老年结核性胸膜炎的临床诊治分析

目的对老年结核性胸膜炎诊治进行分析。方法对64例老年结核性胸膜炎患者与60例青年结核性胸膜炎患者进行对比观察。结果（1）临床症状不典型：老年组以咳嗽、咳痰、气促、乏力、纳差临床症状为主要表现，而青年组则以发热、胸痛为主要临床表现。（2）合并症多。老年组多合并呼吸、心血管、消化系统的疾病。（3）合并肺结核多。血性胸腔积液较多。（4）药物不良反应较多。老年组肝功能异常、消化系统不良反应明显高于青年组。结论要提高对老年结核性胸膜炎的认识，积极进行与结核相关的检查，做到早期诊断、早期治疗。     

老年和青年急性心肌梗塞患者临床及冠状动脉造影特点对比分析

回顾性分析了38例老年及21例青年急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者的临床及冠状动脉造影特点。结果表明：青年组吸烟者占66.7％，饮酒占52．4％，明显高于老年组（P＜0．025）。青年组AMI有典型胸痛者占85．7％，有明显诱因者占66．7％，以AMI为首发症状者占61．7％，均高于老年组（P＜0．01）。老年组和青年组AMI并发症分别为73．7％和33．3％（P＜0．01），病死率分别为31．6％和143％（P＜0．05）。冠状动脉造影表明，老年组多支冠状动脉病变占56．5％，青年组则以单支血管病变为主，占667％。两组室壁瘤形成率无显著差别。影响室壁瘤形成的主要因素为高血压病、梗塞面积和侧支循环状态。     

老年急性胰腺炎的临床特点及预后分析

目的研究老年急性胰腺炎的临床特点及预后。方法回顾性分析51例老年与53例同期非老年病人（非老年组）的临床资料。结果老年组病人合并糖尿病及高血压者明显高于非老年组，多器官功能衰竭明显多于非老年组。老年组中血CRP水平〉100mg／L，占47．1％，非老年组中血CRP水平〉100mg／L，占20．6％（P〈0．01）。结论老年人急性胰腺炎具有临床表现不典型、病情重、并发症多的特点，积极内科综合治疗，能改善病人预后。     

老年肾综合征出血热患者流行病学、临床特点及预后分析

目的：分析老年肾综合征出血热（ HFRS）患者在流行病学、临床特征、实验室检查以及预后等方面的特点。方法249例HFRS患者,其中≥60岁30例（老年组）,＜40岁83例（青年组）。回顾性分析两组流行病学、临床特征、实验室检查及预后。结果老年组重型、危重型12例（40．00％）,青年组16例（19．28％）,P＜0．05。老年组早期误诊率33．33％,青年组7．23％,P＜0．05。青年组发热期、少尿期及多尿期持续时间均短于老年组（ P均＜0．05）。与青年组比较,老年组肌酐升高、血小板降低（P均＜0．05）,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、尿素氮、白细胞等两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P均＞0．05）。在治疗过程中,青年组8例（9．64％）出现并发症,老年组13例（43．33％）,P＜0．05。老年组病死率6．67％,青年组1．20％,P＜0．05。结论与青年HFRS患者比较,老年HFRS患者早期误诊率高,重型、危重型比例高,病程长,并发症多。     

老年原发性高血压肾损害56例临床分析

目的：分析原发性高血压病合并肾脏损害与年龄的关系。方法：入选56例原发性高血压合并肾脏损害患者被分为老年组、青年组，进行随机对照分析。结果：老年原发性高血压的肾脏损害甚于青年组（P〈0．01）。老年组的病程与血肌酐含量呈正相关（r=1．320，P〈0．01）。结论：对原发性高血压患者应积极治疗，以延缓肾功能损害，尤其是老年人。     

初发急性心力衰竭住院患者病因及诱因状况的临床研究

目的 了解老年初发急性心力衰竭（AHF）患者病因、诱因构成和病因聚集性情况，为临床防治提供线索。方法 144例AHF患者按年龄分为老年组和非老年组，对比分析2组间病因、诱因构成和多病因情况。结果 老年组前3位基础病因为冠心痛（52．1％）、高血压（32．1％）、慢性肾功能衰竭（8．5％），非老年组前3位基础病因为风湿性心脏病（32．6％）、慢性肾功能衰竭（21．7％）、扩张型心肌病（19．6％）；在病因聚集性方面，老年组多病因AHF占49．5％，非老年组为9．8％；2组发病诱因均以感染最多见，老年组54．4％，非老年组51．2％；预后方面，老年组住院病死率（33．98％）明显高于非老年组（17．07％）（P〈0．05）。结论 老年与非老年AHF的病因构成比不同，冠心痛、高血压是老年AHF最常见的病因；老年多病因AHF多见；老年AHF患者住院病死率较高；感染是最常见的发病诱因。在老年AHF的预防中应采取有针对性的措施。     

老年Stanford B 型主动脉夹层患者的临床特征及腔内隔绝疗效分析

目的:总结老年Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者的临床特征,分析老年患者施行腔内隔绝术的疗效及安全性。方法: 2002年4月~2010年10月入院并接受主动脉腔内隔绝术治疗的Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者210例,其中包括62例老年患者（老年组,年龄≥60岁）及148例非老年患者（非老年组,年龄<60岁）。对两组患者的临床特征、主动脉腔内隔绝术手术结果以及随访结果进行回顾性分析。结果: 老年组冠心病比例高于非老年组（P<0.01）。外伤、马方综合征、多发性大动脉炎均见于非老年组,动脉粥样硬化溃疡型夹层仅见于老年组,但两组病因构成无统计学差异。老年组以胸背部疼痛为表现者低于非老年组,以下肢疼痛和呼吸困难为表现及并发心功能不全者均高于非老年组（均P<0.01）。两组患者高血压病程、术前及术后最高收缩压、降压药种类数无统计学差异。非老年组术前及术后最高舒张压均高于老年组（P<0.05）。两组腔内隔绝术成功率均为100%。两组残余内漏、主动脉腔内隔绝术后综合征、切口感染发生率、院内死亡率无统计学差异。老年组术后胸背部疼痛发生率高于非老年组（P<0.01）。两组随访时间、总随访率、影像随访率、随访期间胸背部疼痛发生率、内漏发生率、截瘫发生率、血压控制不达标比例、主动脉夹层相关病死率无统计学差异。两组影像随访患者主动脉重构发生率均为100%。老年组全因病死率高于非老年组（P<0.05）。结论: 对于临床症状不典型的老年主动脉夹层患者需提高警惕,以免延误诊治。在有经验的中心对老年Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者施行主动脉腔内隔绝术治疗是安全而有效的。     

对不同年龄组急性心肌梗死的临床观察

目的探讨不同年龄心肌梗死患者的临床特点。方法对25例青年急性心肌梗死患者和45例老年急性心肌梗死患者临床资料进行分析。结果青年组家族史、吸烟史、肥胖等易患因素高于老年组,老年组高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症高于青年组;溶栓后再通率青年组高于老年组。结论老年人症状不典型,全身合并症多,并发症多,死亡率高。     

老年高血压患者主动脉不同节段缓冲功能的研究

目的：研究老年高血压患者主动脉不同节段动脉缓冲功能（弹性）的变化。方法：60例老年（原发性高血压组30例,血压正常对照组30例）患者在冠脉造影中被测量主动脉不同节段动脉搏波速度（Pulse wave velocity Pwv）,并进行比较。结果：两组主动脉远心节段端的脉搏波速度显著高快于近心端的（P〈0．01）,高血压组近、远心端的差值较对照组的更显著[（3．6±1．7）m／s：（1,6±1．3）m／s,P〈0．01]。结论：老年人主动脉不同节段的弹性不同．老年高血压患者弹性减低更显著。     

452例动态心电图临床分析

目的：探讨老年人动态心电图（DCG）检查各种心律失常和心肌缺血的发生率。方法：对539例进行24hDCG的资料做回顾分析，按年龄分为老年组、中年组、青年组，分析每组各种心律失常、心肌缺血发生率，及其与年龄的关系。结果：老年组（231例）复杂性房性、室性心律失常的发生率（48．9％，16．0％）明显高于中、青年组（14．5％，9．1％，P均〈0．01），而心肌缺血老年组与中年组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：复杂性心律失常的发生率随着年龄增加而增加，心肌缺血中年组心肌缺血不低于老年组。因此中、老年人尤其是高血压患者应重视DCG检测。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.