三叉神经长轴与邻近血管的距离，根据神经周围血管有无及距离的远近分成无血管、远离、接近、接触、变形5种情况。结果 50例患者100侧三叉神经中，周围无血管的三叉神经占37％（右侧18例，左侧19例），其中12例双侧三叉神经周围皆无血管。在周围有血管的三叉神经中，接触占23％，接近占11％，远离占29％。所有研究对象中皆未发现血管引起的三叉神经变形。结论 3D FSPGR序列可用于三叉神经和邻近血管关系的研究。在无三叉神经痛者三叉神经与微血管接触率为23％，此结果可为三叉神经痛病因学的研究提供依据。     

三叉神经痛:MRI序列选择及MRI诊断价值

目的 探讨三叉神经痛患者的MRI影像表现及最佳成像序列和方法，评价MRI对三叉神经痛的诊断价值。资料与方法 应用三维稳态构成干扰序列（constructive interference in steady state,CISS)和三维稳态旋进快速成像序列（fast imaging with steady state precession,FISP)结合三维预磁化快速梯度回波序列（magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo imaging,MPRAGE or 3D-MPR),并采用三维多平面或曲面重建技术对25例（50条）正常对照组及50例（50条，单发）三叉神经痛患者行MR成像，观察MRI图像中神经、血管显示情况和三叉神经痛在MRI中的表现形式。结果 （1）正常对照组神经血管压迫或接触为30％，三叉神经痛患者病侧为96％，血管包绕神经及神经变形，对照组没有出现，病例组5例。（2）50例三叉神经痛患者中病例MRI诊断为血管压迫或接触的为38例，手术证实有血管压迫为18例，另有10例行γ－刀治疗，术后症状消失；桥小脑角肿瘤7例，均为手术证实；血管病变5例，均由微血管减压术或手术证实。（3）正常对照组与病例组神经血管压迫或接触的阳性率差异有显著意义（P＜0．005），诊断敏感性为96％，特异性为79％。结论 磁共振3D－CISS和3D－FISP序列结合3D－MPR序列能够清晰显示三叉神经与邻近血管、肿瘤性病变和血管性病变之间的关系，对临床提供术前评估和指导治疗有极其重要的意义。     

MR3D-CISS序列对血管压迫性三叉神经痛的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振三维稳态构成干扰序列(3D-CISS)对于血管压迫性三叉神经痛的诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析31例经临床诊断为血管压迫性三叉神经痛患者的MR 3D-CISS图像,并与手术结果对照.结果 31例中,术前MR 3D-CISS序列诊断三叉神经脑池段血管接触及受压29例,阳性率为93.5%,手术探查结果30例发现责任血管,3D-CISS序列显示与手术探查符合率达96.67%.结论 3D-CISS序列能较清楚显示血管压迫性三叉神经痛的责任血管及三叉神经受压情况,对于明确病因诊断及决定治疗方法具有重要意义,是目前三叉神经痛术前了解责任血管理想的检查方法.     

3D-VIBE序列对血管压迫性三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛诊断价值

目的探讨3.0 T磁共振3D扰相梯度回波(3D-VIBE)序列对于三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛责任血管的诊断价值。方法利用3D-VIBE的原始图像重建,从不同的角度观察神经与血管的走行关系,发现责任血管,并与临床微血管减压术(MVD)进行比对。结果进行3D-VIBE序列扫描后发现责任血管,与术中所见基本符合。血管呈高信号,神经呈等信号,对比良好,能够直观显示血管与神经的解剖结构。三叉神经痛的症状侧的血管压迫阳性符合率为90.6%(29/32),面肌痉挛的症状侧的血管压迫阳性符合率为89.4%(17/19)。结论 3D-VIBE序列对于发现血管压迫性三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛责任血管,明确血管与神经的关系有诊断价值。     

磁共振3D FIESTA-C联合3D-TOF序列对血管压迫性面肌痉挛的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振3D FIESTA-C联合3D-TOF序列对血管压迫性面肌痉挛的诊断价值。方法分析32例面肌痉挛患者的磁共振3D FIESTA-C及3D-TOF序列图像,观察症状侧及非症状侧的面神经与周围血管的关系。结果 32例症状侧面神经与周围血管表现为接触阳性共26侧,非症状侧表现为接触阳性7侧。两组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 3D FIESTA-C联合3D-TOF序列可清晰显示面神经与周围血管的关系,对血管压迫性面肌痉挛具有很高的诊断价值,以指导临床治疗。     

原发性三叉神经痛MR影像学的对照研究

目的对照原发性三叉神经痛(TN)患者及健康者两组MRI影像学资料中三叉神经与责任血管接触的夹角,分析TN患者神经血管接触时夹角的影像学特点。方法 58例单侧TN并行MVD手术证实NVC程度为中重度患者纳入研究组,46例健康者影像学显示NVC程度均中重度作为对照组,两组均完成MR3D-FIESTA与3D-TOF两序列扫描,层厚1mm;在两序列及相关后处理图像上分析三叉神经与责任血管的夹角。结果原发性三叉神经痛患者三叉神经与责任血管的夹角为45°~90°时出现率明显高于健康侧(P0.01)。结论 NVC中重度压迫且神经与责任血管的夹角为45°~90°更易导致三叉神经痛的发生。     

磁共振3D-TSE序列和3D-VIBE序列在诊断血管压迫性三叉神经痛中的价值

目的探讨磁共振3 D-TSE序列和3 D-VIBE序列对于血管压迫性三叉神经痛的诊断价值。方法采用3 DTSE序列和3 D-VIBE序列扫描28例临床拟诊为血管压迫性三叉神经痛的患者。经3 DMRP、MIP、min-MIP后处理图像,观察三叉神经与周围血管的关系。结果 28例患者手术证实26例存在血管神经接触或压迫,3 D-VIBE、3 D-TSE序列综合判断血管压迫性三叉神经痛的阳性预测值、阴性预测值、敏感性、手术符合率分别为92.0%(23/25)、33.3%(1/3)、92.0%(23/25)、85.7%(24/28)。而且MRI所显示的责任血管与神经的相对位置关系与术中所见具有高度的一致性(K=0.81)。结论 3 D-TSE序列和3 D-VIBE序列结合可以清楚显示脑池内血管和三叉神经的空间关系并辨认责任血管的来源,对血管压迫性三叉神经痛的术前评估具有较高的价值。     

2D and 3D computed tomography of the pediatric hip

The contribution of computed tomography with multiplanar reconstructions (2D CT) and animated three-dimensional reformatting (3D CT) has been well documented in the adult hip. The applications and utility in the pediatric hip prove to be similar. Coronal and sagittal 2D images are superior to transaxial CT in defining the superior pole of the femur, the superior joint space, and the acetabular roof and dome. 3D CT provides the best overview of morphology, integrating the 2D information for therapeutic planning. Studies can be modified or tailored for dose control, particularly in the youngest patients.     

Intraoperative 3D imaging of the facial skeleton using the SIREMOBIL Iso-C3D

OBJECTIVES: With respect to high-contrast structures, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) offers an alternative imaging modality to computed tomography (CT), requiring less radiation exposure. The C-arm system SIREMOBIL Iso-C3D for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction has made this modality available for intraoperative use. This paper presents the first intraoperative images of the facial skeleton using the SIREMOBIL Iso-C3D. METHODS: Cases of a zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, a mandibular angle fracture and a bimaxillary repositioning osteotomy are described to demonstrate the application possibilities of this system in maxillofacial surgery. RESULTS: In addition to the uncomplicated handling of the SIREMOBIL Iso-C3D, generally important was the low level of metal artefacts in its primary and secondary reconstructions, even in close proximity to the material. However, it has to be kept in mind that while soft tissues are visualized using CBCT, information about soft tissue quality cannot be obtained. CONCLUSION: The SIREMOBIL Iso-C3D generates intraoperative data sets suitable for the visualization of the facial bones after open reduction of fractures.     

Evaluation of the biliary and pancreatic system with 2D SSFSE, breathhold 3D FRFSE and respiratory-triggered 3D FRFSE sequences

Purpose

The authors compared biliary and pancreatic imaging obtained through 2D single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE), breath-hold 3D fast recovery fast spin-echo (FRFSE) and respiratory-triggered 3D FRFSE sequences.

Materials and methods

A total of 106 magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) examinations performed between December 2007 and September 2008 were evaluated with a comparison of 2D SSFSE (thin section and thick slab), breath-hold 3D FRFSE and respiratory-triggered 3D FRFSE sequences. The biliary tract was divided into seven segments: right hepatic duct, left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct, cystic duct junction and biliarypancreatic confluence. The main pancreatic duct was divided into three segments (head, body and tail). Visualisation of biliary variants was also compared. Two blinded radiologists evaluated segment visibility using a quantitative scale. The Student’s t test for paired samples was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Compared with 2D SSFSE, respiratory-triggered 3D FRFSE sequences showed better visibility of the right hepatic duct (p=0.0277), the cystic duct (p=0.0081), the cystic duct junction (p=0.0010), the biliary-pancreatic confluence (p=0.0334) and biliary variants (p=0.0198). In the comparison between breath-hold 3D FRFSE and 2D SSFSE, a significant statistical difference was found in visualisation of the cystic duct (p=0.027), the cystic duct junction (p=0.020), the biliary-pancreatic confluence (p=0.0338) and biliary variants (p=0.0311).

Conclusions

Three-dimensional FRFSE offers a significant benefit over conventional 2D imaging.     

3D reconstruction of the skeletal anatomy of the normal neonatal foot using 3D ultrasound

Currently imaging plays a limited role in the assessment of the neonate with a foot deformity. The aim of this study was to establish a technique for examining the neonatal foot with three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US). 3D US was attempted on the normal feet of 20 infants (9 male, 11 female) under 6 weeks old (range 35-41 days). The data sets were obtained whilst the infants were feeding or asleep to minimize movement artefact. A high-resolution optically tracked freehand 3D US system (Diasus, 16 MHz transducer) was used with Stradx software to acquire and analyse the data sets. Manual segmentation of the non-ossified tarsi from the data sets was performed. Five infants were too restless to be examined. 107 data sets were recorded from 22 feet of the remaining 15 infants. 21 of the data sets were discarded due to movement artefact. 86 were suitable for manual segmentation. Surface interpolation of the segmented data sets produced surface rendered reconstructions illustrating the complex 3D anatomy of the foot. This new technique may offer a method of examining the deformed foot, e.g. congenital talipes equinovarus.     

Comparison of 2D and 3D MRI of the optic and oculomotor nerve anatomy

A total of 30 healthy volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T1 weighted (w.) 3D magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE), T2 w. 2D turbo spin echo (TSE) and T2* w. 3D constructive interference in steady state (CISS) sequences to evaluate the detectability of the optic, oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves. CISS yielded the best results for the trochlear and abducens nerve, MP-RAGE for the optic chiasm and tract. The optic and oculomotor nerves were very well detectable using both CISS and MP-RAGE without any statistically significant difference between the two.     

应用MRA 3D TOF及三维血管图像后处理技术诊断颅内小动脉瘤

目的：应用三维血管图像后处理技术，提高ＭＲＡ对颅内小动脉瘤的诊断率。材料与方法：经手术或ＤＳＡ证实的１３例颅内小动脉瘤患者在１．５ＴＳｉｇｎａＭＲ超导系统上进行２ＤＰＣ及３ＤＴＯＦ法ＭＲＡ检查。采用ＭＯＴＳＡ扫描技术，５１２×２５６ｍａｔｒｉｘ，扫描参数中加ＭＴ。并用ＩＶＩ及３ＤＮａｖｉｇａｔｏｒ软件对血管成像进行再处理。比较２ＤＰＣ图像、３ＤＴＯＦ中的原始图像、叠加图像、再投影图像及ＩＶＩ图像、３ＤＮａｖｉｇａｔｏｒ图像动脉瘤及载瘤血管的显示情况。结果：２ＤＰＣ只有２例显示了动脉瘤瘤体，３ＤＴＯＦ叠加图像中因血管重叠也只有４例能显示瘤体，再投影图像中有３例因重叠及背景因素干扰而瘤体显示不清，原始图像及血管后处理图像均较满意地显示了瘤体，ＩＶＩ及３ＤＮａｖｉｇａｔｏｒ图像对显示载瘤血管有优势。结论：三维血管后处理图像结合原始图像观察可提高ＭＲＡ对脑小动脉瘤的诊断率。     

2D、3D重建在颅骨修补术中的应用

目的：探讨2D、3D重建在颅骨修补术前、后颅内情况,术后并发症的观察和计算机个性化设计钛网在临床的应用。方法35例颅骨缺损患者行螺旋C T扫描,数据传至工作站行2D、3D重建,进行钛网修复体的个性化设计并应用于临床,分析颅骨修补术前、后颅内的变化,术后并发症的表现。结果35例患者修复体嵌合满意,钛网固定牢固,行修补术前脑膜弧线正常30例,脑膜凹陷5例,术后代骨板均无移位,硬膜外血肿1例,硬膜下血肿3例,头皮感染2例。结论2D、3D重建在颅骨修补术中具有重要的临床价值。     

Clinical applications of 2D and 3D CT imaging of the airways--a review

Hardware and software evolution has broadened the possibilities of 2D and 3D reformatting of spiral CT and MR data set. In the study of the thorax, intrinsic benefits of volumetric CT scanning and better quality of reconstructed images offer us the possibility to apply additional rendering techniques to everyday clinical practice. Considering the large number and redundancy of possible post-processing imaging techniques that we can apply to raw CT sections data, it is necessary to precisely set a well-defined number of clinical applications of each of them, by careful evaluation of their benefits and possible pitfalls in each clinical setting. In diagnostic evaluation of pathological processes affecting the airways, a huge number of thin sections is necessary for detailed appraisal and has to be evaluated, and information must then be transferred to referring clinicians. By additional rendering it is possible to make image evaluation and data transfer easier, faster, and more effective. In the study of central airways, additional rendering can be of interest for precise evaluation of the length, morphology, and degree of stenoses. It may help in depicting exactly the locoregional extent of central tumours by better display of relations with bronchovascular interfaces and can increase CT/bronchoscopy sinergy. It may allow closer radiotherapy planning and better depiction of air collections, and, finally, it could ease panoramic evaluation of the results of dynamic or functional studies, that are made possible by increased speed of spiral scanning. When applied to the evaluation of peripheral airways, as a completion to conventional HRCT scans, High-Resolution Volumetric CT, by projection slabs applied to target areas of interest, can better depict the profusion and extension of affected bronchial segments in bronchiectasis, influence the choice of different approaches for tissue sampling by better evaluation of the relations of lung nodules with the airways, or help to detect otherwise overlooked slight pathological findings. In the exploration of the air-spaces of the head and neck, targeted multiplanar study can now be performed without additional scanning by retro-reconstructed sections from original transverse CT slices. Additional rendering can help in surgical planning, by simulation of surgical approaches, and allows better integration with functional paranasal sinuses endoscopic surgery, by endoscopic perspective rendering. Whichever application we perform, the clinical value of 2D and 3D rendering techniques lies in the possibility of overcoming perceptual difficulties and 'slice pollution', by easing more efficient data transfer without loss of information. 3D imaging should not be considered, in the large majority of cases, as a diagnostic tool: looking at reformatted images may increase diagnostic accuracy in only very few cases, but an increase in diagnostic confidence could be not negligible. The purpose of the radiologist skilled in post-processing techniques should be that of modifying patient management, by more confident diagnostic evaluation, in a small number of patients, and, in a larger number of cases, by simplifying communication with referring physicians and surgeons. We will display in detail possible clinical applications of the different 2D and 3D imaging techniques, in the study of the tracheobronchial tree, larynx, nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses by Helical CT, review relating bibliography, and briefly discuss pitfalls and perspectives of CT rendering techniques for each field.     

3D CT-based cephalometric analysis: 3D cephalometric theoretical concept and software

Introduction We present an original three-dimensional cephalometric analysis based on a transformation of a classical two dimensional topological cephalometry.Methods To validate the three-dimensional cephalometric CT based concept we systematically compared the alignments of anatomic structures. We used digital lateral radiography to perform the classical two-dimensional cephalometry, and a three-dimensional CT surface model for the three-dimensional cephalometry.Results Diagnoses based on both two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses were adequate, but the three-dimensional analysis gave more information such as the possibility of comparing the right and left side of the skull. Also the anatomic structures were not superimposed which improved the visibility of the reference landmarks.Conclusion We demonstrated that three-dimensional analysis gives the same results as two-dimensional analysis using the same skull. We also present possible applications of the method.The authors have full control of all primary data and agree to allow the Journal to review their data if requested.     

Reconstruction and 3D visualisation based on objective real 3D based documentation

Reconstructions based directly upon forensic evidence alone are called primary information. Historically this consists of documentation of findings by verbal protocols, photographs and other visual means. Currently modern imaging techniques such as 3D surface scanning and radiological methods (Computer Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging) are also applied. Secondary interpretation is based on facts and the examiner's experience. Usually such reconstructive expertises are given in written form, and are often enhanced by sketches. However, narrative interpretations can, especially in complex courses of action, be difficult to present and can be misunderstood. In this report we demonstrate the use of graphic reconstruction of secondary interpretation with supporting pictorial evidence, applying digital visualisation (using 'Poser') or scientific animation (using '3D Studio Max', 'Maya') and present methods of clearly distinguishing between factual documentation and examiners' interpretation based on three cases. The first case involved a pedestrian who was initially struck by a car on a motorway and was then run over by a second car. The second case involved a suicidal gunshot to the head with a rifle, in which the trigger was pushed with a rod. The third case dealt with a collision between two motorcycles. Pictorial reconstruction of the secondary interpretation of these cases has several advantages. The images enable an immediate overview, give rise to enhanced clarity, and compel the examiner to look at all details if he or she is to create a complete image.