Peritoneal lavage with aprotinin in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Summary Conclusion Although high-dose aprotinin given intraperitoneally to patients with severe acute pancreatitis seems to inhibit activated trypsin in the peritoneal cavity, the treatment has little effect on the balance between proteases and antiproteases. Plasma levels of leukocyte proteases were high in all the patients, indicating leukocyte activation to be an important feature of the pathophysiology of severe acute pancreatitis. A surprise finding was that the patients had higher peritoneal levels of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) after the lavage procedure. Background Although most studies have shown protease inhibitor therapy to have little or no effect on acute pancreatitis, in an earlier study we found that very high doses of the protease inhibitor aprotinin given intraperitoneally to patients with severe acute pancreatitis seemed to reduce the need of surgical treatment for pancreatic necrosis. In the present study we have further analyzed plasma and peritoneal samples from the same patients to ascertain whether the aprotinin treatment affects the balance between proteases and endogenous antiproteases. Methods In a prospective double-blind randomized multicenter trial, 48 patients with severe acute pancreatitis were treated with intraperitoneal lavage. One group (aprotinin group,n=22) was also treated with high doses (20 million KIU given over 30 h) of aprotinin intraperitoneally. The remaining 26 patients made up the control group. The protease-antiprotease balance was studied by measuring immunoreactive anionic trypsin (irAT), cationic trypsin (irCT), complexes between cationic trypsin and alpha 1-protease inhibitor (irCT-α1PI), leukocyte elastase and neutrophil proteinase 4 (NP4), as well as the endogenous protease inhibitors, pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI), alpha 2-macroglobulin (α 2M), alpha 1-protease inhibitor (α 1PI), antichymotrypsin (ACHY), and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI). Intraperitoneal levels were studied before and after the lavage procedure, and plasma levels were followed for 21 d. Results The control group had lower plasma levels of SLPI and analysis of peritoneal fluid showed the reduction of irCT-α 1PI to be more pronounced in the aprotinin group. None of the other variables measured differed significantly between the two groups. All patients had very high levels of leukocyte elastase and NP4 both in peritoneal exudate and in plasma. Peritoneal levels of PSTI were higher after the lavage procedure in contrast to the other measured variables that all showed lower peritoneal levels after the lavage.     

急性胰腺炎评分系统综述

急性胰腺炎为急诊常见疾病,大多数为轻型病程,20％发展为急性重症胰腺炎,病情凶险,病死率高。因而早期对急性胰腺炎进行评估,识别急性重症胰腺炎患者并给予早期积极治疗至关重要。本文介绍了目前临床上广泛使用的Ranson、APACHEII、BISAP、CTSI等急性胰腺炎评分系统,并对其特点进行综述。     

Failure of the Hong Kong criteria to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis

Summary Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrate that the HK criteria do not provide effective prediction of severity. Background Fan et al. (1) have reported previously that a blood urea (BU)>7.4 mmol/L and/or glucose (BG)>11 mmol/L at the time of admission to hospital detects a severe attack of acute pancreatitis with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 75%. However, a similar study conducted in the West of Scotland did not confirm these findings (sensitivity 33% and specificity 83%). The reason underlying this discrepancy in prediction is unclear, but it may be because of differences in the nature of acute pancreatitis between Asian and Western populations. Aims In this study we examined the predictive ability of the Hong Kong (HK) criteria in a patient population similar to that studied by Fan et al. Patients and Methods A consecutive series of 130 patients experienced 135 attacks of acute pancreatitis. One-hundred-and-four (77%) attacks were mild and 31 (23%) severe (including 12 [9.0%] deaths). Eighty-nine (66%) episodes had a biliary etiology. In 19 (14%) of these episodes, the gallstones had a primary ductal origin being associated with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. Results Median admission BU concentrations were 5.2 mmol/L (range 3.6–32.1 mmol/L) for the mild group and 7.6 mmol/L (range 3.6–28.8 mmol/L) for the severe group. Corresponding values of BG were 7.1 mmol/L (range 2.1–17.9 mmol/L) and 8.4 mmol/L (range 3.6–28.8 mmol/L), respectively. Differences in admission BU concentrations between patients with mild and severe episodes were significant (p=0.0001). However, differences in BG concentrations were not (p=0.16). In the severe group, 14 patients had BU and four patients BG concentrations above the cut-off values. The HK criteria predicted severe acute pancreatitis with a sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 80%. These results compare with values of 79 and 56% for the Ranson criteria and 83 and 60% for the Glasgow score. The best prediction was provided by the APACHE II score 24 h post admission (sensitivity 79%, specificity 82%).     

Prior history of acute pancreatitis predicts poor survival in patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Background/objectivesMounting evidence has suggested that acute pancreatitis (AP) is a risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but its role in survival in PDAC patients was rarely investigated. The objective was to investigate the association of a history of AP with survival among PDAC patients who underwent surgical resection.MethodsA retrospective cohort study comprising 632 patients who were diagnosed with resectable PDAC was conducted. Survival was evaluated by history of AP prior to a diagnosis of PDAC using Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank tests. Multivariate analyses for mortality were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Propensity score matching methods were used to balance the difference of clinical characteristics between patients with and without AP history.ResultsThe log-rank tests showed that patients with a history of AP had a worse overall survival than those without a history of AP (p = 0.006). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for mortality comparing participants with AP to those without AP was 1.808 (95% CI: 1.241–2.632, p = 0.002). Patients with a recent history of AP (<2 years), rather than patients with a remote history of AP (≥2 years), were found to have significantly worse survival (p = 0.014) than those without a history of AP. After adjusted for PSM, history of AP remained an independent survival predictor of PDAC following surgical resection.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that a history of AP, especially a recent history of AP, is associated with poor survival among patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.     

Balthazar computed tomography severity index is superior to Ranson criteria and APACHE Ⅱ scoring system in predicting acute pancreatitis outcome

AIM: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a process with variable involvement of regional tissues or organ systems.Multifactorial scales included the Ranson, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE Ⅱ) systems and Balthazar computed tomography severity index (CTSI).The purpose of this review study was to assess the accuracy of CTSI, Ranson score, and APACHE Ⅱ score in course and outcome prediction of AP.METHODS: We reviewed 121 patients who underwent helical CT within 48 h after onset of symptoms of a first episode of AP between 1999 and 2003. Fourteen inappropriate subjects were excluded; we reviewed the 107 contrastenhanced CT images to calculate the CTSI. We also reviewed their Ranson and APACHE Ⅱ score. In addition, complications,duration of hospitalization, mortality rate, and other pathology history also were our comparison parameters.RESULTS: We classified 85 patients (79%) as having mild AP (CTSI ＜5) and 22 patients (21%) as having severe AP (CTSI ≥5). In mild group, the mean APACHE Ⅱ score and Ranson score was 8.6±1.9 and 2.4±1.2, and those of severe group was 10.2±2.1 and 3.1±0.8, respectively. The most common complication was pseudocyst and abscess and it presented in 21 (20%) patients and their CTSI was 5.9±1.4. A CTSI ≥5 significantly correlated with death,complication present, and prolonged length of stay.Patients with a CTSI ≥5 were 15 times to die than those CTSI ＜5, and the prolonged length of stay and complications present were 17 times and 8 times than that in CTSI ＜5,respectively.CONCLUSION: CTSI is a useful tool in assessing the severity and outcome of AP and the CTSI ≥5 is an index in our study. Although Ranson score and APACHE Ⅱ score also are choices to be the predictors for complications,mortality and the length of stay of AP, the sensitivity of them are lower than CTSI.     

Balthazar computed tomography severity index is superior to Ranson criteria and APACHE Ⅱ scoring system in predicting acute pancreatitis outcome

AIM: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a process with variable involvement of regional tissues or organ systems. Multifactorial scales included the Ranson, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) systems and Balthazar computed tomography severity index (CTSI). The purpose of this review study was to assess the accuracy of CTSI, Ranson score, and APACHE II score in course and outcome prediction of AP. METHODS: We reviewed 121 patients who underwent helical CT within 48 h after onset of symptoms of a first episode of AP between 1999 and 2003. Fourteen inappropriate subjects were excluded; we reviewed the 107 contrast-enhanced CT images to calculate the CTSI. We also reviewed their Ranson and APACHE II score. In addition, complications, duration of hospitalization, mortality rate, and other pathology history also were our comparison parameters. RESULTS: We classified 85 patients (79%) as having mild AP (CTSI <5) and 22 patients (21%) as having severe AP (CTSI > or =5). In mild group, the mean APACHE II score and Ranson score was 8.6+/-1.9 and 2.4+/-1.2, and those of severe group was 10.2+/-2.1 and 3.1+/-0.8, respectively. The most common complication was pseudocyst and abscess and it presented in 21 (20%) patients and their CTSI was 5.9+/-1.4. A CTSI > or =5 significantly correlated with death, complication present, and prolonged length of stay. Patients with a CTSI > or =5 were 15 times to die than those CTSI <5, and the prolonged length of stay and complications present were 17 times and 8 times than that in CTSI <5, respectively. CONCLUSION: CTSI is a useful tool in assessing the severity and outcome of AP and the CTSI > or =5 is an index in our study. Although Ranson score and APACHE II score also are choices to be the predictors for complications, mortality and the length of stay of AP, the sensitivity of them are lower than CTSI.     

Long-term outcome of severe acute pancreatitis

Background/Purpose

This study was undertaken to evaluate the post-discharge outcome of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and to clarify the prognostic factors for poor outcome.

Methods

In 45 patients, recurrence of acute pancreatitis (AP), transition to chronic pancreatitis (CP), and development of diabetes mellitus (DM) were evaluated. Relationships of the outcome with the findings on admission and the presence/absence of alcohol intake were analyzed.

Results

The mean follow-up period was 56 ± 6 months. Recurrence of AP was noted in 19% of the patients. The recurrence rate was higher in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis than in those without this feature. C-reactive protein and white blood cell (WBC) count were higher in patients with recurrence of AP. Transition to CP was noted in 22% of patients. The transition rate was higher in those with alcoholic SAP than in those with biliary SAP. In patients with transition to CP, the WBC count, hematocrit, Ranson score, and Japanese severity score were higher, and base excess (BE) was lower, compared with these features in patients without this transition. Development of DM was noted in 39% of patients. Blood glucose and BE were higher in patients who developed DM than in those who did not.

Conclusions

The degree of inflammation and pancreatic necrosis found on admission for SAP may be related to the recurrence of AP. Alcoholic SAP in which the disease is very severe may contribute to the transition to CP. Patients with impaired glucose tolerance readily develop DM after SAP.

     

重症胰腺炎患者血糖异常波动程度与28天病死率之间的相关性分析

目的:探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者血糖异常波动程度与28 d病死率之间的相关性。方法:选取59例SAP患者,监测其血糖的波动情况。血糖波动评价指标包括入组时初始血糖(BGad)、24 h平均血糖(BGm)及其标准差(BGsd)、血糖变异系数(BGcv)、血糖不稳定指数(BGI)。病情危重程度评价指标包括急性生理与慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ)、改良早期预警评分(MEWS)、简化急性生理学评分(SAPSⅢ)、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)以及快速序贯器官衰竭评分(qSOFA)。根据28 d时的临床结局,分为死亡组(21例)和存活组(38例)。比较2组的血糖波动情况。结果:死亡组SAP患者接受肾脏替代治疗比例、机械通气时间和ICU滞留时间均明显高于存活组(均P0.05)。死亡组患者BGsd[(2.53±0.68)mmol/L vs(1.72±0.15)mmol/L,P=0.003],BGcv(46.61%±7.35%vs 21.93%±5.22%,P0.001)和BGI[(12.96±2.05)mmol/(L~2·h·d)vs(5.57±1.09)mmol/(L~2·h·d),P0.001]水平均明显高于存活组患者。ROC曲线分析提示BGcv和BGI对于28 d死亡事件的早期预测AUC分别为0.849和0.824,其中BGcv的截断值为53.4%,敏感性为86.3%,特异性为81.5%;BGI的截断值为15.4 mmol/(L~2·h·d),敏感性为83.4%,特异性为80.7%。相关性分析提示BGcv(r=0.685,P0.001)和BGI(r=0.692,P0.001)均与28 d死亡事件呈正相关。结论:BGcv和BGI可以更有效地早期预测SAP患者的28 d死亡事件。     

Predictive value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio in acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND:Serum C-reactive protein(CRP) increases and albumin decreases in patients with inflammation and infection.However,their role in patients with acute pancreatitis is not clear.The present study was to investigate the predictive significance of the CRP/albumin ratio for the prognosis and mortality in acute pancreatitis patients.METHODS:This study was performed retrospectively with 192 acute pancreatitis patients between January 2002 and June 2015.Ranson scores,Atlanta classification and CRP/albumin ratios of the patients were calculated.RESULTS:The CRP/albumin ratio was higher in deceased patients compared to survivors.The CRP/albumin ratio was positively correlated with Ranson score and Atlanta classification in particular and with important prognostic markers such as hospitalization time,CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.In addition to the CRP/albumin ratio,necrotizing pancreatitis type,moderately severe and severe Atlanta classification,and total Ranson score were independent risk factors of mortality.It was found that an increase of 1 unit in the CRP/albumin ratio resulted in an increase of 1.52 times in mortality risk.A prediction value about CRP/albumin ratio 16.28 was found to be a significant marker in predicting mortality with 92.1% sensitivity and 58.0% specificity.It was seen that Ranson and Atlanta classification were higher in patients with CRP/albumin ratio 16.28 compared with those with CRP/albumin ratio ≤16.28.Patients with CRP/albumin ratio 16.28 had a 19.3 times higher chance of death.CONCLUSION:The CRP/albumin ratio is a novel but promising,easy-to-measure,repeatable,non-invasive inflammationbased prognostic score in acute pancreatitis.     

Mortality from acute pancreatitis

Summary Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of 105 patients admitted to the Royal Lancaster Infirmary with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis over a 2-yr period (January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1997). Results. Six patients admitted during the study period died with a mortality rate of 5.7%. All patients died within 6 d of admission and received care in the intensive care unit. All presented with serious comorbid medical problems and/or developed early multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Ten patients underwent pancreatic necrosectomy with no mortality. Conclusion. In patients with acute pancreatitis, late “septic” deaths resulting from infection of pancreatic tissue can be avoided, but some early deaths are unavoidable owing to serious multiorgan dysfunction often combined with age or other comorbid conditions.     

Nosocomial mortality and early prediction of patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Background and Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze factors (especially serum total cholesterol) that can enable early prediction of in‐hospital mortality of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods: Predictive factors (especially serum total cholesterol) for in‐hospital mortality were evaluated retrospectively from the clinical data obtained from 338 SAP patients in our hospital from January 1999 to January 2008, who underwent intensive care, blood routine, blood biochemical tests and even computed tomography at the time of admission. Results: This analysis revealed that within 24 h after admission, serum total cholesterol (TC) was a mortality‐reduced factor when it is between 4.37 mmol/L and 5.23 mmol/L (P < 0.05). Evaluated TC was accompanied by decreased C‐reactive protein (CRP). CRP > 170 mg/L and albumin (ALB) < 30 g/L increased the fatal outcome (P < 0.05). Low albumin was a stronger predictor than CRP. Conclusions: Within 24 h after admission, moderate elevation of TC level seemed to increase the resistance to inflammation and hence improved the survival rate in patients with SAP, and reduced the in‐hospital mortality. Inflammatory reaction (with or without infection), hypoalbuminemia and TC were prognostic factors for in‐hospital mortality; both high levels of CRP and low ALB levels were associated with in‐hospital mortality in patients with SAP.     

Evaluation of Chinese updated guideline for acute pancreatitis on management of moderately severe and severe acute pancreatitis

Background/Objectives: The management of acute pancreatitis (AP) in China has undergone major changes since the launch of the updated guideline in 2013. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this guideline on clinical practice and patient outcome.MethodsModerately severe and severe adult AP patients, who were admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2016, were retrospectively included in the study. All enrolled patients were divided into two groups based on the publication date of the updated guideline, as the pre-guideline (Pre) group and post-guideline (Post) group. In-hospital case-fatality rates were compared between two groups after adjusting baseline features, including gender, age, etiology and disease severity. In addition, the associations between specific therapeutic approaches recommended in the updated guideline and in-hospital case-fatality rates were explored.ResultsA total of 475 patients were enrolled in this study, including 273 (57%) in the Pre group and 202 (43%) in the Post group. The adjusted in-hospital case-fatality rate significantly decreased in the Post group (14.3% vs. 5.9%, OR 0.39, 95%CI 0.19–0.82). In the post-hoc analysis, the use of enteral nutrition was a protective factor against in-hospital death (OR: 0.08, 95%CI: 0.03–0.18), while open surgery showed an opposite effect (OR: 3.81, 95%CI: 1.06–13.74). Prophylactic antibiotics was not significantly associated with in-hospital death (OR: 1.00, 95%CI: 0.39–2.60).ConclusionsThere was a prominent transition in the management of moderately severe and severe AP after the release of the guideline in China in 2013, which made the prognosis better.     

重症急性胰腺炎治疗研究进展

重症急性胰腺炎是一种累及多种脏器的全身性疾病,并发症多,病死率高.由于病情的复杂性,其治疗方法涉及内科、外科、中医和内镜治疗等方面,在选择治疗方法时需要判断患者的病情,给予全面综合及个体化治疗.本文就重症急性胰腺炎各类治疗措施的研究进展及治疗的新观念作一综述.     

Which etiology causes the most severe acute pancreatitis?

Summary Background The aim of the study was to define the prognostic role of etiology in the course of acute pancreatitis. Methods The study involved 208 consecutive patients with a first attack of acute pancreatitis. Etiology was biliary in 81 (39%) patients and alcohol abuse in 69 (33%); other etiologies were present in 16 (8%), and etiology remained unknown in 42 (20%). Etiology was correlated with the following parameters of severity of the disease: days in an intensive care unit (ICU); total hospital stay (THS); Ranson, Imrie, and Balthazar scores (contrast-enhanced computed tomography [CT] within 72 h of admission); indication of artificial ventilation, dialysis, or surgery; development of pancreatic pseudocysts; mortality. Results Alcoholic etiology correlated significantly more frequently than other subgroups with necrotizing pancreatitis, need for artificial ventilation, and development of pancreatic pseudocysts. For the other parameters, there were no significant differences between the etiologies. Conclusion Patients with alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis should be given special attention because of the higher incidence of necrotizing pancreatitis and necessity for artificial ventilation. Whether the pronounced frequency of pseudocysts in alcoholics suggests progression to chronic pancreatitis has to be clarified in follow-up studies     

序贯通气对于急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果

目的 研究序贯通气对于急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果.方法 将我院ICU于2009年5月至2011年5月期间收治的72例由于急性胰腺炎所致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者作为研究对象,将所有患者按照随机分组原则分为治疗组(序贯通气组)与对照组(机械通气组),各36例,其中治疗组采用序贯通气法治疗,对照组采用普通机械通气法治疗.对比两组患者于治疗前、治疗后16h及拔管时PaO2、PaCO2、pH值以及无创通气时间、机械通气时间、死亡率、治愈率及不良反应发生率.结果 ①序贯通气组有创通气时间为(2.34±1.24)d,少于机械通气组有创通气时间[(5.21±2.32)d,t=3.230,P＜0.05];②序贯通气组总机械通气时间为(4.38±2.15)d,与机械通气组总机械通气时间[(4.25±2.35)d]比较差异无统计学意义(t=3.230,P＞0.05);③序贯通气组于治疗后16hpH平均值恢复正常,PaO2高于机械通气组(t=3.440,P＜0.05),PaCO2亦高于机械通气组(t=5.125,P＜0.05);④序贯通气组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为8.3％,低于机械通气组(16.7％,x2=15.644,P＜0.05);⑤序贯通气组治愈率(86.1％)高于机械通气组(75.0％),且不良反应发生率、死亡率均低于机械通气组.结论 使用有创-无创序贯通气治疗急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征,具有缩短有创通气时间、动脉血气水平恢复快、不良反应少、治愈率高等优点,值得于临床广泛推广使用.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过在重症胰腺炎治疗中的价值

目的 观察在传统治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的同时行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)的疗效。方法 53例SAP患者在接受传统治疗的同时行CVVH,每次至少持续24h。监测CVVH前后病情及血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶的变化,行动脉血气分析和APACHlE Ⅱ评分,测血中内毒素水平。结果 CVVH治疗后患者心动过速、呼吸窘迫、腹痛、腹胀等症状明显缓解,APACHEⅡ评分明显降低,淀粉酶、脂肪酶、尿素氮、肌酐明显降低,酸中毒、低氧血症纠正。CVVH治疗6h后,血中内毒素水平下降,24h后又恢复至治疗前的水平。53例患者中38例痊愈出院,存活率为71．7％。结论 在传统治疗SAP的同时行CVVH,能提高抢救的成功率,降低病死率。     

Clinical outcomes of acute pancreatitis in patients with cirrhosis

BackgroundAP outcomes in cirrhotic patients have not yet been studied. We aim to investigate the outcomes of cirrhotics patients with acute pancreatitis.MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (2003–2013) was queried for patients with a discharge diagnosis of AP and liver cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was further classified as compensated and decompensated using the validated Baveno IV criteria. Primary outcome was inpatient mortality. The analysis was adjusted for age, gender, race, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), median income quartile, and hospital characteristics.ResultsOver 2.8 million patients with acute pancreatitis were analyzed. Cirrhosis prevalence was 2.8% (80,093). Both compensated and decompensated cirrhosis subjects had significantly higher mortality. Highest odds ratios (OR) were: inpatient mortality (OR 3.4, P < 0.001), Shock (OR 1.5, P = 0.02), Ileus (OR: 1.3, p = 0.02, ARDS (OR 1.2, p = 0.03), upper endoscopy performed (OR 2.0, p < 0.001), blood transfusions (OR 3.1, p < 0.001), gastrointestinal bleed (OR 5.5, p < 0.001), sepsis (OR 1.3, p = 0.005), portal vein thrombosis (PVT) (OR 7.2, p < 0.001), acute cholecystitis (OR 1.3, p < 0.001). Interestingly, cirrhosis patients had lower hospital length of stay, (OR 0.16, p < 0.001), AKI (OR 0.93, p = 0.06), myocardial infarction (OR 0.31, p < 0.001), SIRS (OR 0.62, p < 0.001), parenteral nutrition requirement (OR 0.84, p = 0.002). Decompensated cirrhosis had higher inflation-adjusted hospital charges (+$3896.60; p < 0.001).ConclusionAP patients with cirrhosis have higher inpatient mortality, but it is unlikely to be due to AP severity as patients had lower incidence of SIRS and AKI. Higher mortality is possibly related to complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension itself such as GI bleed, shock, PVT, AC and sepsis.     

Therapy of acute severe pancreatitis awaits further improvement

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Indications for surgery in severe acute pancreatitis

The decision to operate on a patient with severe acute pancreatitis is often difficult and requires mature clinical judgment. Those indications that are widely accepted include: