Bilateral macular colobomata: Temporal dragging of optic disc

A 13-year-old male presented with decreased vision and squint from childhood. He had bilateral large colobomata at the macula in each eye, the one on the right being larger than the left. The disc was dragged temporally with straightening of the temporal retinal vessels. This is a case report of bilateral large macular coloboma and serves to report its association with a temporally dragged disc and straightened temporal retinal vessels. A dragged disc if present with a colobomatous defect at the macula may strengthen the case for diagnosis of macular coloboma and help exclude other differentials.     

渗出型老年性黄斑变性患者继发黄斑囊样水肿分析

目的 探讨渗出型老年性黄斑变性（AMD）患者继发黄斑囊样水肿（CME）的原因 。 方法 回顾性分析临床确诊的渗出型AMD患者140例171只眼的光相干断层扫描（OCT）检查结果，对其脉络膜新生血管(CNV)进行分类，并分析其与CME发生的关系。 结果 171只AMD患 眼中，89只眼存在CME，占52.0%；82只眼无CME，占48.0%。有CME的患眼中，76只眼存在活动性CNV病变，占85.4%；13只眼已有盘状瘢痕形成，占14.6%。无CME的患眼中， 69只眼存在活动性CNV病变，占84.1%；13只眼有盘状瘢痕形成，占15.9%。有CME且同时存在活动性CNV病变的76只患眼中，结合型CNV 61只眼，占80.3%；Gass 2型CNV 14只眼，占18.4%； Gass 1型CNV 1只眼，占1.3%。视网膜下CNV（结合型+Gass 2型）占98.7%。无CME但有活动性CNV的69只患眼中，57 只眼CNV是位于视网膜色素上皮（RPE）下的Gass 1型，占82.6%；12只眼为视网膜下CNV，占 17.4%。有无CME两组之间视网膜下CNV的发生率比较，其差异有显著性的意义（χ2=99.5838，P=0.0000）。 结论 CME发生与CNV侵入视网膜感觉层下生长密切相关，视网膜下CNV很可能是渗出型AMD继发CME的直接原因。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：299-302）     

Optical coherence tomographic features in a case of bilateral macular coloboma with strabismus

 Purpose:To report the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in a patient with bilateral macular coloboma with strabismus. Methods:A 21-year-old male presented with macular coloboma in both eyes.Fundus photography, fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) and OCT were performed. Results:Color fundus photography showed a sharply-demarcated, round macular defect, approximately 4×4 disc diameters with bare sclera at the base and pigment clumping in both eyes. FFA showed hypofluorescence at the macula corresponding to the size of the lesion bilaterally. OCT revealed a crater-like depression at the macula, demonstrating atrophic neurosensory retina, and an absence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid in the lesion. Conclusion:OCT can be a beneficial tool to confirm the diagnosis of macular coloboma.     

Optical coherence tomographic finding in a case of macular coloboma

PURPOSE: To report the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in a patient with unilateral macular coloboma. METHODS: A 12-year-old male was presented with macular coloboma in the left eye. The optical coherence tomography was performed with fluorescein angiography (FA). RESULTS: The OCT revealed the crater-like depression in the macula, demonstrating atrophic neurosensory retina, and an absence of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in the lesion. FA showed hypofluorescence corresponding to the size of the lesion in both early and late frames without leakage of dye at any stage. CONCLUSIONS: The OCT can be beneficial to confirm the diagnosis of macular coloboma.     

先天性黄斑缺损的相干光断层扫描图像分析

目的探讨先天性黄斑缺损的相干光断层扫描（OCT）图像特征,分析OCT对先天性黄斑缺损的诊断价值。方法回顾分析先天性黄斑缺损患者15例（20只眼）的眼底照片和OCT图像特征,进行分析总结。结果（1）OCT可显示后巩膜葡萄肿的范围和程度;（2）缺损区域脉络膜层毛细血管层光带消失;（3）缺损区域视网膜神经上皮层明显变薄,伴有神经上皮内外层间的分离,层间有低反射带;（4）缺损边缘紧密粘连;（5）缺损累及视盘时呈类似青光眼样视盘改变。结论OCT能够显示先天性黄斑缺损患者视网膜细微的形态学改变,结合眼底彩照可对该病进行全面而细致的评估。     

葡萄膜炎继发黄斑囊样水肿的临床研究

目的 观察葡萄膜炎继发黄斑囊样水肿(eystoid macular edema,CME)的预后及其影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2011年8月至2015年12月于天津医科大学眼科医院确诊为葡萄膜炎继发CME的31例(41眼)患者临床资料.观察治疗前后最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)、黄斑其他并发症以及眼压变化.结果 27例(36眼)纳入数据分析.治疗后1个月,14眼(38.9％) CME完全缓解,BCVA(0.40±0.31) LogMAR较治疗前(0.66±0.36) LogMAR显著提高(P ＜0.001),CMT(368.7±85.9) μm较治疗前(469.0±99.1) μm显著降低(P＜0.001).治疗后3个月,19眼(52.8％)CME完全缓解,BCVA(0.37±0.32) LogMAR及CMT(323.9±60.0) μm与治疗后1个月差异均无统计学意义(均为P ＞0.05),与治疗前差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.001).治疗后6个月,25眼(69.4％) CME完全缓解,BCVA(0.32±0.28) LogMAR与治疗前、治疗后1个月及3个月差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).CMT(294.2±81.2) μm与治疗前及治疗后1个月差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.001),与治疗后3个月差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗后6个月,11眼(30.6％)仍然存在CME,均伴发黄斑前膜.CMT的降低幅度(185.0±114.2) μm与BCVA的提高幅度(0.29±0.21) LogMAR之间无明显相关性(r=0.322,P=0.052),BCVA的提高幅度(0.29±0.21) LogMAR与CME病程(8.4±9.8)个月之间呈负相关(r=-0.395,P=0.015).结论 目前现有全身和局部治疗可以有效治疗多数葡萄膜炎继发的CME,同时改善视力.视力改善程度与CME病程相关,黄斑前膜是影响黄斑水肿消退的重要因素.     

Avastin联合黄斑格栅样光凝治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿观察

目的 观察玻璃体腔注射Avastin联合黄斑格栅样光凝治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿的效果.方法 临床病例对照研究.对2010年5月至2011年5月在深圳市眼科医院就诊病人,将符合纳入标准并经眼底荧光造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)及相干光断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)确诊为糖尿病黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的患者45例59只眼,随机分为A、B二组,A组21例26只眼;B组24例33只眼.A组:单纯光凝组:接受单纯黄斑格栅样光凝;B组:联合治疗组:玻璃体腔注射Avastin 1.5 mg (0.06 ml),一周后给予黄斑格栅样光凝.所有患者治疗前及治疗后1、3、6个月均行视力、眼压、眼底检查和OCT检查.两组治疗前后对比行配对样本t检验统计分析,两组间采用单因素方差分析,P ＜0.05认为有统计学意义.结果 组内比较:B组治疗后BCVA均优于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义;A组治疗后BCVA稍优于治疗前,差异无统计学意义.两组间治疗后CMT均优于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义.组间比较:治疗前:两组之间BCVA均无统计学意义(F =0.005,P＞0.05).治疗后:B组优于A组,两组间差异均有统计学意义(F =26.446,P ＜0.05).结论 玻璃体腔注射Avastin联合黄斑格栅样光凝治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿疗效显著,可明显提高视力,消除或改善黄斑水肿.但尚需进一步大样本的临床随机对照研究来进一步证实.     

玻璃体腔内注射康柏西普治疗黄斑部小分支视网膜静脉阻塞导致的黄斑水肿

目的：评价玻璃体腔内注射康柏西普治疗黄斑部小分支视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的有效性及安全性。

方法：回顾性分析2015-07/2016-09在我院确诊为黄斑小分支视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑囊样水肿的患者资料19例19眼,所有患者均按3+按需注射(pro re nata,PRN)的方法行玻璃体腔内注射康柏西普0.05mL(0.5mg),每月随诊观察最佳矫正视力、中央视网膜厚度、注射次数及眼部相关并发症等。

结果：治疗后1、2、3、6mo的最佳矫正视力与治疗前相比均有改善,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01); 治疗后1、2、3、6mo的黄斑中心凹厚度与治疗前相比均下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01); 其中有3眼出现反复发作的黄斑水肿,FFA检查显示微血管瘤渗漏,给予局部光凝封闭血管瘤后水肿吸收; 治疗及随诊期间所有患者均未出现玻璃体出血、视网膜脱离、持续高眼压和眼内炎等并发症。

结论：玻璃体腔注射康柏西普治疗黄斑小分支静脉阻塞继发的黄斑水肿安全有效,可以明显改善视力,减轻黄斑水肿; 顽固的黄斑水肿建议行FFA检查,如水肿为微血管瘤渗漏造成建议联合局部光凝治疗。     

黄斑前膜剥除术联合视网膜下注液对黄斑皱褶并发中心凹内层视网膜增厚的疗效评估

黄斑皱褶是黄斑区视网膜前膜增厚和收缩引起的一种黄斑疾病,以前膜形成、黄斑内层视网膜增厚、视力下降为特点,其引起视力下降的主要原因是黄斑前膜遮挡中心凹、黄斑区视网膜变形和黄斑水肿[1]。因此,剥除黄斑前膜以恢复黄斑区解剖结构是临床治疗的主要目标,黄斑前膜剥除术或联合内界膜剥除术是目前治疗黄斑皱褶的主要手术方式[2]。     

Bilateral macular hole secondary to remote lightning strike

We report a case of a 16-year-old girl, who was struck by lightning, and experienced blurred vision in the right eye (RE) immediately following the episode. She reported for ophthalmic evaluation two months later. Examination revealed relative afferent pupillary defect in the RE. Posterior subcapsular cataract was noted in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed macular holes and multiple areas of RPE hyperpigmentation in the periphery in both eyes. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed increased choroidal transmission with early fluorescence and late fading in the foveal region and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) stippling in the periphery in both eyes. This is the first case report of such nature in India to the best of our knowledge.     

Serum levels of macular carotenoids in relation to age-related maculopathy

Background It has been hypothesized that the macular carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, may protect against age-related maculopathy. We evaluated the association between blood concentrations of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) and age-related maculopathy (ARM) in a case-control analysis of the baseline examination of the Muenster Ageing and Retina Study (MARS). Methods Of the 1060 participants aged 59–82 years at baseline, 910 (85.9%) with bilateral gradable fundus photographs and complete data for the carotenoids and potential confounders were included. The Rotterdam classification system was used for definition of ARM stages. Multivariate linear regression methods were applied to model the relationship between macular carotenoids and the presence of ARM. Results The participants’ mean age was 70.9+5.5 years, 59.9% were female, 20.8% had a normal bilateral fundus, and 48.5% showed signs of early ARM (uni- or bilateral) and 30.7% of late ARM (in at least one eye). In study participants with L and/or Z supplementation (15.6%), the median serum levels for L (Z) were approximately 2 times (1.5 times) higher than in subjects with no supplementation. After exclusion of subjects with L and/or Z supplementation, no statistically significant bivariate relationship was observed between the serum levels of L or Z and the presence of ARM. Multivariate regression models, adjusting for age, gender, smoking, body-mass index, and HDL-cholesterol blood levels, produced adjusted mean serum levels of 0.124, 0.112, and 0.131 μg/ml for L and 0.019, 0.020, and 0.022 μg/ml for Z in subjects with normal fundus, early ARM, and late ARM, respectively. Conclusion In this large study, the serum concentrations of L and Z were not related to the prevalence of ARM. However, the large proportion of study participants taking L and/or Z supplementation may have affected these results.     

Peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness changes after macular photocoagulation for clinically significant diabetic macular edema

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of macular photocoagulation (MPC) on peripapillary nerve fiber layer (PNFL) thickness measurement in patients with clinically significant diabetic macular edema (CSME).

Methods

This study was a prospective interventional case series. Patients with CSME underwent MPC. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure the PNFL and central macular thicknesses before and 3 months after MPC.

Results

Thirty-three eyes of 25 patients with a mean age of 59.4 ± 7.2 years were included. There was no statistically significant difference between pre- and post-MPC mean best corrected visual acuity (0.35 ± 0.29 and 0.40 ± 0.23 LogMAR, respectively, P = 0.2). Mean baseline and 3 months central macular subfield thickness was 305.9 ± 90.7 and 317.5 ± 112.4 microns, respectively (P = 0.1). Peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness was 105.7 ± 10.0 before and 106.1 ± 9.9 three months after MPC (P = 0.7). No significant differences were found between pre and post MPC measurements in temporal, nasal, inferior and superior nerve fiber layer thickness in each quadrant around optic nerve head (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Macular photocoagulation has no statistically significant effect on PNFL thickness measurements in patients with CSME.     

Impact of COVID-19-related lifestyle changes on diabetic macular edema

AIM: To assess diabetic macular edema (DME) progression during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, when severe societal restrictions raised the concern of possible deterioration of health in patients with systemic conditions, particularly those requiring frequent office visits. METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective chart review of 370 patients (724 eyes) with an established diagnosis of DME seen on 3 separate visits between January 2019 and July 2021. Period 1 was January 2019 to February 2020 (considered pre-COVID-19), period 2 was March 2020 to December 2020 (considered the height of the pandemic; highest level of pandemic-related clinical and societal regulations) and period 3 was January 2021 to July 2021 (re-adjustment to the new “pandemic norms”). Main outcome measures included visual acuity, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), macular thickness, patient adherence to scheduled ophthalmology visits, and DME treatment(s) received at each visit. To facilitate measurement of macular thickness, each macula was divided into 9 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)-defined macular sectors as measured by OCT imaging. RESULTS: There was no change of BMI, systolic BP, and diastolic BP between any of the time periods. HbA1c showed a very small increase from period 1 (7.6%) to period 2 (7.8%, P=0.015) and decreased back to 7.6% at period 3 (P=0.12). Macular thickness decreased for 100% of macular regions. The central macular thickness decreased across all 3 periods from 329.5 to 316.6 μm (P=0.0045). After analysis of multiple variables including HbA1c, BMI, adherence to scheduled appointments, different clinic centers, and treatment interventions, there was no easily identifiable subgroup of patients that experienced the increase in DME. CONCLUSION: DME doesn’t worsen during the COVID-19 pandemic, instead sustaining a very small but statistically significant improvement. While identifying a mechanism behind our findings is beyond the scope of this study, potential explanations may include a delay in retinal changes beyond our study period, an unexpected increase in treatment frequency despite pandemic restrictions, and an unanticipated pandemic-related improvement in some lifestyle factors that may have had a positive impact on DME.     

Analysis of optic coherence tomography for congenital macular retinoschisis

 Purpose: To investigate the pathological characteristics of congenital macular retinoschisis by optic coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: The data of 7 cases (14 eyes) with congenital macular retinoschisis were collected. Electroretinogram (ERG), fundus fluorecein angiography (FFA) and OCT examination were performed, respectively.  Results: The OCT images showed schisis cavity in all eyes. Schisis was confined to the fovea and parafovea in 2 eyes (1 patient). Schisis was involved in entire macular area in 12 eyes (6 patients). Inner nuclear layer (INL) schisis was seen in all eyes. Schisis was located at both INL and outer nuclear layer (ONL)/outer plexiform layer (OPL) in 2 of the 14 eyes. Besides the schisis cavity, small cysts within ganglion cell layer were found in 3 eyes. The small cysts were confined to parafoveal area. The OCT images of both eyes in one patient were similar but not exactly the same or symmetrical. Conclusion: Morphology, extension and schisis location in congenital macular retinoschisis have respective diversites.     

玻璃体内注射康柏西普与黄斑区光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发非缺血性黄斑水肿的临床对照研究

目的 探讨玻璃体内注射康柏西普与黄斑区光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)继发非缺血性黄斑水肿的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾分析临床确诊的BRVO继发非缺血性黄斑水肿患者50例(50眼),依据手术情况将患者分为2组,康柏西普组26例(26眼)患者接受按需治疗的玻璃体内注射,光凝组24例(24眼)患者接受标准的黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗黄斑水肿.2组分别于术后l周、1个月、2个月、3个月进行复查,观察患者的最佳矫正视力(best-correctedvisual acuity,BCVA)和黄斑中心凹厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)的变化.对比分析2组患眼治疗前后BCVA、CMT的变化,并观察眼部和全身并发症的发生情况.结果 治疗前2组患者的BCVA差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).康柏西普组和光凝组治疗后1周、1个月、2个月、3个月时BCVA均较治疗前提高,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05);康柏西普组与光凝组治疗后1周、1个月、2个月、3个月时组间比较均较高,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).术后3个月,康柏西普组18眼(69.23％)视力提高2行以上;光凝组8眼(33.33％)视力提高2行以上.治疗前2组患者的CMT组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).康柏西普组和光凝组治疗后l周、1个月、2个月、3个月时CMT均较术前减小,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).康柏西普组与光凝组治疗后1周、1个月、2个月、3个月时2组间CMT比较均较小,差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).康柏西普组首次注药后随访3个月,11眼行重复注射.其中1个月后CMT＞ 250 μm重复注射2眼,2个月后重复注射7眼,3个月后重复注射2眼.随访期间50眼均未发生与药物、玻璃体内注射相关的全身不良反应.注射后出现局部球结膜下出血7眼.结论 康柏西普治疗BRVO继发的非缺血性黄斑水肿术后视力提高的程度和黄斑区视网膜水肿减轻的程度均优于黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗.     

The vitreo-retinal interface in macular diseases

Summary  Anomalous posterior vitreous detachment occurs, when the extent of vitreous liquefaction exceeds the degree of weakening of vitreo-retinal adherence and traction is exerted at the vitreo-retinal interface. In the macular region vitreo-macular traction is obviously correlated with macular disorders like macular pucker, epiretinal membrane, macular hole formation, and vitreo-macular traction syndrome. The pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema and exudative age-related macular degeneration is more complex. However, the effectivity of vitrectomy in diabetic macular edema and high incidence of vitreoretinal adhesions in exudative age-related macular degeneration underscore the important role of the vitreous in the pathogenesis of these diseases.      

炎症在视网膜静脉阻塞性黄斑水肿中的作用

视网膜静脉阻塞性黄斑水肿是造成患者视力下降及致盲的常见原因。研究表明,炎症机制在黄斑水肿的发生过程中发挥了重要作用。视网膜静脉阻塞发生后,局部损伤激活固有免疫活性细胞,合成和释放大量细胞因子,共同参与炎症反应,导致黄斑水肿发生。本文就视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿可能的炎症机制作一综述,以期为针对炎症的治疗提供理论依据。     

曲安奈德联合黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗BRVO继发黄斑水肿的疗效

目的：分析曲安奈德(TA)联合黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)继发黄斑水肿(ME)的疗效及安全性。

方法：将2016-01/2020-01在本院诊治的BRVO继发ME患者147例147眼随机分为观察组(73眼)和对照组(74眼),观察组接受玻璃体腔注射TA联合黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗,对照组接受玻璃体腔注射康柏西普联合黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗。随访6mo,比较两组的疗效及安全性指标。

结果：治疗后两组最佳矫正视力(BCVA,LogMAR)均较治疗前改善; 治疗后1mo时观察组BCVA优于对照组(0.22±0.15 vs 0.27±0.13,P<0.05); 治疗后6mo时观察组中年龄<50岁患者BCVA显著优于对照组中年龄<50岁患者(0.09±0.04 vs 0.14±0.06,P<0.05),两组中浆液性视网膜脱离(SRD)型患者BCVA均显著优于囊样水肿(CME)型与混合型患者,CME型患者BCVA均显著优于混合型患者(P<0.05),但两组之间各ME分型亚组患者BCVA均无差异(P>0.05)。治疗后两组黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CMT)均较治疗前明显下降; 治疗后3mo时观察组CMT高于对照组(309.76±84.24μm vs 258.75±88.76μm,P<0.01)。治疗后1wk,1、3、6mo时观察组眼压均高于对照组(P<0.01)。治疗后6mo时,两组浅层毛细血管(SCP)血流密度较治疗前明显上升(P<0.05),深层毛细血管(DCP)血流密度、中心凹无血管区(FAZ)面积则未见明显改变(P>0.05)。观察组眼压升高发生率高于对照组(28.8% vs 14.9%),玻璃体腔注射次数低于对照组(1.21±0.74次vs 3.62±2.08次)。

结论：TA联合黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗BRVO继发ME可短期内将视力维持在一定水平,在视力、CMT上的获益与康柏西普联合黄斑区格栅样光凝治疗相当,但存在眼压升高现象,需加强眼压监测。