突触囊泡蛋白synaptotagmin Ⅺ的过表达对PC12细胞和聚集小体形成的影响

目的 构建突触囊泡蛋白synaptotagmin Ⅺ(SytⅪ)重组质粒,观察其在PC12细胞中的表达,以及其对细胞和聚集小体形成的影响.方法 运用人胚脑的cDNA文库作为模板,pcDNA3.1myc-His(-)B质粒作为载体,运用基因克隆技术构建重组质粒,限制性内切酶酶切,测序鉴定重组质粒;运用脂质体将重组质粒导入PC12细胞,Annexin V-PI双染色和免疫荧光观察对细胞的影响.结果 测序鉴定质粒构建成功,过表达SytⅪ导致细胞死亡,增加α-synuclein和vimentin阳性聚集小体的形成.结论 成功构建SytⅪ重组表达质粒,过表达造成对PC12细胞的毒性作用,并促进聚集小体的形成.     

PYGO2基因RNA干扰真核表达载体的构建

目的构建PYGO2基因RNA干扰（RNAi）的真核细胞表达载体。方法以PYGO2为靶基因,以pSUPER．puro质粒为载体,设计构建重组体,根据基因库（GenBank）提供的PYGO2基因核苷酸序列,在http：／／www．ambion．com网站上使用siRNA Target Finder软件进行目的基因的siRNA序列对应DNA的设计与筛选,选择设计两条带发夹结构的核苷酸序列,克隆到空载体pSUPER．puro中,转化DH5α菌株,提取质粒,进行限制性内切酶酶切鉴定和测序分析,将重组的pSUPER．puro-PYGO2质粒转染胶质瘤C6细胞48h,检测其对该细胞PYGO2蛋白的影响。结果经酶切鉴定筛选出的重组体测序结果与目的序列完全一致,重组载体显著降低胶质瘤细胞PYGO2的蛋白表达,重组载体构建成功。结论利用RNAi技术可成功构建抑制PYGO2表达的siRNA真核表达载体。     

人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体的构建和体外表达

背景：骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP-2) 是已知的所有生长因子中对骨的形成作用最强的生长因子，被认为是最具有前途的骨诱导物质。 目的：构建人骨形成蛋白2真核表达载体并观察其体外表达情况。 设计、时间及地点：自身对照实验，于2005-07/2006-05在华中科技大学同济医学院分子生物中心实验室完成。 材料：pcDNA3.1(+)载体由华中科技大学同济医学院左石博士惠赠；成骨肉瘤组织由华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院骨科提供。 方法：从人成骨肉瘤细胞中提取细胞总RNA，利用反转录-聚合酶链反应方法扩增获得人BMP-2基因cDNA，将基因片断重组到pGEM-T质粒中构建pGEM-T- hBMP-2重组质粒载体，转化到大肠杆菌DH5α后筛选阳性克隆，利用限制性酶切和DNA序列分析鉴定重组质粒。分别用RcoRI和NotI双酶切pGEM-T- hBMP-2质粒和pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，将克隆载体中人骨形成蛋白2基因重组到pcDNA3.1真核表达载体，提取质粒作酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序后，用脂质体体外转染小鼠骨髓基质细胞，反转录-聚合酶链反应检测BMP-2的表达。 主要观察指标：①人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA 反转录-聚合酶链反应结果。②重组质粒pGEM-T-hBMP-2 和pcDNA3.1-hBMP-2的构建和酶切鉴定。③BMP-2在小鼠骨髓基质细胞内的表达。 结果：人骨肉瘤细胞总RNA经反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增后，获得1.2 kb条带。经酶切电泳、聚合酶链反应鉴定及DNA测序证实实验成功克隆BMP-2基因，重组质粒pcDNA3.1- hBMP-2构建正确;该重组质粒能在体外培养的小鼠骨髓基质细胞中有效表达BMP-2。 结论：实验成功克隆人骨形成蛋白2基因并构建了此基因的真核表达载体。     

人淀粉样前体蛋白基因与绿色荧光蛋白融合基因筛选系统的建立

目的 构建携带人淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）的增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）载体。以利于初步筛选对APP mRNA水平作用的药物。方法 将pEGFP质粒和携带野生型APP695亚型的pXCJL经Hind Ⅲ酶切，连接．PCR初筛，酶切鉴定。进一步经测序证实。携带野生型人类APP751亚型cDNA的pCDNA3．1质粒用XbaⅠ酶切．Klenow酶填平．再用HindⅢ酶切．回收APP751片段；质粒EGFP用SmaⅠ和Hind Ⅲ酶切。将目的基因APP751片段与EGFP载体片段连接生成重组质粒．酶切鉴定．测序证实。构建好的重组质粒转染COS-7细胞．观察EGFP的表达情况。结果 APP695和APP751重组质粒上的EGFP在COS-7细胞内得以表达。结论 构建的APP—EGFP融合基因重组质粒．有助于方便、快速地初筛出作用于APP mRNA水平的药物。     

人血管生成素1和血管内皮生长因子165重组腺病毒载体构建及目的基因表达*★

目的：拟构建人血管生成素1和血管内皮生长因子165腺病毒载体，观察靶细胞转染后目的基因的表达水平。 方法：通过RT-PCR方法克隆人Ang-1全长编码基因，PCR法以pcDNA3.0-VEGF165质粒为模板扩增VEGF165基因，分别将目的基因酶切连接到带有GFP标记的pTrack-CMV质粒上，构建重组质粒pTrack-CMV-Ang-1和 pTrack-CMV-VEGF165，经PCR、酶切和测序鉴定后将其PmeI线性化与腺病毒质粒pAdeasy-1共转化BJ5183细菌，获得重组腺病毒载体pAdeasy-1-pTrack-CMV-Ang-1/VEGF165，经PacI线性化后转染QBI-293A包装细胞，收获重组腺病毒Ad-Ang-1及Ad-VEGF165。 结果：PCR﹑双酶切和测序鉴定结果证实成功构建pTrack-CMV-Ang-1/VEGF165重组转移质粒，PmeI线性化后重组腺病毒载体获得成功包装。脂质体转染QBI-293A细胞后光镜下可见由腺病毒引起的细胞圆缩、聚集呈菌落状的典型细胞病理性改变；荧光显微镜下可见绿色荧光蛋白的表达，且荧光强度随培养时间延长而逐渐增强；经多轮感染、扩增后，病毒效价可达（2.0~5.0）×1010 pfu/mL。转染48 h后，293A细胞中的血管生成素1与血管内皮生长因子含量均明显提高（F=427.93，17.93，P < 0.05）。 结论：成功构建并获得了Ad-Ang-1及Ad-VEGF165重组腺病毒，血管生成素1与血管内皮生长因子165均能在靶细胞中有效表达。     

Livin基因短发卡RNA表达质粒的构建及其对胶质瘤Livin基因表达的影响

目的构建凋亡抑制基因livin基因的特异性短发卡RNA（siRNA）真核表达载体,并观察其在人脑胶质瘤细胞中对livin基因表达的抑制。方法设计有小发夹结构的2条livinβ siRNA对应的DNA序列,将其克隆入pSliencer 3.1质粒,构建重组质粒pSliencer-livinβ,对重组质粒进行酶切分析和DNA序列测定。以脂质体法将pSliencer-livinβ转染人胶质瘤细胞。采用RT-PCR和Western-blot检测Livinβ蛋白的表达,筛选最有效的一组pSliencer-livinβ质粒。结果酶切及测序证实质粒pSliencer-livinβ构建成功。转染后胶质瘤细胞livinβmRNA和蛋白表达均受到明显抑制。结论成功构建livinβ基因的特异性短发卡RNA（siRNA）真核表达载体能够显著抑制人胶质瘤细胞livinβ基因的表达。     

真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2的构建及在EJ细胞中的表达☆

背景：核因子κB在肿瘤生成过程中起重要作用,PDLIM2基因可以介导终止核因子κB的活性,解除核因子κB对肿瘤细胞的凋亡抑制作用。 目的：克隆人PDLIM2全长基因,构建pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2真核表达载体。 方法：采用反转录-聚合酶链反应从新鲜膀胱组织总RNA中克隆PDLIM2全长基因,与经Bam HI、Xho Ⅰ相同双酶切的pIRES2-EGFP质粒载体连接,构建重组质粒pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2,经酶切及测序鉴定重组质粒中PDLIM2基因的完整性和忠实性。荧光显微镜下观察重组质粒转染的EJ细胞GFP报告基因表达强度,并对转染细胞PDLIM2的表达进行RT-PCR检测。 结果与结论：经酶切和测序证实重组质粒构建正确,并在转染的EJ细胞中获得PDLIM2的高效表达。表明用反转录-聚合酶链反应方法成功从膀胱组织中克隆出PDLIM2全长基因,成功构建pIRES2-EGFP-PDLIM2真核表达载体。     

LRIG3特异性RNA干扰真核表达载体的构建及稳定株筛选

目的构建LRIG3（leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 3,LRIG3）基因特异的RNA干扰质粒,为探讨抑制LRIG3基因表达对脑胶质瘤细胞生物学行为调控的研究奠定基础。方法根据GenBank数据库提供的LRIG3基因核苷酸序列,选择设计2条能转录短发卡RNA（shRNA）的DNA序列,命名为LRIG3-shRNA1、LRIG3-shRNA2,同时设计1条非特异性序列作为阴性对照,命名为negative-shRNA。并与pGenesil2质粒载体连接,转化感受态大肠杆菌,挑选阳性克隆,抽取重组质粒,使用限制性内切酶SalⅠ酶切电泳,DNA测序鉴定。3种重组表达载体转染胶质瘤细胞系GL15细胞,用G418筛选后挑选单克隆并扩增获得稳定株。逆转录酶-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和Western blot分别在mRNA和蛋白水平上检测LRIG3的表达。结果重组质粒成功转化感受态大肠杆菌,经SalⅠ酶切琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,结果表明寡核苷酸成功插入到预计位点,经测序鉴定,序列完全正确。G418筛选出稳定转染三种质粒的GL15细胞,转染pGenesil2-LRIG3-shRNA组细胞LRIG3 mRNA和蛋白表达明显低于转染pGenesil2-negative-shRNA组。结论成功构建针对LRIG3基因的特异性shRNA真核表达载体,转染细胞后可抑制LRIG3基因表达,为进一步研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

CD、Flt-1基因共表达重组质粒的构建及对BT325细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的构建CD、Flt-1基因共表达重组质粒,并检测其对BT325细胞增殖抑制的影响。方法从大肠杆菌及人脐静脉内皮细胞中提取总RNA,利用逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-RCR）扩增CD基因和FL]r-1基因片段,应用基因重组技术将CD基因和Flt-1基因片段克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-C1中,经酶切鉴定及DNA序列分析证实所构建的载体。转染BT325细胞株,通过MTT法和流式细胞术观察其对细胞的增殖抑制作用。结果RT--RCR方法获得CD基因和Flt-1基因片段,酶切分析和DNA测序鉴定表明重组质粒pEGFP-C1-CD-Flt-1构建成功。转染72h后实验组细胞生长速度是control组的（33．20%±5．4％）,流式细胞术发现实验组细胞的G1期细胞比例明显高于control组,细胞出现凋亡,实验组细胞的凋亡率为（19．7％±5．45％）。结论成功构建真核表达重组质粒pEGFP-c1-CD-Flt-1,其体外可抑制BT325增殖并诱导其凋亡。     

心脏转录因子GATA结合蛋白4真核表达质粒的构建*☆

背景：有研究表明心脏转录因子GATA结合蛋白4(GATA4)与先天性心脏病的发生有密切的关系,但其机制不明,而目前尚未查及GATA4真核表达质粒构建类的报道。 目的：构建人类心脏特殊转录因子GATA4的真核表达质粒。 方法：对重组质粒pUC57-GATA4进行酶切获得GATA4基因编码区序列,将真核表达载体pCMV-Myc和GATA4基因在双酶切后用T4连接酶连接,构建重组质粒pCMV-Myc-GATA4,转化至大肠杆菌,提取质粒后经聚合酶链反应、双酶切及测序鉴定。 结果与结论：实验成功酶切重组质粒获得GATA4基因编码区约1.3 kb的目的片段,聚合酶链反应和酶切鉴定以及基因测序结果显示,构建的重组真核表达质粒中含有正确的GATA4基因序列,证实成功构建了含有GATA4基因的真核表达重组质粒。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.