Multimodal imaging characteristics of acute macular neuroretinopathy after COVID-19 infection北大核心

目的探讨新型冠状病毒感染后出现的急性黄斑神经视网膜病变(AMN)的多模影像学特征。方法回顾性分析南昌大学第一附属医院感染新型冠状病毒后诊断为AMN的患者6例12眼,结合患者病史、临床表现、眼底照相、SD-OCT、OCTA、En-face结构图、眼底自发荧光(FAF)、红外成像(IR)、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、多焦视网膜电图(mfERG)、视野等检查结果,综合分析AMN的多模影像学特征。结果6例患者中女4例,男2例;年龄16~30岁;发病时间3~15 d;2例4眼属于急性期AMN,4例8眼属于进展期AMN。4眼(33.3%)眼底黄斑区可见楔形棕红色病灶;12眼(100.0%)IR可见一个或多个楔形弱反射病灶;SD-OCT示8眼(66.7%)进展期AMN黄斑区视网膜局灶性椭圆体带、嵌合带断裂及缺失,4眼(33.3%)急性期AMN黄斑区视网膜外核层及外丛状层可见高反射病灶;8眼(66.7%)进展期AMN椭圆体带和嵌合带En-face结构图可见片状低反射病灶,4眼(33.3%)急性期AMN深层视网膜En-face结构图可见片状高反射病灶;4眼(33.3%)mfERG示黄斑中心凹一阶反应振幅密度稍降低;6眼(50.0%)视野检查可见一个或多个中心、旁中心暗点。FFA、FAF、OCTA检查均未见明显异常改变。结论新型冠状病毒感染后AMN患者多为青年人,急性发病,眼底改变不明显,多模影像学可实现对AMN的早期诊断。     

子痫前期与健康孕妇脉络膜血管分层的定量评估分析

目的:定量评估健康孕妇与子痫前期孕妇脉络膜血管分层厚度的改变。方法:横断面观察性研究。纳入100例女性受试者,包括40例正常未孕者,23例健康孕妇和37例确诊为子痫前期的孕妇。通过光学相干断层扫描(SD-OCT)测量黄斑中心凹脉络膜厚度(SFCT)以及距黄斑中心凹750、1500μm处鼻/颞侧脉络膜厚度,分别定量评估三组受检者Sattler层(LCVT)和Haller层(MCVT)脉络膜血管厚度的差异。结果:三组平均年龄和等效球镜度数均无显著性差异(P=0.240,0.338)。健康孕妇和子痫前期孕妇胎龄无显著性差异(P=0.783)。三组受检者LCVT、MCVT和SFCT均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。与正常未孕者相比,健康孕妇LCVT、MCVT和SFCT显著增加(P<0.05)。与健康孕妇相比,子痫前期孕妇LCVT和SFCT显著增加(P<0.05),而MCVT则无差异(P=0.709)。结论:妊娠期和子痫前期孕妇脉络膜血管亚层厚度明显增加,脉络膜厚度(CT)的增加可能是由于Haller层增厚,且子痫前期和健康孕妇鼻侧CT的增幅大于颞侧,推测副交感神经和交感神经介导的调节作用及非血管平滑肌细胞可能在妊娠和子痫前期脉络膜血管亚层厚度的变化中发挥一定的作用。     

New Insight: Preperimetric Homonymous Hemianopia

A 29-year-old man was referred to our institution for a visual function evaluation 14 months after a traffic accident. His best-corrected visual acuity was 1.0 in both eyes. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multifocal encephalomalacic changes in the left frontal and left temporal cortical and subcortical regions. Focal encephalomalacic changes in the left basal ganglia were observed in association with passive dilation of the left lateral ventricle, due to the presence of old haemorrhage. A non-specific scattered scotoma was found in the left eye. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness was reduced in the superotemporal and inferotemporal quadrants of the ipsilateral eye and the temporal and superonasal quadrants in the contralateral eye. SD-OCT revealed retinal ganglion cell degeneration extending from the nasal retina to the fovea in the right eye and from the temporal retina to the fovea in the left eye. In this patient, retrochiasmal defects resulted in RNFL defects corresponding to homonymous hemianopia without a visual field defect. Therefore, SD-OCT can be used to rule out a preperimetric homonymous hemianopia. This information would help to confirm the existence of an optic tract lesion before visual field defects.     

Occult Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy

A 19-year-old Caucasian woman developed an upper respiratory infection, took a cold formulation containing 5 mg of phenylephrine, and developed a very rare and unusual form of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) that could not be detected on fundoscopic examination, visual fields, nor electrophysiological testing. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed a lesion limited to the fovea. This case illustrates the value of SD-OCT, in light of otherwise normal testing, in a variant of AMN the authors call “occult AMN”.     

Renal function and choroidal thickness using swept-source optical coherence tomography in diabetic patients

AIM: To assess the relationship between choroidal thickness and renal function in diabetic patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional retrospective clinical study of 42 eyes of 21 ocular treatment-naïve diabetic patients. Demographic data included: age, sex, type and course of diabetes. Ocular data included: severity of diabetic retinopathy; retinal thickness at the central macular region, as well as choroidal thickness at the central and paracentral quadrants, using automatically generated maps by swept-source optical coherence tomography; presence of cystic macular edema; and ocular axial length (AXL). Lab-test parameters included: glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), albuminuria, albumin/creatinine ratio in urine, and glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS: A significant negative correlation was mainly observed between several choroidal thicknesses, age (P<0.020) and ocular AXL (P<0.030). On the contrary, a significant positive correlation was found between all choroidal thicknesses, HbA1c (P<0.035) and albuminuria (P<0.040). CONCLUSION: Choroidal thickness can represent an additional tool to help clinicians predicting the renal status in ocular treatment-naïve diabetic patients.     

SD-OCT观察CSCR形态学改变与视力的关系

目的:探讨急性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(central serious chorioretinopathy,CSCR)黄斑区形态学的改变与视力恢复的关系。方法:选取急性CSCR患者38例38眼,根据最佳矫正视力进行分组,第一组BCVA为1.0~0.6(log MAR 0~0.176)者17例(45%),第二组BCVA为0.6~0.3(log MAR 0.176~0.477)者19例(50%),第三组BCVA低于6/18(log MAR0.477)者2例(5%)。应用频域OCT进行检查。结果:患者平均年龄42.50±5.41岁,平均log MAR视力为0.176±0.0185,RPE脱离21眼(55%),其中单处脱离14眼(67%),多处脱离7眼(33%),RPE不规则凸起7眼(18%),单纯RPE层颗粒状沉积5眼(13%)。平均神经上皮层脱离高度是259.11±128.78μm。神经上皮层脱离区外核层的厚度第一组为70.1±9.08μm,6mo后为66.5±8.13μm;第二组为81.6±8.16μm,6mo后为67.8±7.49μm;第三组为91.9±8.03μm,6mo后为58.6±7.26μm;差异均具有显著性。急性期光感受器层平均厚度为93.10μm,6mo后平均为75.69μm(P=0.012)。结论:在急性期CSCR视力与黄斑区神经上皮层脱离范围尤其是脱离高度及外核层的厚度有密切的关系,而色素上皮层脱离的类型、部位及是否存在纤维沉积与视力无明显关系。恢复期CSCR视力与外核层变薄有着显著地联系。     

Comparison of central macular thickness between two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in elderly non-mydriatic eyes

AIM: To compare central macular thickness (CMT) measurements obtained by two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) exams, and to evaluate measurement reproducibility and agreement between these two exams, and to investigate the relationship between CMT and possible influencing factors such as age, sex, eye (OD/OS), and operators in elderly non-mydriatic eyes. METHODS: Seventy-two normal subjects were included. Every subject underwent CMT measurement twice using one of two SD-OCT (OSE-2000, Moptim, Shenzhen, China & 3-D OCT-1000, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) instruments respectively where we randomly chose one eye in each patient for the test; these exams were performed by two operators over an hour period with a brief rest between sessions. Comparison of the OSE-2000 and 3-D OCT-1000 CMT measurements was based on paired-t test. The mean difference between the CMT measurements was calculated. General linear model analyzed the relationships among eye (OD/OS), operator, sex, and CMT values using age as co-variant. All tests were considered statistically significant at P<0.05. The main outcome measures included CMT. RESULTS: When evaluated with general linear model analysis, CMT measurements were found to have high reproducibility across the two instruments between the two operators for the OSE-2000 single line scan and 3-D OCT-1000 macular scans (P=0.731; P=0.443). There was statistically significant difference in CMT values between the two instruments (P<0.001) and the mean difference was -46.83μm at 95% confidence limits (-49.15,-44.51). Age was positively correlated with CMT (beta coefficient = 0.516, P=0.001; beta coefficient = 0.453, P=0.009) and sex was correlated with CMT from the OSE-2000 (P=0.021) but not with the 3-D OCT-1000 (P=0.056). According to the actual thickness measurements, the CMT of the male was thicker than the female’s but there was no statistical difference. There was interaction between sex and eye in OSE-2000 and not in 3-D OCT-1000 (P=0.02; P=0.374). No significant correlation was found between CMT and the influencing factor of eye in both of the instruments (P=0.884; P=0.492).CONCLUSION: Reproducibility of CMT measurement using the two SD-OCTs is excellent in normal eyes according to the operator factor analysis. OSE-2000 has a different posterior retinal boundary of CMT measurement, which results in the CMT value differences, compared with the 3-D OCT-1000. Age is positively correlated with CMT measurement while sex is correlated with CMT in the OSE-2000 but not in the 3-D OCT-1000 and eye (OD/OS) had no correlation with CMT values. Mydriatic drops may not be necessary for CMT measurement using high scan rate SD-OCT in normal eyes in dark room.     

Comparison of central macular thickness between two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in elderly non-mydriatic eyes

AIM: To compare central macular thickness (CMT) measurements obtained by two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) exams, and to evaluate measurement reproducibility and agreement between these two exams, and to investigate the relationship between CMT and possible influencing factors such as age, sex, eye (OD/OS), and operators in elderly non-mydriatic eyes. METHODS: Seventy-two normal subjects were included. Every subject underwent CMT measurement twice using one of two SD-OCT (OSE-2000, Moptim, Shenzhen, China & 3-D OCT-1000, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) instruments respectively where we randomly chose one eye in each patient for the test; these exams were performed by two operators over an hour period with a brief rest between sessions. Comparison of the OSE-2000 and 3-D OCT-1000 CMT measurements was based on paired-t test. The mean difference between the CMT measurements was calculated. General linear model analyzed the relationships among eye (OD/OS), operator, sex, and CMT values using age as co-variant. All tests were considered statistically significant at P<0.05. The main outcome measures included CMT. RESULTS: When evaluated with general linear model analysis, CMT measurements were found to have high reproducibility across the two instruments between the two operators for the OSE-2000 single line scan and 3-D OCT-1000 macular scans (P=0.731; P=0.443). There was statistically significant difference in CMT values between the two instruments (P<0.001) and the mean difference was -46.83μm at 95% confidence limits (-49.15,-44.51). Age was positively correlated with CMT (beta coefficient = 0.516, P=0.001; beta coefficient = 0.453, P=0.009) and sex was correlated with CMT from the OSE-2000 (P=0.021) but not with the 3-D OCT-1000 (P=0.056). According to the actual thickness measurements, the CMT of the male was thicker than the female’s but there was no statistical difference. There was interaction between sex and eye in OSE-2000 and not in 3-D OCT-1000 (P=0.02; P=0.374). No significant correlation was found between CMT and the influencing factor of eye in both of the instruments (P=0.884; P=0.492). CONCLUSION: Reproducibility of CMT measurement using the two SD-OCTs is excellent in normal eyes according to the operator factor analysis. OSE-2000 has a different posterior retinal boundary of CMT measurement, which results in the CMT value differences, compared with the 3-D OCT-1000. Age is positively correlated with CMT measurement while sex is correlated with CMT in the OSE-2000 but not in the 3-D OCT-1000 and eye (OD/OS) had no correlation with CMT values. Mydriatic drops may not be necessary for CMT measurement using high scan rate SD-OCT in normal eyes in dark room.     

An unusual complication of blunt ocular trauma: A horseshoe-shaped macular tear with spontaneous closure

A case of horseshoe-shaped macular tear after blunt trauma with the course of the tear and the relevant findings obtained by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is described. A 21-year-old man who had suffered blunt trauma 5 days previously visited our clinic complaining of vision loss in his left eye. Ophthalmic examination and SD-OCT images revealed a horseshoe-shaped macular tear. A month later at the second visit, the macular tear was found to have spontaneously closed. There have been many cases reported previously of the spontaneous closure of traumatic macular holes. A horseshoe-shaped macular tear is an atypical clinical presentation. However, the mechanism of spontaneous closure is hypothetically as same as that for a macular hole. High-resolution images and three-dimensional maps taken with SD-OCT can provide more details on macular diseases and are more useful than time-domain OCT images.     

视网膜母细胞瘤136例临床及病理分析

目的探讨视网膜母细胞瘤的临床特点及病理特征。方法回顾分析我院1966年1月～2007年9月41年136例视网膜母细胞瘤病例。结果临床特点:(1)发病年龄多见于3岁以下的患儿;(2)多数患儿未能在早期视力减退时就诊;(3)以单眼发病多见。病理特征:(1)肿瘤多见于未分化型;(2)视神经无转移者多见。结论加强科普宣传,提倡优生优育。争取早期发现,早期行局部保守治疗,以保存患者的患眼和部分视力。     

神经上皮层脱离与否DME眼光感受器层完整性与视力的关系

目的：观察伴或不伴神经上皮层脱离的糖尿病黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)眼的光感受器层完整性,分别评价其与视力的关系。

方法：前瞻性对照研究。通过频域光相干断层扫描(OCT)观察中心子域平均厚度(CSMT)≥300μm,中心500μm范围内无明显硬渗及牵拉的DME眼。根据中心凹有无神经上皮层脱离(SRD)分两组,分别观察中心500μm范围内外界膜(ELM)及视细胞内外节连接线(IS/OS)反射光带完整性。将所有眼ELM的完整性以及SRD眼中IS/OS的完整性均分为存在或完全缺失两级,将SRD眼中IS/OS的完整性分为保存或萎缩两级,分别比较不同完整性时logMAR有无显著差异。

结果：患者41例56眼中,不伴SRD者32眼,SRD者24眼。不伴SRD眼中,ELM及IS/OS反射光带存在与完全缺失组间logMAR差异均有统计学意义(t=-7.345,P=0.000; t=-7.938,P=0.000)。SRD眼中,IS/OS保存及萎缩组logMAR差异有统计学意义(t=-4.354, P=0.000); ELM反射光带存在或完全缺失组间logMAR差异无统计学意义(t=-0.895,P=0.381)。

结论：DME眼的中心凹IS/OS完整性与视力存在显著联系。伴或不伴SRD,ELM完整性与视力的关系并不一致。     

Ultrasound biomicroscopy in the management of retinoblastoma

Purpose

To determine the role of ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in the management of children affected with retinoblastoma.

Methods

A review of clinical records of children with the diagnosis of retinoblastoma at the Hospital for Sick Children from January 1995 to December 2007, for whom UBM was used to determine the extent of intraocular tumor. Clinical characteristics were compared with UBM. Pathological correlation was performed for enucleated eyes.

Results

In total, 101 eyes of 75 patients were included in the final analysis. Only 11 eyes were diagnosed on UBM to have extension of the tumor anterior to the ora serrata, and were enucleated. Histopathological examination confirmed the anterior extension in all the 11 eyes. In total, 50 eyes were enucleated because of various reasons, such as poor visual prognosis (12 eyes), unilateral group D or E (23 eyes), recurrences (8 eyes), and treatment failure (7 eyes). None of those patients were found to have anterior extension of the disease on histopathological examination. UBM did not yield any false negative (0/50) or any false positives (0/11).

Conclusions

The UBM provided a sensitive and reproducible visualization of the anterior retina, ciliary region, and anterior segment allowing a better staging of the advanced disease process. Primary assessment of the true extent of retinoblastoma is critical for the selection of an optimal management approach.     

康柏西普对糖尿病黄斑水肿患者黄斑区视网膜微循环的作用:基于光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）的评价

目的　应用光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）评价康柏西普对糖尿病黄斑水肿患者黄斑区视网膜微循环的影响。方法　回顾性分析17例（20眼）糖尿病黄斑水肿患者资料,所有患者均行玻璃体内注射康柏西普治疗。分析比较术前和术后1个月患者最佳矫正视力、视网膜中央厚度和OCTA测得的视网膜各参数。结果　所有患者抗VEGF治疗后随访1个月,效果良好;最佳矫正视力(logMAR)从术前的 0.66±0.23提高到0.50±0.26;视网膜中央厚度从术前的（497.2±71.6）μm降至（341.3±54.2）μm,差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。OCTA测量的无血管区面积和各毛细血管层的黄斑区血管密度等参数在抗VEGF治疗前后差异均无统计学意义（均为 P>0.05）。结论　玻璃体内注射康柏西普能够有效减轻黄斑水肿、提高视力,且不会加剧黄斑区无灌注程度,不会加重黄斑区微循环障碍。     

Bardet-Biedl综合征眼底病变影像学特征

目的 了解Bardet-Biedl综合征（Bardet-Biedl syndrome,BBS）患者眼底病变的影像学特点。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 北京同仁医院诊断的8例BBS患者。方法 回顾患者病历资料,分析患者全身情况,采用Sanger测序BBS1-BBS12基因进行基因诊断,并采用眼底彩像、眼底自发荧光（FAF）、频域相干光断层成像（SD-OCT）和增强深度成像（EDI-OCT）对患者眼底病变进行评估。主要指标 病变的影像学特征。结果  突变筛查确定了6例患者的致病突变分别位于BBS1、BBS2、BBS4和BBS7基因。所有患者均显示视盘蜡黄色萎缩、视网膜血管缩窄、中周部眼底视网膜色素上皮及脉络膜毛细血管层萎缩,且均有不同程度黄斑形态异常。SD-OCT显示不同BBS患者之间黄斑区视网膜形态改变存在较大差异,视网膜退行变类型可分为弥漫性退变、向心性退变和离心性退变三类。EDI-OCT检查显示6例患者（12眼）出现脉络膜毛细血管层薄变甚至消失。结论 多种视网膜影像学检查显示BBS患者黄斑区视网膜退行性改变可呈向心性、离心性以及弥漫性退变多种类型。     

频域OCT检测mGCC厚度在原发性青光眼诊断中的应用进展

青光眼是一种具有特征性视神经损害和视野缺损的不可逆致盲眼病,其早期诊断、早期治疗是决定预后的关键。黄斑区视网膜神经节细胞复合体( macular ganglion cell complex,mGCC)由黄斑区视网膜的内三层结构组成,包括视网膜神经纤维层( nerve fiber layer,RFL)、神经节细胞层( gangalion cell layer, GCL )和内丛状层( inner plexiform layer,IPL),它是青光眼结构损害的靶组织,有助于青光眼的早期诊断。光学相干光断层扫描( optical coherence tomography,OCT)具有非接触性、可重复性好、获取眼部图像快等优点,已在眼科领域广泛应用。频域OCT能提供更高的图像分辨率,可对黄斑区视网膜神经节细胞复合体( mGCC )的厚度进行精确测量,为青光眼的早期诊断提供了新参数。     

急性视网膜色素上皮炎眼底荧光血管造影与频域光相干断层扫描特征观察

目的　观察急性视网膜色素上皮炎（ａｃｕｔｅｒｅｔｉｎａｌｐｉｇｍｅｎｔｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉｉｔｉｓ,ＡＲＰＥ）的眼底荧光血管造影（ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｉｎｆｕｎｄｕｓａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＦＦＡ）与频域光相干断层扫描（ｓｐｅｃｔｒａｌ-ｄｏｍａｉｎｏｐｔｉｃａｌｃｏｈｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ）的图像特征。方法　回顾分析１３例临床确诊的ＡＲＰＥ患者的临床资料,均行视力、眼底彩色照相、ＦＦＡ以及ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ检查。分析ＡＲＰＥ患者ＦＦＡ与ＯＣＴ特征,依据ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ检查结果提出ＡＲＰＥ的三种分型。结果　１３例均单眼发病,眼底可见黄斑区灰白色斑点灶,周围环绕黄白色脱色素晕环。ＦＦＡ特征:早期可见黄斑区斑点状透见荧光灶,呈“葡萄簇”样;晚期２眼黄斑中心凹旁环形弱荧光灶,周围环形荧光素染色,呈“中黑外亮”特征。ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ特征:８眼表现为光感受器细胞内外节连接（ｉｎ-ｎｅｒ／ｏｕｔｅｒｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｈｏｔｏｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ,ＩＳ／ＯＳ）与视网膜色素上皮（ｒｅｔｉｎａｌｐｉｇｍｅｎｔｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉｕｍ,ＲＰＥ）层间帽状高反射,ＩＳ／ＯＳ层连续;３眼表现为ＩＳ／ＯＳ层与ＲＰＥ层间帽状高反射,伴ＲＰＥ内层与ＩＳ／ＯＳ层连续性中断;２眼表现为ＲＰＥ内层不均匀渗出,伴ＲＰＥ内层与ＩＳ／ＯＳ层连续性中断。连续观察８周后１０眼ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ示ＲＰＥ内层帽状高反射消退,中断的ＲＰＥ内层与ＩＳ／ＯＳ层反射带恢复,３眼中断的ＲＰＥ内层未恢复,但ＩＳ／ＯＳ层反射带恢复,受损的视力也得到恢复。结论　ＳＤ-ＯＣＴ能特征性显示ＡＲＰＥ患者的ＲＰＥ内层损害与ＩＳ／ＯＳ层损害,对应ＦＦＡ则为环形透见荧光环,ＦＦＡ黄斑中央弱荧光则为ＯＣＴ显示的ＲＰＥ内层与ＩＳ／ＯＳ层渗出形成的帽状高反射。ＡＲＰＥ急性期视力下降与暂时性ＩＳ／ＯＳ层与ＲＰＥ内层反射带连续性中断相关。     

Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness in Migraine Patients with or without Aura

The objective of this study was to evaluate the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Optos SD-OCT, UK) in migraine patients with or without aura and to search for possible structural effects of migraine on the retina. Eighty eyes of 40 migraine patients and 80 eyes of 40 healthy subjects were included in this study. All four quadrants (temporal, superior, nasal, and inferior) and average peripapillary RNFL measurements were taken with SD-OCT in both groups. The average age of the patients and the control group were 35.7 ± 9.5 and 40.9 ± 12.7 years, respectively. In the migraine group, 45% of patients were with aura, and 55% were without aura. The average frequency of attacks per month and the migraine diagnosis time was 4.6 ± 4.4 and 6.2 ± 5.6, respectively.Parameters related to RNFL thickness of right and left eyes’ average, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrant values were found to be similar in migraine and control subjects (p > 0.05). Focusing on the RNFL thickness of right and left eyes and the migraine parameters, there were no statistically significant differences between migraineurs with aura and without aura (p > 0.05). The correlations between the RNFL thickness parameters and the migraine patient’s MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment Score) score, frequency of attacks, and diagnosis time of migraine were studied and no correlation was noted (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrated that migraine disease with or without aura does not have any effect on the thickness of the RNFL.     

Association between hyperacuity defects and retinal microstructure in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Purpose:

To improve our understanding of hyperacuity defects measured with preferential hyperacuity perimetry (PHP) by correlating PHP findings with the retinal microstructural changes visible on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-eight eyes of 28 patients with PCV were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR) testing, PHP, and OCT. The functional ‘PHP test score’ and ‘total volume of hyperacuity defect zone’ were also analyzed.

Results:

Patients were classified based on the hyperacuity defect by PHP, as follows: Hyperacuity defect (n = 17 eyes) group and hyperacuity intact (n = 11 eyes) group. The mean best-corrected visual acuity in the hyperacuity intact group (0.46 ± 0.39) was better than that in the hyperacuity defect group (0.82 ± 0.37) (P = 0.014). The presence of serous retinal detachment and retinal pigment epithelial detachment did not differ significantly between groups (P = 0.120 and P = 0.689, respectively). A disrupted photoreceptor layer was more common in the hyperacuity defect group compared with the hyperacuity intact group (P = 0.0001). Among 17 eyes with a hyperacuity defect, 9 eyes showing intra-retinal pathology (intra-retinal cyst or hard exudates) and had a significantly higher PHP test score and larger total volume of the hyperacuity defect zone than 8 eyes without intra-retinal pathology (P = 0.006 and P = 0.021, respectively).

Conclusion:

A hyperacuity defect in PCV was associated with photoreceptor disarrangement. Furthermore, PCV lesions on the inner retina that invaded the photoreceptor layer were associated with a more severe hyperacuity defect.     

Progressive expansion of the hyperautofluorescent ring in cone-rod dystrophy patients

Purpose: To evaluate the expansion of the hyperautofluorescent ring and the retinal structure changes over time in cone-rod dystrophy (CRD) patients, using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Methods: Retrospective case series study. Six eyes of three CRD patients with a parafoveal hyperautofluorescent ring were studied. The diagnosis of CRD was established by the presence of the implicit time shift at 30-Hz flicker and prevalent decrease of photopic over scotopic responses on electroretinography. External and internal ring expansion was evaluated by measurements of its area at baseline and at 24-month follow-up using FAF. SD-OCT analyzed the retinal structure of the ring and the length of devoid ellipsoid zone (EZ) was measured over time.

Results: The mean age of study patients was 21 years old and the mean baseline visual acuity was 20/200. The external and internal FAF rings involving the fovea were identified in all study eyes. SD-OCT showed a normal retinal structure outside the ring. At the transitional zone of the ring, disorganization of both EZ and external limiting membrane (ELM) was observed. Inside the hyperautofluorescent ring, EZ and ELM were not identified. At 24-month follow-up examination, the mean % area increase of external and internal rings were 18.32% and 20.42%, respectively, and was concordant with the EZ band defect length enlargement.

Conclusion: Progressive expansion of hyperautofluorescent macular ring with a correspondent EZ band defect enlargement was observed over time in CRD patients.