Fabry病合并心脏受累的诊治进展

Fabry病是由编码溶酶体水解酶α-半乳糖苷酶A的GLA基因突变引起的X染色体连锁隐性模式遗传的溶酶体贮积症.绝大多数Fabry病患者合并心脏受累,出现包括心肌肥厚、传导障碍、心律失常、瓣膜病变、心力衰竭等复杂并发症,其中心脏性猝死是Fabry病患者死亡的首要原因.生物标志物水平测定及基因检测是目前诊断Fabry病的主...     

一个Fabry病家系的GLA基因突变分析

目的对一个临床诊断的非典型Fabry病患者进行α半乳糖苷酶基因(GLA)进行突变分析.方法抽取患者家系中4名成员的外周血基因组DNA,PCR分段扩增位于Xq22的GLA基因的7个外显子,产物纯化后直接进行DNA测序检测突变.结果测序显示,男性患者GLA基因的第6外显子存在CGA301CAA(Arg301Gln)突变,该患者为带有突变基因的半合子,母亲为携带突变基因的杂合子,哥哥及父亲为CGA301野生型的半合子.结论对临床诊断的Fabry病患者及其亲属,进行GLA基因突变检测可以进行基因诊断,并有助于早期筛选出家系中的其他患者.     

Fabry心肌病的研究进展

Fabry病是一种因GLA基因突变导致的X染色体连锁遗传性溶酶体贮积病,水解酶α半乳糖苷酶完全或部分缺乏活性,导致体内鞘糖脂无法正常降解而贮积在各种组织。心脏受累常见,称为Fabry心肌病。心脏受累是患者死亡的主要原因之一,受损部位包括心肌、传导系统、瓣膜及冠状动脉。本文就Fabry心肌病遗传机制、临床表现、诊断与治疗的新进展作一综述。     

Fabry病一例报道并文献复习

目的：探讨Fabry 病的临床表现、诊断及鉴别诊断，提高临床医师对Fabry病的认识，降低漏诊率。方法：报道1例罕见的Fabry病肾损害，结合文献对该病的临床表现、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗和预后进行探讨。结果：患者为中年男性，发病年龄为30岁，临床表现主要为肾脏损伤及周围神经病变，伴有尿毒症家族史，中性粒细胞测α-半乳糖苷酶示酶活性：0nmol/mg/hr，基因突变：p.H125T（c.373C>T），最终确诊Fabry病。患者曾至多家医院就诊，均未明确病因，漏诊率高。结论：Fabry病属于遗传性肾脏疾病，为临床罕见性疾病，容易漏诊，确诊需仔细的询问病史、肾脏病理检查、测定血清α-半乳糖苷酶水平及基因诊断。     

一例Fabry病患者α-半乳糖苷酶基因突变和酶活性分析

目的 分析1例临床诊断的15岁典型Fabry病男性患者的临床表现、α-半乳糖苷酶A(α-GalA)基因(GLA)突变位点及其活性,并对无临床表现的患者母亲进行了相应的对照分析.方法 收集该例患者的临床资料,提取患者及其母亲、1名健康对照者的外周血基因组DNA,PCR分段扩增GLA基因的7个外显子,产物纯化后克隆入T载体进行DNA测序,检测是否存在突变位点,进一步应用荧光底物法榆测α-Gala的活性.结果 基因检测证实患者GLA基凶第7号外显子发生一个错义突变,即10036-10038位的AAG缺失(10036-10038delAAG),导致其编码的第374位的赖氨酸和第375位甘氨酸突变成精氨酸,该突变位点经国内外文献检索未见报道.该患者为带有突变基因的半合子,母亲为携带突变基因的杂合子,健康对照者未发现突变.α-GalA酶活性检测结果显示,携带该突变位点GLA基因的患者,其α-GalA酶活性只有健康对照者的50%左右,患者母亲的α-GalA酶活性为健康对照者的70%左右.结论 对临床疑似的Fabry病患者及其亲属,进行GLA基冈突变检测,结合α-GalA酶活性检测,有助于早期筛选出家系中的其他患者,能更加深入地了解Fabry病的分子发病机制.     

Fabry病的心脏受累表现

目的:提高心内科医生对Fabry病患者心脏受累表现的认识和诊断。方法:入选住院诊治的7例Fabry病患者,对其中有心脏受累表现的5例患者的一般情况、病史、家族史、主要症状、心电图与超声心动图表现进行分析。结果:5例患者均为男性,年龄为13～40岁,血白细胞α-半乳糖苷酶水平均显著低于正常。心脏症状有活动后气短、心悸和心律不齐。心电图显示有左心室高电压、ST-T改变、窦性停搏和频发房性期前收缩。超声心动图检查提示有瓣膜受累合并或不合并功能不全、左心室肥厚和心内膜增厚。结论:Fabry病患者心脏受累比较常见,仔细询问家族史和其他系统受累症状,有助于Fabry病患者的识别。     

Fabry病及其酶替代疗法

Fabry病是X性连锁隐性遗传性疾病，又称α-半乳糖苷酶缺乏症，是由于先天性α-半乳糖苷酶A缺乏所致，属于溶酶体贮积病的一种。1898年由Anderson和Johann Fabry各报告1例故名AndersonFabry病，简称Fabry病。Fabry病特征性临床表现为弥漫性皮肤血管角质瘤和发作性肢体疼痛，本病后期常出现。肾脏、心脏和脑血管等器官的进行性损害。Fabry病近年之所以引起人们的关注，     

α-半乳糖苷酶A活性检测对Fabry病筛查和诊断的意义

测定100名体检者与1例Fabry病患者的外周血粒细胞和血浆中的d-半乳糖苷酶A(α-GalA)活性.结果显示,100名受试者外周血粒细胞与血浆中的α-GalA活性平均值分别为(51.97±15.24)nmol·h-1·mg-1和(148.08±26.30) nmol·h-1·ml-1;其血浆中α-Gal A活性与外周血粒细胞α-Gal A活性呈正相关(r=0.533,P＜0.01);Fabry病患者外周血粒细胞与血浆中α-Gal A活性分别为1.05 nmol· h-1·mg-1和10.06 nmol·h-1·ml-1,均明显低于所测定人群酶活性范围下限.提示血浆与外周血粒细胞α-GalA活性均可用于Fabry病的筛查和诊断.     

一个Fabry病家系的GLA基因突变分析

目的 对一个临床诊断的非典型Fabry病患者进行α半乳糖苷酶基因(GLA)进行突变分析。方法 抽取患者家系中4名成员的外周血基因组DNA，PCR分段扩增位于Xq22的GLA基因的7个外显子，产物纯化后直接进行DNA测序检测突变。结果 测序显示，男性患者GLA基因的第6外显子存在CGA301CAA(Arg301Gln)突变，该患者为带有突变基因的半合子，母亲为携带突变基因的杂合子，哥哥及父亲为CGA301野生型的半合子。结论 对临床诊断的Fabry病患者及其亲属，进行GLA基因突变检测可以进行基因诊断，并有助于早期筛选出家系中的其他患者。     

Anderson Fabry病的心脏损害及治疗

Anderson Fabry病(AFD)是X性染色体显性遗传疾病,国内未见报道。患者通常有多器官损害,心脏损害尤其常见,可发生进展性肥厚型心肌病、瓣膜病、心律失常,亦可导致冠心病。目前在各种原因所致的肥厚型心肌病中,只有AFD导致的肥厚型心肌病可进行病因治疗。现就AFD患者的心脏病变以及α-galA酶替代疗法作一概述。     

Uncertain diagnosis of Fabry disease: Consensus recommendation on diagnosis in adults with left ventricular hypertrophy and genetic variants of unknown significance

Background

Screening in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) reveals a high prevalence of Fabry disease (FD). Often, a diagnosis is uncertain because characteristic clinical features are absent and genetic variants of unknown significance (GVUS) in the α-galactosidase A (GLA) gene are identified. This carries a risk of misdiagnosis, inappropriate counselling and extremely expensive treatment. We developed a diagnostic algorithm for adults with LVH (maximal wall thickness (MWT) of > 12 mm), GLA GVUS and an uncertain diagnosis of FD.

Methods

A Delphi method was used to reach a consensus between FD experts. We performed a systematic review selecting criteria on electrocardiogram, MRI and echocardiography to confirm or exclude FD. Criteria for a definite or uncertain diagnosis and a gold standard were defined.

Results

A definite diagnosis of FD was defined as follows: a GLA mutation with ≤ 5% GLA activity (leucocytes, mean of reference value, males only) with ≥ 1 characteristic FD symptom or sign (neuropathic pain, cornea verticillata, angiokeratoma) or increased plasma (lyso)Gb3 (classical male range) or family members with definite FD. Subjects with LVH failing these criteria have a GVUS and an uncertain diagnosis. The gold standard was defined as characteristic storage in an endomyocardial biopsy on electron microscopy. Abnormally low voltages on ECG and severe LVH (MWT > 15 mm) < 20 years exclude FD. Other criteria were rejected due to insufficient evidence.

Conclusions

In adults with unexplained LVH and a GLA GVUS, severe LVH at young age and low voltages on ECG exclude FD. If absent, an endomyocardial biopsy with electron microscopy should be performed.     

Identification of Fabry Disease in a Tertiary Referral Cohort of Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficient activity of α-galactosidase A due to mutations in the GLA gene, which may be associated with increased left ventricular wall thickness and mimic the morphologic features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Management strategies for these 2 diseases diverge, with Fabry disease–specific treatment utilizing recombinant α-galactosidase A enzyme replacement therapy.

中国法布雷病诊疗专家共识(2021年版)

法布雷病是一种罕见的X连锁遗传溶酶体贮积症,是由于GLA基因突变导致α半乳糖苷酶A(α-Gal A)活性降低或完全缺乏,造成代谢底物三己糖酰基鞘脂醇(GL-3)及其衍生物脱乙酰基GL-3(Lyso-GL-3)在多脏器贮积,引起多脏器病变甚至引发危及生命的并发症。由于法布雷病缺乏特异性症状,因此需结合临床表现、酶活性、生物标志物及基因检测等结果协助临床早期诊断。随着阿加糖酶β和阿加糖酶α在我国获批上市,将为我国法布雷病患者带来特异性治疗的福音。本共识以循证医学为基础,对法布雷病的临床表现、诊断方法和流程、治疗、筛查、遗传咨询与产前诊断等方面进行阐述,为推动法布雷病的规范化诊疗提供依据。     

Fabry disease with acute myocardial infarction,left ventricular thrombosis,and pericardial effusion: A case report

Rationale:Fabry disease (FD) is a rare, X-linked lysosomal deposition disease characterized by multi-system symptoms. The accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in various organs, such as the kidneys and heart, as well as the nervous system, has been speculated to be the mechanism involved in tissue damage, including vascular impairment with thrombotic events.Patient concerns:Here, we describe a 72-year-old male patient diagnosed with FD, who first presented with acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular thrombosis, and pericardial effusion, accompanied by cardiac hypertrophy.Diagnoses:A physical examination showed that he was hemodynamically stable and an electrocardiogram showed ventricular tachycardia (Fig. ​(Fig.1A).1A). The single obvious abnormality was an ST segment depression with a preterminal negative T wave in leads I and aVL (Fig. ​(Fig.1B).1B). Coronary angiography revealed regular findings (Fig. ​(Fig.2).2). Echocardiogram conducted at our hospital revealed hypertrophy, ejection fraction 40%, pericardial effusion (Fig. ​(Fig.3).3). Speckle tracking two-dimensional echocardiography strain analysis technology confirmed left ventricular thrombosis, and also revealed decreased movement of the inferior and posterior walls, the basal segment of the posterior wall was locally fibrotic (Fig. ​(Fig.4A4A and B). Further, myocardial contrast echocardiography confirmed left ventricular thrombosis (Fig. ​(Fig.4C).4C). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging indicated biventricular uneven hypertrophy, which was considered metabolic cardiomyopathy, with diffuse fibrosis of biventricular walls, apical thrombosis, and ischemic cardiomyopathy in the basal segment of the left ventricular lateral wall and left ventricular anterior wall (Fig. ​(Fig.5).5). Serum alpha-galactosidase concentration was 0.7 nmol/h/mgPr (normal range, 29.0–64.4 nmol/h/mgPr). Subsequent genetic testing revealed that he was hemizygous for a previously reported missense mutation (c.902G>A) inexon 6 of the GLA gene,^[1] which induce p.R301Q (p.Arg301Gln), confirming a diagnosis of FD (Fig. ​(Fig.66).Open in a separate windowFigure 1(A) ECG: ventricular tachycardia. (B) ECG after intravenous amiodarone: sinus rhythm, 72/min, left axis deviation, left anterior branch block, and intraventricular block. ST segment depression with a preterminal negative T wave in leads I and aVL. ECG = electrocardiogram.Open in a separate windowFigure 2Coronary angiography revealed regular findings.Open in a separate windowFigure 3Echocardiogram conducted at our hospital: hypertrophy, ejection fraction 40%, pericardial effusion.Open in a separate windowFigure 4(A and B) Speckle tracking two-dimensional echocardiography strain analysis technology: left ventricular thrombosis, decreased movement of the inferior and posterior walls, and the basal segment of the posterior wall was locally fibrotic. (C) Myocardial contrast echocardiography: left ventricular thrombosis.Open in a separate windowFigure 5Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: biventricular uneven hypertrophy, which was considered metabolic cardiomyopathy, with diffuse fibrosis of biventricular walls, apical thrombosis, and ischemic cardiomyopathy in the basal segment of the left ventricular lateral wall and left ventricular anterior wall.Open in a separate windowFigure 6Subsequent genetic testing: missense mutation (c.902G>A) inexon 6 of the GLA gene,^[1] which induce p.R301Q (p.Arg301Gln).Interventions:Orally administered drugs included rivaroxaban, sacubitril valsartan, beta blockers, dapagliflozin, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with an implanted defibrillator was implemented to prevent sudden death.Outcomes:At present, he is still in follow-up and there have been no adverse events.Conclusion:Our case suggests that clinicians should consider the possibility of FD in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy. A detailed analysis of subtle historical clues would help promote earlier diagnosis of FD.     

Fabry disease: Review and experience during newborn screening

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease and is the result of mutation in the α-Galactosidase A gene; such mutations cause a deficiency in α-Galactosidase A enzyme and an accumulation of glycosphingolipid in tissue. Affected males with classic FD have little or no enzyme activity and have an early onset of symptoms and signs, including acroparesthesias, hypohidrosis, angiokeratomas, gastrointestinal dysfunction and/or a characteristic corneal dystrophy during childhood/adolescence. Males with late-onset FD who have residual enzyme activity develop progressive multi-systemic involvement that leads to renal failure and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as well as cerebrovascular disease; these events mostly occur during the fourth to seventh decades of life. Heterozygous females can develop vital organ damage that in turn causes severe morbidity and mortality; these symptoms may be as severe as those in affected males.For the treatable disease, this review aims to raise awareness of early recognition and further management of FD based on newborn screening. As newborn screening for FD has been implemented worldwide, it allows the early detection of individuals with Fabry mutations. Based on screening studies, the prevalence of the later-onset type FD is much higher than that of classical type FD. Newborn screening studies have also revealed that patients with FD may develop insidious but ongoing irreversible organ damage. The timing of enzyme replacement therapy, which is able to stabilize the progression of disease, is important in order to prevent irreversible organ damage. Therapies that may become available in the future include pharmacological chaperones and substrate reduction therapy, both of which are still under investigation as ways of improving the health of individuals with FD.     

An expert consensus document on the management of cardiovascular manifestations of Fabry disease

Fabry disease (FD) is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the α‐galactosidase A (GLA) gene that leads to reduced or undetectable α‐galactosidase A enzyme activity and progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and its deacylated form globotriaosylsphingosine in cells throughout the body. FD can be multisystemic with neurological, renal, cutaneous and cardiac involvement or be limited to the heart. Cardiac involvement is characterized by progressive cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. The cardiac management of FD requires specific measures including enzyme replacement therapy or small pharmacological chaperones in patients carrying amenable pathogenic GLA gene variants and more general management of cardiac symptoms and complications. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge of FD‐related heart disease and expert consensus recommendations for its management.     

肥厚型心肌病的诊断和防治进展

肥厚型心肌病(HCM)是由编码心肌肌节蛋白的基因突变所导致的最常见的遗传性心脏病,是青年人及运动员心原性猝死的主要原因。临床表现复杂多样,可表现为无症状、心绞痛、晕厥和猝死等。影像学诊断是目前HCM的主要诊断方法。治疗以缓解症状和防治并发症为主,包括药物治疗和非药物治疗。近年来,基因检测也逐渐应用于该病的早期诊断、危险分层、个体化治疗及优生优育。本文主要对HCM的诊断、治疗和早期预防等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

Neurology of Fabry disease

Background: Fabry disease has diverse neurological manifestations, many of which influence morbidity and quality of life. Aims: The aim of the study was to document the clinical and subclinical neurological manifestations in a cohort of Australian patients with Fabry disease, using multiple clinical tools and a multidisciplinary approach. Methods: Participants completed focused questionnaires and underwent clinical neurological examination, Neurocognitive testing using Mini Mental State Examination and Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Screen, Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST), autonomic assessment using RR interval variation, intracranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and audiology. In subsets of patients who had previously undergone QST and/or prospective serial quality‐of‐life assessments over the previous 5 years, results before and after enzyme replacement therapy were compared. Results: Twenty hemizygotes and two heterozygotes were recruited. The age (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) of male participants was 40.4 ± 11.9 years (range 20–62 years); the women were aged between 20 and 56 years. Increasing age was strongly associated with increasing neurological disability. Clinical peripheral neuropathy predominantly affected thermal sensation in all patients, with variable involvement of pinprick and light touch. QST confirmed these findings. Clinical cerebellar tests were commonly abnormal: this has not been previously reported in the absence of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease. There was hearing loss was in 90% of patients and no patient older than 44 years had normal hearing. MRI lesion prevalence increased with age. Despite neurological complications being common, formal cognitive testing was basically normal. QST thresholds for pain showed a significant change after enzyme replacement therapy. Conclusions: Neurological complications in Fabry disease are common, complex and may be devastating. All patients studied had neurological involvement, with protean and diverse manifestations.