三醋酸纤维素膜及低/高通量聚砜膜透析器对内毒素的截留能力研究

目的 通过体外实验了解不同膜材料及通量的透析器对内毒素的截留能力.方法 依透析器类型分三醋酸纤维素膜/低通量(130G)、聚砜膜/低通量(F6hps)、聚砜膜/高通量(F60S)3组.体外模拟血液透析4h,血液侧为无菌生理盐水500ml,流速200ml/min.透析液侧为无菌生理盐水l000ml,分别以浓度为2EU/ml、10EU/ml、20EU/ml的纯化内毒素污染透析液,透析液流速200ml/min.采用鲎试剂动态比浊法检测透析液和血液侧样本的内毒素浓度,并对3组透析液中内毒素下降程度进行比较.结果 ①以含内毒素≤20EU/ml的透析液透析4h,3组透析器血液侧样本的内毒素检测均为阴性.透析液内毒素水平均随时间延长呈现下降趋势.②比较透析前后透析液中内毒素下降程度,显示3种透析器透析液内毒素的下降排序为F60S＞F6hps＞130G.其中130G与F60S两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.036).结论 不论是三醋酸纤维素膜低通量透析器还是低或高通量聚砜膜透析器对透析液内毒素浓度≤20EU/ml时都有很好的阻隔能力.与三醋酸膜透析器比较,高通量聚砜膜透析器对内毒素的吸附能力更强.聚砜膜高与低通量透析器之间无显著差异.     

不同冲管方法对复用透析器冲洗后消毒液残余剂量的影响

目的探讨两种不同的冲管方法对复用透析器冲洗后残余消毒剂反跳现象的影响,以保证透析器消毒剂残余量在允许范围。方法将采用伦拿灵（peracidin）透析器使用浓缩液消毒的100个复用透析器随机分为A、B两组,A组采用常规冲洗方法,B组采用改良后的冲洗方法,即在冲洗结束血泵降至90ml／min,继续循环60min;冲洗结束后用peracidin残余测试条在设定时问检测透析器内残余的peracidin浓度,并记录结果。结果A、B两组相：15min内透析器内残留的peracidin浓度均在正常范围,15min到60min内B组透析器内残留的peracidin浓度在正常范围,A组透析器内残留的peracidin浓度超标。结论可重复使用透析器在冲洗结束后15min内即要开始血液净化治疗;如若不能及时上机,冲洗就不能停止;否则,透析器内残留的peracidin水平会升高（反跳）,需要再次冲洗并检测消毒液残留剂量水平,以保证透析安全。     

复用透析器消毒剂清除方法的对比观察

目的探讨安全、经济、实用的复用透析器消毒剂的清除方法,以达到理想的消毒剂残余浓度。方法选择本中心16例慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者,使用可复用透析器进行透析。实验组采用闭路循环方法,对照组采用放液一冲洗一循环的方法,对复用后透析器的消毒剂进行清洗。使用Renalin残余量测试条检测透析器的消毒剂残余浓度,并观察患者透析中的反应。结果实验组消毒剂残余量均~3ppm,符合规定的标准,与对照组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。无1例患者在透析过程中出现恶心、呕吐、发热、低血压等反应。结论采取闭路循环清除消毒剂的方法,可以使消毒剂从透析器旁路随着加温的透析液得到持续彻底的清除,该方法安全、经济、实用。     

三醋酸纤维素膜与聚砜膜低通量透析器对细菌DNA片段的通透性研究

目的通过体外实验观察三醋酸纤维素膜和聚砜膜低通量透析器对细菌DNA片段的通透性,比较2种透析器对细菌DNA片段的截留能力。方法以透析器类型分为三醋酸纤维素膜/低通量(130G)和聚砜膜/低通量(F6hps)两组。体外模拟血液透析4小时,血液侧为无菌生理盐水500ml,流速200ml/min。透析液侧为无菌生理盐水1000ml。以大肠埃希氏菌分别为2.06×102,1.603×103,2.671×103,1.336×104cells/ml浓度的混悬液作为污染透析液,透析液流速200ml/min。采用鲎试剂动态比浊法检测透析液和血液侧样本内的内毒素浓度,以超微量分光光度计检测血液侧样本的细菌DNA浓度,并对两组透析器血液侧的细菌DNA浓度进行比较。结果①透析4h后,两组透析器的血液侧透后样本的内毒素检测均为阴性。但细菌DNA浓度升高,并随透析液中污染菌浓度增加呈现上升趋势。②在透析液细菌浓度在1.603×103,2.671×103,1.336×104cells/ml浓度时,130G组血液侧样本的细菌DNA浓度明显高于F6hps组,两组间比较,t值分别为7.982,4.264,10.499,P值分别为0.001,0.013,<0.001,差异显著性有统计学意义。结论①细菌DNA比内毒素对三醋酸纤维膜和聚砜膜透析器的穿透能力更强。②与聚砜膜透析器相比,三醋酸纤维素膜对细菌DNA有更高的通透性。     

复用透析器患者丙型肝炎病毒交叉感染临床研究

目的采用有效的杀菌方法减少复用透析器患者（Hepatitis C virns,HCV）的交叉感染.方法应用Renalin100作为复用透析器的杀菌剂,采用Renatro PA 100全自动复用机进行透析器复用,HCVIgM阳性患者透析器一次性应用,HCVIgG阳性透析器复用,但与阴性患者透析器分机复用处理和隔离储存.检测全部复用透析器患者的HCVIgM和HCVIgG,检测间隔时间6个月,总观察时间3年,比较分析检测结果.结果定时检测,各组之间比较,HCVIgG阳性率差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,HCVIgM阳性患者均为0例.退出观测者末次检测分析,HCVIgM阳性患者为0例,HCVIgG阳性数在退出者与定时检测总数之间比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论应用Renalin100作为复用透析器的杀菌剂,采用Renatro PA100全自动复用机进行透析器复用,HCVIgM阳性患者透析器一次性应用,HCVIgG阳性透析器复用,但与阴性患者透析器分机复用处理和隔离储存,对防止血液净化中心的复用透析器患者HCV交叉感染有效.     

高通量透析治疗皮肤瘙痒血透患者的疗效观察及护理

目的本研究旨在于观察高通量血液透析(HFD)对维持性血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒的疗效观察并总结护理体会.方法选择维持性血液透析伴皮肤瘙痒患者12例,透析时间5～6年,采用聚砜膜F60高通量透析器,碳酸盐透析12个,每周2～3次,每次4.5h,透析器复用10次,血流量为250～300ml/min.检测F60血滤器复用10次,分别于复用第1、6、及10次分别测定透析前后BUN、iPTH的指标.观察皮肤瘙痒的改善情况,观察透析中低血压、抽搐、乏力等不良反应发生率.结果 HFD透析器在1、6、10次复用时透析后血iPTH水平均较透析前明显下降,患者皮肤瘙痒程度明显减轻.透析中少数患者出现低血压、抽搐等不良反应.经过补液或给予50%GS静推可以纠正.结论高通量透析可以有效清除iPTH,显著改善皮肤瘙痒程度;透析器复用10次不影响对小分子毒素的清除效果,仍能保证透析质量,降低了透析成本,值得推广.     

快速测定冲洗透析器血路管残留戊二醛

目的了解透析器血路管灭菌后戊二醛的残留量,为临床安全使用提供依据。方法采用紫外分光光度法对不同量冲洗后残留戊二醛进行测定。结果用20 g/L戊二醛浸泡消毒的透析器血路管分别以1000,2000,3000ml无菌生理盐水冲洗,以1000 ml无菌生理盐水冲洗后戊二醛残留量为68.73μg/ml,2000 ml与3000 ml冲洗后戊二醛残留量均值分别为25.46μg/ml和24.71μg/ml,两组之间无显著差异。结论用紫外分光光度法测定用戊二醛消毒的透析器血路管冲洗后的残留量,操作简便、快速。     

浅谈高通量透析的优势及护理体会

目的评价高通量透析治疗维持性血液透析患者的疗效。方法将60例规律血液透析患者随机分为普通PMMA膜透析器组、普通聚砜膜透析器组及高通量透析器组各20例。比较单次血液透析前后,3组患者血清β2-微球蛋白（β2-microglobulin,β2-MG）清除效果,以及6个月后的胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白的变化情况。结果高通量透析器组以及应用PMMA膜的透析器组,透析后均能降低β2-MG的浓度,其中高通量透析器组更为显著。脂代谢方面,高通量透析器组患者透析后的血总胆固醇、三酰甘油及低密度脂蛋白水平明显下降,而普通透析器组无明显变化。结论高通量透析提高患者透析效率、生活质量,透析并发症明显减少。     

复用透析器不同冲洗方法的比较研究

[目的]比较复用透析器的不同冲洗方法.[方法]将过氧乙酸消毒后的复用透析器20套随机分为对照组和实验组,每组10套.对照组采用直接生理盐水冲洗法,实验组采用透析液循环法冲洗.[结果]对照组冲洗透析器耗时14.60 min±1.08 min,需生理盐水2 210 mL 171 mL,且终末管路冲洗液仍可检出残留的过氧乙酸.实验组冲洗透析器耗时5.40 min±6.84 min,需生理盐水453 mL±46 mL,且终末管路冲洗液只检出微量的过氧乙酸.两组比较冲洗所用时间、生理盐水用量、过氧乙酸残留量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).[结论]用透析液循环法冲洗复用透析器,减少病人首次使用综合征的发生,降低透析成本,减少病人等待透析的时间.     

两种不同护理方案用于无肝素血液透析的比较

目的探讨无肝素血液透析的护理策略。方法对28例伴有高危出血的维持性血液透析患者随机分为A、B两组,均给予无肝素血液透析。A组护理方法为:使用14G穿刺针,血流量200～230ml/min,透析前用含肝素3000U/ml的生理盐水预冲后再用生理盐水冲洗透析器和管路,透析中每间隔60min使用生理盐水200ml冲洗透析器。B组方法为:使用16G穿刺针,血流量250～300ml/min,透析前用含肝素3000U/ml的生理盐水预冲并保留15min后再用生理盐水冲洗透析器和管路,透析中每间隔30min使用生理盐水100ml冲洗透析器,比较两组每次透析后透析器的凝血状况和透析器容量。结果B组透析器透析后凝血程度少于A组,透析后平均容量大于A组。结论使用较大号穿刺针、提高血流量、透析前使用肝素盐水浸泡透析器以及增加透析中生理盐水的冲洗次数可以改善透析器的凝血状况,提高透析器的使用率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.