Evaluation of systemic risk factors in different optical coherence tomographic patterns of diabetic macular edema

AIM: To elucidate the relationship between systemic risk factors and different patterns of diabetic macular edema (DME) determined with optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, DME was classified by OCT as diffuse retinal thickness (DRT), cystoid macular edema (CME) and serous retinal detachment (SRD) and the relationship between the systemic risk factors and DME patterns was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 57 patients with DME, 21 (36.8%) had DRT, 24 (42.1%) had CME and 12 (21.0%) had SRD. Micro- or macro-albuminuria was significantly higher in the DRT pattern (61.9%) compared with the SRD (50.0%) and CME patterns (25.0%; P=0.040). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was significantly higher and patients were younger in the DRT pattern group (P=0.034, P=0.032). Best corrected visual acuity was the worst and central macular thickness was the thickest in the CME pattern group. CONCLUSION: Micro- or macro-albuminuria may be more frequent and HbA1c level may be higher in patients with DRT. These patients are also seen to be younger than patients with non-DRT.     

Patterns of macular edema in patients with uveitis: qualitative and quantitative assessment using optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To describe the morphologic characteristics of uveitic macular edema by the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to investigate the correlation between tomographic features and visual acuity (VA). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy consecutive patients with uveitis in a university-based practice with a clinical diagnosis of macular edema in at least one eye. Inclusion criteria were: (1) verification of macular edema by OCT, (2) adequate media clarity for fundus visualization, and (3) absence of coexisting ocular disease limiting visual potential. METHODS: Complete ophthalmic examination: best-corrected Snellen VA, slit-lamp examination, fundus biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and OCT. Fluorescein angiography was performed in selected cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Best-corrected Snellen VA and tomographic features of the macula, including macular thickness measurement and correlation of macular thickness with VA. RESULTS: Eighty-four eyes of 60 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean VA (Snellen test) was 20/36. There were 3 patterns of macular edema: diffuse macular edema (DME), cystoid macular edema (CME), and serous retinal detachment (RD). Serous retinal detachment was detected in 17 eyes (20.2%). Patients were classified into the following groups: DME (46 eyes, 54.8%), CME (21 eyes, 25%), DME and RD (5 eyes, 5.9%), CME and RD (12 eyes, 14.3%). Epiretinal membrane was detected by OCT in 34 eyes (40.5%). Eight eyes (9.5%) demonstrated vitreomacular traction. The mean retinal thickness at the central fovea was 333+/-171 microm (mean +/- standard deviation). Macular edema was located mainly in the outer retinal layers. Eyes with CME had significantly greater retinal thickness measurements than eyes with DME (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that VA was negatively correlated with increased macular thickness, presence of CME, and RD (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography demonstrated 3 patterns of macular edema in patients with uveitis: DME, CME, and RD. Epiretinal membrane coexisted in a significant percentage of patients. In patients with uveitis with clear media, the morphologic features of macular edema and macular thickness correlated with VA.     

玻璃体腔注射康柏西普对不同OCT分型糖尿病黄斑水肿的疗效观察

目的：观察玻璃体腔注射康柏西普对不同OCT分型糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)的疗效差异。

方法：DME患者96例96眼根据OCT形态特征将DME分为弥漫性黄斑水肿(DRT,35眼)、囊性黄斑水肿(CME,33眼)、浆液性视网膜脱离(SRD,28眼),所有患者行玻璃体腔注射0.5mg(0.05mL)康柏西普治疗。治疗后1、3、6mo,比较三组BCVA(LogMAR)、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CFT)、注射次数及视力提高眼数的差异。

结果：随访6mo,三组患眼BCVA呈明显下降趋势(F_时间=205.880,P_时间<0.01),三组间比较有差异(F_组间=3.472,P_组间=0.042),其中DRT组治疗后BCVA改善最佳; 三组患眼CFT呈明显降低趋势(F_时间=392.994,P_时间<0.01),三组间比较有差异(F_组间=5.046,P_组间=0.012),DRT组和CME组的CFT降低程度优于SRD组。随访6mo DRT组的注射次数最少,视力提高眼数比例最高。

结论：玻璃体腔注射康柏西普可显著改善不同OCT分型DME患眼的视力,降低CFT,其中DRT疗效最佳,注射次数最少。     

Ozurdex治疗不同OCT分型的糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者的疗效和安全性

目的　探讨Ozurdex治疗不同OCT分型的糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者的疗效和安全性。方法　前瞻性研究。选取2019年10月至2020年11月就诊于我院眼科,经眼底检查、OCT、荧光素眼底血管造影确诊的糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者35例35眼。根据患者OCT采集图像,将存在黄斑区视网膜海绵样水肿且出现视网膜内弥漫性低反射的患者归入弥漫性黄斑水肿（DRT）组（12眼）;将黄斑区视网膜内存在高反射间隔和大小不一低反射囊腔的患者归入黄斑囊样水肿（CME）组（14眼）,将黄斑中心凹厚度（CMT）增加、液体积聚并伴有浆液性视网膜脱离（SRD）的患者归入SRD组（9眼）。采用玻璃体内Ozurdex植入术治疗三组患者。对比观察三组患者术前及术后1个月、2个月、3个月、6个月的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、CMT、眼压及术后不良反应事件发生情况。结果　三组患者随访期间BCVA差异均有统计学意义（F_时间=108.047,P_时间<0.001;F_组间=3.840,P_组间=0.032;F_交互=2.797,P_交互=0.011）,表明在随访期内药物对患者视力有持续性改善作用。三组患者BCVA在治疗后2个月达到最佳水平,表明药物作用效果在2个月时达到最大。DRT组患者BCVA在随访的各个时间点均优于CME组和SRD组,差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05);而CME组和SRD组患者BCVA在随访的各个时间点差异均不明显（均为P>0.05）。三组患者CMT在治疗后1个月均明显下降,并在治疗后2个月时达到随访最低,之后开始出现反弹,SRD组患者在随访期内CMT的变化幅度最大。三组患者在随访期间各时间点眼压差异有统计学意义（F_时间=90.859,P_时间＜0.001）,说明药物具有明显的升眼压效应。三组患者从治疗后1个月开始眼压均有上升,并在治疗后3 个月开始下降。随访期内,所有患者均经过医学处理,未出现明显白内障加重、视网膜脱离或其他严重不良反应事件。结论　Ozurdex可有效改善不同OCT分型的糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者视功能和黄斑区视网膜形态。     

Macular traction detachment and diabetic macular edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction

PURPOSE: To review the clinical, photographic, fluorescein angiographic, and optical coherence tomographic findings in patients with the diabetic macular traction and edema (DMTE) associated with posterior hyaloidal traction (PHT). METHODS: We performed a prospective review of nine eyes of nine patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and PHT on clinical examination. The patients had a comprehensive ophthalmic history and examination, color photographs, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: All patients had diabetic retinopathy and DME. Of the nine eyes, eight patients had previous focal or grid photocoagulation. All nine eyes had a thickened, taut, glistening posterior hyaloid on clinical biomicroscopic examination with no posterior vitreous separation. Fluorescein angiography was performed on seven eyes, and all had early hyperfluorescence with deep, diffuse, late leakage in the macular area consistent with DMTE associated with PHT. Optical coherence tomography scans of the macular region revealed retinal thickening in all eyes with a mean retinal thickness of 556.9 +/- 114.7 microns. In addition, eight of the nine eyes had a shallow macular traction detachment associated with PHT. CONCLUSION: Eyes with DME associated with PHT may have a shallow, subclinical, macular detachment. Optical coherence tomography may be useful in evaluating patients with DME to see if a macular detachment is present.     

Optical coherence tomography features during the evolution of serous retinal detachment in patients with diabetic macular edema

PURPOSE: To characterize the evolution of serous retinal detachment (SRD) combined with diabetic macular edema (DME) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN: Observational retrospective case series. METHODS: In our institution, 64 eyes of 40 diabetic patients who had SRD combined with DME were studied. All patients had fluorescein angiography and several OCT3 examinations during follow-up. Foveolar neuroretinal thickness (NRT) and SRD height were measured. The evolution of OCT macular profiles was qualitatively assessed. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 11.8 months. DME was focal in 10 eyes (15.6%), diffuse in 17 (26.6%) and both diffuse and focal in 37 (57.8%). Mean initial decimal visual acuity (VA), NRT, and SRD height (+/- standard deviation) were 0.35 +/- 0.21, 346.88 +/- 138.61 and 199.48 +/- 139.8 microm, respectively. SRD height did not correlate with VA (P = .23) or NRT (P = .31). In 13 eyes (20.3%), NRT above the SRD was normal. In the 19 eyes where DME improved during follow-up, SRD disappeared before the maximal reduction of retinal thickness in seven eyes (36.8%) and after or simultaneously with this reduction, in 12 eyes (63.2%). Among the 45 eyes where DME worsened during follow-up, SRD disappeared from 15 eyes (33.3%). CONCLUSION: In this series, SRD height did not correlate with retinal thickening. The latter may appear before central neuroretinal thickening and disappear before or after its regression. Consequently, SRD does not seem to be related either to the severity of DME or to its resorption.     

不同OCT分型的糖尿病性黄斑水肿与血小板参数的关系

目的研究不同OCT分型的糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)与血小板参数的关系。方法回顾性研究。118例(118眼)糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患者中,DME组88眼,未合并DME(Non-DME)组30眼,根据DME的OCT形态分为弥漫性视网膜增厚型(diffuse retinal thickening,DRT)27眼、黄斑囊样水肿(cystoid macular edema,CME)29眼、神经上皮层脱离型(neurosensory retinal detachment,NSD)32眼,对不同组别间患者血小板计数(platelet count,PLT)、平均血小板体积(mean platelet volume,MPV)、血小板平均分布宽度(platelet distribution width,PDW)和血小板压积(plateletcrit,PCT)进行比较,并分析DR分期与DME的OCT分型间的关系。结果DRT在轻度和中度非增生型DR中的占比为50.0%,而NSD在重度非增生型DR及增生型DR患眼中的占比较高,为84.5%。DME组患者的MPV和PDW均明显高于Non-DME组(均为P<0.05),NSD患者的MPV和PDW均明显高于DRT和CME患者(均为P<0.05)。结论不同DME分型的患者MPV、PDW有差异,血小板与NSD的发生、发展可能相关。     

Natural history of macular status in recent-onset branch retinal vein occlusion: an optical coherence tomography study

Purpose: To evaluate serially the course of structural changes in the macula in recent onset branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Twenty eyes of patients at an institutional practice with recent onset BRVO were examined by OCT at presentation and at 3 and 6 months of onset of the occlusion. The macular thickness (MT) and the visual acuity were correlated with the macular perfusion status and analyzed statistically. Results: The mean MT at presentation, 3 and 6 months was 398.9 +/- 98.6 mm, 346.8 +/- 84.8 mm and 341.3 +/- 95.3 mm, respectively. Three distinct anatomical patterns of structural changes were appreciated on OCT-serous retinal detachment (SRD) only in 15%, cystoid macular edema (CME) only in 40%, and a combined form with both SRD and CME in 45%. At 6 months while the non-ischemic group showed an average percentage decline of 26.8% in thickness, the ischemic group showed an increase of 19.2% (P < 0.01). CME resolved in 10 of 13 perfused (non-ischemic) maculae, but persisted in all seven ischemic cases. Conclusion: OCT delineates macular changes at a stage when fundus biomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography are not very informative. The anatomical cause for the increase in MT i.e., SRD and/or CME is also well delineated. Non-ischemic maculae show an early and more rapid decline in MT compared with ischemic occlusions. An increase in MT at 3 months on OCT in BRVO patients could be an indication of a possible ischemic course.     

不同抗VEGF药物治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效及其与OCT分型的关系

目的:探究不同抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)药物治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DME)临床疗效,并分析其与光学相干断层扫描(OCT)分型的关系。方法:选取45例进行雷珠单抗治疗的DME患者(本院于2020-02/2022-02收治)作为雷珠单抗组,同期45例进行康柏西普治疗的DME患者作为康柏西普组。其中雷珠单抗组给予视网膜光凝术联合雷珠单抗治疗,康柏西普组给予视网膜光凝术联合康柏西普治疗。比较两组患者症状改善情况(黄斑水肿改善时间、视网膜厚度恢复正常时间、新生血管消失时间及眼底出血吸收时间),血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、VEGF水平,黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CMT)、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)水平及并发症发生情况,并分析其临床疗效与不同OCT分型的关系。结果:两组黄斑水肿改善时间、视网膜厚度恢复正常时间、新生血管消失时间及眼底出血吸收时间比较均无明显差异(P>0.05);与治疗前比较,两组治疗后血清IL-6、VEGF、BCVA值均明显降低(P<0.01),但组间比较均无明显差异(P>0.05);与治疗前比较,两组治疗后CMT均明显降低(P<0.05),且与雷珠单抗组比...     

Is there a correlation between structural alterations and retinal sensitivity in morphological patterns of diabetic macular edema?

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) enables enhanced visualization of retinal layers and delineation of structural alterations in diabetic macular edema (DME). Microperimetry (MP) is a new technique that allows fundus-related testing of local retinal sensitivity. Combination of these two techniques would enable a structure-function correlation with insights into pathomechanism of vision loss in DME. To correlate retinal structural derangement with retinal sensitivity alterations in cases with diabetic macular edema, using SDOCT and MP. Prospective study of 34 eyes of 30 patients with DME. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, fluorescein angiography, microperimetry and SDOCT. Four distinct morphological patterns of DME were identified- diffuse retinal thickening (DRT), cystoid macular edema (CME), schitic retinal thickening (SRT) and neourosensory detachment (NSD) of fovea. Some retinal loci presented with a mixture of above patterns There was significant difference in retinal thickness between groups (P<0.001). Focal retinal sensitivity measurement revealed relatively preserved retinal sensitivity in areas with DRT (13.8 dB), moderately reduced sensitivity (7.9 dB) in areas with CME, and gross retinal sensitivity loss in areas with SRT (1.2 dB) and NSD (4.7 dB) (P<0.001). Analysis of regional scotoma depth demonstrated similar pattern. Retinal sensitivity showed better correlation to OCT pattern (r=-0.68, P<0.001) than retinal thickness (r=-0.44, P<0.001). Structure-function correlation allows better understanding of the pathophysiology of visual loss in different morphological types of DME. Classification of macular edema into these categories has implications on the prognosis and predictive value of treatment.     

康柏西普治疗糖尿病患者白内障术后不同类型黄斑水肿的疗效

目的：观察康柏西普治疗糖尿病患者白内障术后不同类型黄斑水肿的疗效。

方法：选取2017-01/2018-12于我院行白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术后视力再次下降并确诊为黄斑水肿的糖尿病患者52例52眼。根据黄斑水肿OCT分型,将发生弥漫性黄斑水肿者18眼纳入DRT组,发生黄斑囊样水肿者20眼纳入CME组,发生浆液性视网膜脱离者14眼纳入SRD组,均按照1+PRN方案行玻璃体腔注射康柏西普。治疗(首次玻璃体腔注射)后随访12mo,观察并比较各组患者最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CMT),并记录药物注射次数。

结果：三组患者治疗前BCVA和CMT无明显差异,但DRT组黄斑水肿发病时间明显短于CME组和SRD组(P<0.05)。治疗后1mo,三组患者BCVA和CMT均明显好转,且治疗后3mo起,三组患者BCVA和CMT继续好转并逐渐稳定,与治疗前比较均明显改善(P<0.05)。治疗后1、3、6、12mo,DRT组和CME组患者BCVA和CMT均好于SRD组(P<0.05),但DRT组与CME组之间无明显差异(均P>0.05)。三组患者药物注射次数分别为3.2±0.9、2.9±0.8、4.1±1.1次,SRD组注射次数明显多于DRT组和CME组(均P<0.05)。

结论：糖尿病患者白内障术后黄斑水肿应早期干预,康柏西普可以有效改善白内障术后不同类型黄斑水肿患者的视力,减轻黄斑水肿。     

黄斑水肿的光相干断层扫描分析

目的 观察黄斑水肿的光相干断层扫描（OCT）图像特征；探讨黄斑中心凹厚度与最佳矫正视力之间的关系。 方法 对50例正常对照者以及47例54只经直接、间接检眼镜、三面镜及荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）诊断为黄斑水肿的患眼进行OCT检查，通过黄斑中心凹的水平或垂直方向线性扫描，测量黄斑中心凹的厚度，对比分析两组受检者的黄斑形态及中心凹厚度值，根据形态学特点对黄斑水肿者的OCT图像进行分类并将其中心凹厚度与其最佳矫正视力进行相关分析。 结果 正常对照组与黄斑水肿组黄斑形态及中心凹厚度差异有显著性的意义。黄斑水肿患眼的OCT图像表现为3种特征，20只眼表现为黄斑区视网膜海绵样肿胀，占37.1%；26只眼表现为黄斑囊样水肿，占48.1%；8只眼表现为浆液性视网膜神经上皮脱离，占14.8%。黄斑水肿者黄斑中心凹厚度与其最佳矫正视力呈负相关（r=－0.569, P=0.000）。 结论 黄斑水肿的OCT图像主要包括视网膜海绵样肿胀、黄斑囊样水肿及神经上皮浆液性脱离。黄斑水肿患者的黄斑中心凹厚度明显增厚，黄斑中心凹厚度越厚，视力越差。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：152-155）     

Tomographic features and surgical outcomes of vitreomacular traction syndrome

PURPOSE: To study the relation between preoperative macular changes and surgical outcomes in vitreomacular traction syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: We prospectively examined 14 eyes of 13 patients (aged 48 to 82 years; mean 66.1) with vitreomacular traction syndrome using optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after vitreous surgery. RESULTS: OCT demonstrated two types of partial posterior vitreous detachment: incomplete V-shaped detachment in 10 eyes (group 1) and partial detachment temporal to the fovea but attached nasally in 4 eyes (group 2). Preoperative OCT showed foveal retinal detachment in all eyes in group 1; the detached retina was intact in 2 eyes and edematous with (6 eyes) or without (2 eyes) cystic changes. After surgery, these 10 eyes had a normal foveal configuration accompanied by visual improvement. In group 2, 3 of the 4 eyes had prominent cystoid macular edema (CME) without foveal retinal detachment before surgery. After surgery, 2 eyes developed a full-thickness macular hole, 1 had persistent CME, and 1 developed macular atrophy. The visual acuity decreased in 2 eyes and remained the same in 2 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Two types of vitreous traction develop in vitreomacular traction syndrome: an incomplete V-shaped posterior vitreous detachment that leads to foveal retinal detachment, the surgical outcome of which is favorable, and partial posterior vitreous detachment temporal to the fovea in which prominent CME developed, which may result in a macular hole or macular atrophy postoperatively.     

不同OCT分型的视网膜静脉阻塞性黄斑水肿与血小板参数的关系

目的：探究不同OCT分型的视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)性黄斑水肿(ME)与血小板参数的关系。

方法：回顾性研究。收集2016-12/2021-02首诊于郑州大学第五附属医院眼科的RVO患者126例126眼,其中视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)患者51眼,视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)患者75眼,未合并ME(Non-ME)患者31眼,合并ME患者95眼。根据OCT形态将ME分为弥漫性视网膜增厚(DRT)组26眼、黄斑囊样水肿(CME)组30眼、浆液性视网膜脱离(SRD)组39眼,收集不同组别患者的血小板参数包括血小板计数(PLT)、血小板平均体积(MPV)、血小板压积(PCT)和血小板体积分布宽度(PDW)并进行统计学分析。

结果：ME组MPV及CMT高于Non-ME组(均P<0.001),SRD组患者的MPV高于DRT组及CME 组(均P<0.001),DRT组与CME组间 MPV比较无差异(P=0.526),SRD组CMT明显高于DRT组与CME 组(P<0.001),CMT在DRT组与CME组之间比较无差异(P=0.190)。

结论：MPV在不同OCT分型的RVO性ME患者中存在差异,活化的血小板与SRD发生和发展可能密切相关。     

Characterization of macular edema from various etiologies by optical coherence tomography

PURPOSE: To use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to characterize the intraretinal changes associated with macular edema (ME) according to its etiology. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients with ME were examined retrospectively by OCT, using the Humphrey 2000 OCT system (Humphrey Co., San Leandro, California). ME etiologies were diabetic retinopathy (27 cases), central retinal vein occlusion (18 cases), pseudophakia (15 cases), posterior uveitis (10 cases), and retinitis pigmentosa (eight cases). Macular thickness was measured using OCT mapping software. It was correlated with logarithmic visual acuity. RESULTS: In 72 of 78 cases (92%), ME was located in the outer retinal layers. Serous retinal detachment was present in 29 of 78 cases (37%). It was most frequent in central retinal vein occlusion (10 of 18 cases, 56%). There were no significant differences in visual acuity (P = .26) or macular thickness (P = .95) whether or not serous retinal detachment was combined with ME. The posterior hyaloid was partially detached in 17 of 78 cases (22%) of overall cases. Serous retinal detachment did not correlate with partial posterior hyaloid detachment (P = .6). Mean macular thickness ranged from 506 microm in central retinal vein occlusion to 373 microm in retinitis pigmentosa. Visual acuity correlated with macular thickness in diabetic retinopathy (R = 0.55; P = .0027) and pseudophakia cases (R = 0.66; P = .016). CONCLUSIONS: OCT characterized the retinal morphologic changes associated with ME, especially the vitreomacular relationship and sub-clinical serous macular detachment. This detachment did not correlate with poor visual acuity. Macular thickening only correlated with visual loss in diabetic retinopathy and pseudophakia.     

上海北新泾社区2型糖尿病患者黄斑水肿患病情况调查

目的 了解社区糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑水肿的患病情况。方法对上海北新泾街道社区100例（151只眼）15岁以上2型糖尿病患者进行直接检眼镜、眼底照相、超声波及相干光断层扫描（OCT）检查,并对检查结果进行统计学分析。结果实际调查对象795人,发现有糖尿病视网膜病变者215例,随机抽取100例糖尿病患者,有151只眼发生糖尿病视网膜病变,其黄斑中心凹平均厚度195．7μm;有46只眼的黄斑增厚,其中黄斑视网膜海绵样肿胀35只眼（76．1％）,黄斑囊样水肿8只眼（17．4％）,神经上皮层脱离3只眼（6．5％）。黄斑中心凹厚度与最佳矫正视力的负对数之间有相关性（r=0．2869,P=0．0004）。不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变者其黄斑水肿的患病情况有所不同（P=0．0003）。糖尿病黄斑水肿的发生与玻璃体后脱离情况的关联无统计学意义（P=0．472）。结论社区糖尿病视网膜病变患者中黄斑水肿患病率为37．1％。患眼的OCT图像归为三种类型：视网膜海绵样肿胀、黄斑囊样水肿及神经上皮层脱离。糖尿病视网膜病变的程度越重,发生黄斑水肿的可能性越大。糖尿病黄斑水肿与有无玻璃体后脱离无明显联系,与总胆固醇水平呈负相关。（中华腰科杂志．2007,43：626-630）     

Cystoid and diabetic macular edema treated with nepafenac 0.1%.

Cystoid macular edema (CME), a common complication following cataract surgery, is routinely medically treated with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alone or in combination with steroids. In this paper, we describe 6 patients with CME and 1 patient with diabetic macular edema (DME), all of whom were treated with nepafenac 0.1%, a novel prodrug NSAID. Three (3) patients with acute CME following cataract surgery were treated for 3-4 weeks with nepafenac 0.1%, with or without concomitant steroids. Both retinal thickness and visual acuity improved in all 3 cases. The 3 patients with chronic CME, each of whom had been previously treated with steroids with or without concomitant NSAID therapy, were started on nepafenac 0.1% three times daily. Retinal thickness and visual acuity improved in each case, except for 1 patient with 20/25 pretreatment visual acuity. The mean improvement in visual acuity of all 6 CME patients was 2.5 lines and the mean decrease in retinal thickness was 282.8 microm. The patient with DME also showed improvement in retinal thickness and visual acuity after 6 months of treatment with nepafenac. These clinical data strongly suggest that nepafenac 0.1% is a promising drug for the treatment of posterior segment inflammation, including CME, and warrants further investigation.     

Assessment of serous macular detachment in eyes with diabetic macular edema by use of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Background

The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has brought new potentialities for an objective evaluation of macular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to assess the serous macular detachment (SMD) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) by use of spectral-domain OCT.

Methods

In this prospective study were included 79 eyes of 46 patients with diabetic retinopathy and DME. All patients underwent examination of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), non-contact slit-lamp fundus biomicroscopy, fluorescein angiography and OCT. Spectral-domain OCT (OCT/SLO Combination Imaging System, OPKO/OT Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada) was used to evaluate retinal morphology and the presence of macular traction (vitreomacular and/or from epiretinal membranes) on B-scans, C-scans and C-scan OCT/SLO fundus image overlays. With OCT were measured retinal thickness, volume, diameter of intraretinal cystoid spaces, diameter and height of SMD. The correlation of retinal thickness and volume with BCVA in all eyes with DME and the relation of SMD to retinal thickness, volume, BCVA, macular traction and ischemia were assessed.

Results

The SMD was diagnosed only by means of OCT in nine eyes (11.4%) of five patients. In eight of nine eyes it was combined with intermediate (300–600 µm) or severe (>600 µm) cystoid spaces, and in one eye with simple macular edema. Retinal thickness and volume correlated with BCVA (r?=?0.464, P?<?0.0001 and r?=?0.480, P?<?0.0001). The SMD height did not correlate with retinal thickness, volume or BCVA. Six eyes with SMD had macular ischemia, and five eyes had severe ischemia in retinal periphery. Macular traction was: absent in three eyes, questionable (without distortion of retinal contour from partial posterior vitreous detachment and/or epiretinal membrane) in three eyes, and definite (with distortion of retinal contour) in three eyes.

Conclusions

Spectral-domain OCT provided valuable information on retinal morphology and was particularly useful in diagnosing sub-clinical SMD in eyes with DME. It disclosed the presence and strength of macular traction either by partially detached posterior hyaloid or by epiretinal membranes. C-scans and C-scan OCT/SLO fundus image overlays added complementary information for the extent and location of the pathological features. Larger studies which follow subjects longitudinally are needed to explain the pathogenesis and determine the prognosis of SMD.     

Ocular Coherence Tomography and Diabetic Eye Disease

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging technique that allows detailed assessment of retinal thickness and morphologic evaluation of the neurosensory retinal layers. OCT imaging has rapidly been integrated into diagnosis and management of diabetic macular edema (DME) in routine clinical practice and clinical trials. OCT findings correlate well with other evaluation techniques for DME. Although there is a moderate correlation between OCT measured retinal thickness and visual acuity, OCT cannot replace visual acuity because there is a high degree of variability. Recent improvements in OCT technology have led to widespread interest in the use of spectral domain OCT, which is faster and has higher resolution than time domain OCT. Future research in OCT imaging will likely result in improvements in image quality. The ability to combine OCT with other various diagnostic modalities will further improve the evaluation of DME in both clinical practice and trials.     

Ocular coherence tomography and diabetic eye disease

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging technique that allows detailed assessment of retinal thickness and morphologic evaluation of the neurosensory retinal layers. OCT imaging has rapidly been integrated into diagnosis and management of diabetic macular edema (DME) in routine clinical practice and clinical trials. OCT findings correlate well with other evaluation techniques for DME. Although there is a moderate correlation between OCT measured retinal thickness and visual acuity, OCT cannot replace visual acuity because there is a high degree of variability. Recent improvements in OCT technology have led to widespread interest in the use of spectral domain OCT, which is faster and has higher resolution than time domain OCT. Future research in OCT imaging will likely result in improvements in image quality. The ability to combine OCT with other various diagnostic modalities will further improve the evaluation of DME in both clinical practice and trials.