困难气管插管术的护理配合

气管、支气管内插管术是手术室工作中不可缺少的一项重要组成部分，不仅广泛应用于麻醉实施，而且在危重病呼吸循环抢救复苏及治疗中也发挥重要作用。气管插管困难指声门不能完全显露或无法完成常规插管的情况。因估计不足而遇困难，不仅因插管失败使手术无法进行，还有可能威胁病人生命甚至死亡的潜在危险。现就困难气管插管术的护理配合报告如下。     

逆行牵拉技术在大鼠气管插管中的应用

目的探讨逆行牵拉技术在大鼠气管插管中的应用价值。方法80只SD大鼠，24号留置针穿刺气管环状软骨缝隙，金属丝通过留置针经气管逆行至口腔，引导气管插管进入气管。结果一次性穿刺气管成功75只大鼠，3只大鼠导丝逆行时有阻力，后证实进入鼻腔或上颚孔，退出一段后调整导丝角度后成功进入口腔后插管成功。2只大鼠插管时有阻力，牵拉鼠舌及左颊部暴露口腔后插管成功；该操作只需时间（1±0．5）min，一人操作即可完成。无1例失败，成功率为100％。结论此种大鼠气管插管术无需特殊辅助设备，是一简单、快速、安全、可靠、值得推广的大鼠气管插管方法。     

喉罩用于全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术的护理观察

目的 比较喉罩与气管插管通气对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者血流动力学及并发症的影响,并探讨相应的护理方法.方法 将60例择期行腹腔镜胆囊手术患者根据随机数字表分为喉罩组与气管插管组,每组各30例,分别置入喉罩与气管插管.比较两组麻醉诱导期血流动力学变化,观察术中反流误吸,术毕呛咳,术后咽痛、声音嘶哑、恶心、呕吐、肺部感染等并发症发生率.结果 两组麻醉诱导期SpO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),气管插管组插管后即刻MAP、HR较喉罩组显著升高(均P<0.05);喉罩组术后咽痛发生率显著低于气管插管组(P<0.05).结论 喉罩组插管应激反应小于气管插管组;喉罩与气管插管麻醉患者术中、术后的护理各有侧重,前者侧重于防止术中反流误吸,后者侧重于气管护理以及预防感染等并发症的发生.     

加强管用于颈椎骨折手术患者气管插管的体会

目的：观察加强型气管导管用于颈椎骨折手术患者气管插管的实际效果。方法选择在笔者所在医院择期行颈椎前路或后路减压手术的患者40例,按随机数字表法分为两组,观察组采用加强型气管导管,对照组采用普通气管导管,采用管芯法气管插管。比较两组一次插管成功率和术后6 h内咽喉痛的发生率。结果观察组一次插管成功率95%,对照组一次插管成功率70%;术后6 h内咽喉痛的发生率观察组为10%,对照组为30%。结论加强型气管导管用于颈椎骨折手术患者气管插管一次插管成功率高,术后咽喉痛发生率低,具有明显的优势。     

小儿全性唇腭裂同期修复术的麻醉探讨

目的 探讨小儿完全性唇腭裂同期修复术麻醉及其完全性。方法 196例均采用静脉(静吸)复合全麻。应用上颌托行经口气管内插管术。对气管内插管的难易、唇咽喉粘膜损伤、乳牙错位牙的保护、术中管理及术毕苏醒拔管进行临床观察。结果经口气管内插管一次成功189例，两次获成功7例，苏醒延迟8例。结论经口气管内插管优于经鼻气管内插管，上颌托的应用可提高经口气管内插管的安全性。合并其它脏器畸形志儿，对麻醉药代谢缓慢，术中麻醉药应减量。     

长期保留气管插管的呼吸道护理

长期保留气管插管的呼吸道护理面颈部大手术后常会因局部肿胀或舌后坠等原因造成呼吸道不畅，针对这一问题，可采用术后长时间保留气管插管的方法加以处理。此法成功关键在于手术后呼吸道的护理，现就我们的经验和体全总结分析如下。１呼吸道护理方法１．１气管插管内护理...     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术后留置气管插管的研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)术后发生急性呼吸道梗阻的原因和预防.方法对29例OSAS患者行经鼻气管插管全麻下行悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)治疗,评价术后保留气管插管结果并与对照组进行比较. 结果 29例病人在术后完全清醒状态下拔除气管插管,无一出现急性呼吸道梗阻或死亡,效果明显优于对照组.结论保留气管插管对预防UPPP术后急性呼吸道梗阻起着有效而重要的作用.     

气管内全麻合并颈丛阻滞应用于甲状腺手术的临床观察

目的对比气管内全麻合并颈丛阻滞和单纯气管内全麻应用于甲状腺手术的麻醉效果。方法40例行双侧甲状腺次全切除手术的全麻患者，随机分为A、B两组，A组采用气管内全麻合并颈丛阻滞。B组采用单纯气管内全麻，常规麻醉诱导插管，麻醉维持A组用瑞芬太尼0．05—0．15μg／（kg·min）．B组用瑞芬太尼0．1—0．2μg／（kg·min），两组均持续静脉输注异丙酚，记录气管插管、切皮、麻醉维持和气管拔管时血压和心率的变化，术后睁眼和气管拔管时间，以及术后是否需要镇痛。结果A组气管插管、切皮、麻醉维持时浅麻醉发生率明显低于B组（P〈0．05），B组术后需要镇痛的人数明显多于A组（P〈0．01）。结论气管内全麻合并颈丛阻滞在甲状腺手术时维持血流动力学稳定方面明显优于单纯气管内全麻．并可减轻术后疼痛。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术后留置气管插管的研究

目的　探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)术后发生急性呼吸道梗阻的原因和预防 .方法　对 2 9例OSAS患者行经鼻气管插管全麻下行悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (UPPP)治疗 ,评价术后保留气管插管结果并与对照组进行比较 .结果　 2 9例病人在术后完全清醒状态下拔除气管插管 ,无一出现急性呼吸道梗阻或死亡 ,效果明显优于对照组 .结论　保留气管插管对预防UPPP术后急性呼吸道梗阻起着有效而重要的作用     

复方利多卡因乳膏在气管插管全麻中的应用

目的观察复方利多卡因乳膏应用于气管插管全麻,对抑制插管应激反应和术后咽喉痛的效果。方法60例ASA1-Ⅱ级拟施气管插管全麻择期手术患者随机均分为两组。对照组（Ⅰ组）和实验组（Ⅱ组）分别将石蜡油和复方利多卡因乳膏均匀涂于气管插管的套囊及前端,麻醉诱导后行气管内插管。分别记录诱导前、插管前、插管即刻及插管后3min时患者的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）。并记录是否有术后咽喉痛及性质。结果Ⅰ组在插管即刻和插管后3min较插管前SBP、DBP、HR明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而Ⅱ组病人插管即刻和插管后3min上述指标较插管前无显著差异（P〉0.05）。组间比较,Ⅰ组插管后SBP、DBP、HR均较Ⅱ组明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。Ⅰ组患者术后咽喉痛、喉部异物感的发生率显著高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.01）。结论复方利多卡因乳膏可以有效抑制气管插管全麻所引起的插管应激反应和术后咽喉痛。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.