NF-κB在发育鼠戊四氮反复点燃癫痫形成中的作用

目的：用NF-κB阻滞剂吡咯烷二硫基甲酸盐(PDTC)阻断NF-κB的表达，探讨核因子κB(NF-κB)在发育鼠戊四氮(PTZ)点燃癫痫形成过程中的作用。方法:生后10 d（P10）Wistar大鼠72只，随机分为PTZ组、PDTC＋PTZ组及生理盐水对照组3组，制备戊四氮反复点燃癫痫模型。观察各组大鼠行为学改变、海马各区细胞形态及细胞计数、NF-κB表达、5-溴-2-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)阳性细胞数和苔藓纤维发芽等指标。结果:(1)NF-κB表达，PTZ组显著高于对照组及PDTC+PTZ组（P<0.01）；(2)海马神经细胞计数，PTZ组齿状回（DG）区颗粒细胞较对照组显著增加(P<0.05)；PDTC+PTZ组CA1、CA3和门区神经元数较PTZ组均明显减少（P<0.05）；(3)DG区BrdU阳性细胞数，PTZ组和PDTC+PTZ组均较对照组显著增加（P<0.01）；PDTC＋PTZ组DG区BrdU阳性细胞数目明显较PTZ组少（P<0.01）；NF-κB吸光度值与BrdU阳性细胞数/颗粒细胞数相关性分析呈正相关，具有统计学意义（P<0.01）；（4）苔藓纤维发芽，PDTC＋PTZ组和PTZ组均有苔藓纤维发芽，两组比较没有显著差异。结论:NF-κB在发育鼠癫痫中发挥重要作用，促进海马神经元发生，保护海马神经细胞，但对苔藓纤维发芽无明显作用。     

戊四氮癫痫幼鼠海马内NF-κB与N-Cadherin定位与苔藓纤维发芽现象

目的:探讨单次癫痫发作后脑内NF-κB和N-Cadherin表达与海马结构中苔藓纤维发芽现象之间的关系与作用。方法:利用腹腔注射戊四氮(PTZ)制作发育期SD大鼠(14 d、28 d)单次惊厥发作模型,各日龄组随机分为生理盐水(NS)组、PTZ组、吡咯二硫氨基甲酸酯(PDTC)组和PDTC+PTZ组,采用免疫组化法检测NF-κB和N-Cadherin的表达,利用Timm染色法观察海马苔藓纤维发芽现象。结果:NS组在海马CA3区可见极少Timm染色颗粒;致惊后1周偶见Timm染色颗粒、3周可见Timm染色颗粒沿海马CA3区呈条带样分布(P<0.01);PDTC预处理组Timm染色颗粒较PTZ致惊组明显减少(P<0.05)。NS组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区无NF-κB p65核转位细胞,致惊后24 h各日龄组幼鼠海马CA1、CA3区NF-κB p65核转位细胞较NS组明显增加(P<0.01);PDTC预处理后NF-κB p65的核转位细胞较致惊组明显减少(P<0.05)。NS组海马CA1、CA3区可见少量N-Cadherin阳性细胞;致惊组海马CA3和齿状回门区的N-Cadherin的阳性细胞与NS组相比明显增多(P<0.01),PDTC预处理后相同区域内N-Cadherin阳性细胞较PTZ致惊组明显减少(P<0.05)。NF-κB p65、N-Cadherin及Timm染色颗粒的表达结果与惊厥鼠的日龄并无关联性。结论:幼鼠单次惊厥发作可以引起海马不同程度的苔藓纤维发芽,而NF-κB p65、N-Cadherin的分布位置与变化时相与苔藓纤维发芽相吻合,表明NF-κB p65、N-Cadherin可能参与或伴随着苔藓纤维的发芽。     

癫痫发作后成鼠及幼鼠海马神经发生的改变

目的:观察幼鼠及成鼠癫痫发作后海马神经发生的变化。方法:选用3周龄和成年雄性SD大鼠,氯化锂-匹罗卡品药物点燃造模,造模成功后根据溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)注射时间点分为24 h组、2周组,并设相应的对照组。通过免疫荧光染色技术在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察幼鼠及成年鼠海马齿状回颗粒细胞层神经细胞的增殖情况。结果:(1)幼鼠24 h及2周实验组海马齿状回颗粒细胞层BrdU阳性细胞数均显著高于相应对照组(P<0.05),且24 h组较2周组显著增多(P<0.05);(2)成年鼠24 h实验组的BrdU阳性细胞数明显多于相应对照组(P<0.05),而2周组则相反(P<0.05)。结论:癫痫发作可导致海马神经发生的改变,幼鼠癫痫发作后海马齿状回颗粒细胞层神经细胞增殖显著升高,但随着时间延长呈下降趋势。慢性癫痫发作可引起成年鼠海马神经细胞增殖的降低。     

不同成熟期大鼠戊四氮反复惊厥模型与癫痫发病机制研究

目的：观察新生大鼠、成熟大鼠反复惊厥后海马结构的变化及NF-κB 表达，探索未成熟脑癫痫发病机制。 方法： 对生后10 d、60 d（P10、P60）两实验组大鼠用戊四氮(PTZ)反复腹腔注射5 d，设P10、P60生理盐水对照组；硫堇染色对CA1、CA3、DG及门区神经元进行细胞计数, 观察海马神经元坏死及凋亡；免疫组化技术检测NF-κB的表达；Timm组织化学染色观察苔藓纤维发芽并评分。 结果： (1) P10实验组与对照组比较，海马齿状回、CA1、CA3区无明显神经元丢失，DG区颗粒细胞数在实验组(23.25±3.06) 多于对照组（16.25±1.58）；P60实验组CA1、CA3区神经元计数（8.22±1.88、5.62±1.68）明显少于对照组（6.31±1.50、3.62±1.40），DG区无明显差异；（2）两实验组CA3区锥体层苔藓纤维发芽均多于对照组，但P60(3.25±1.03)较P10（1.50±0.92）更明显；（3）P10、P60实验组NF-κB 表达高于对照组，且P10组较P60组更为明显（P<0.05）。 结论： 新生大鼠致痫后海马神经元无明显丢失，脑内NF-κB 表达增加，可能是未成熟脑对惊厥性脑损伤具有耐受性的重要神经生物学基础。     

戊四氮诱导癫痫大鼠空间学习记忆受损及海马突触后致密物95表达减少

目的探讨戊四氮诱导癫痫对大鼠空间学习记忆功能的影响及海马突触后致密物95(PSD-95)的表达变化。方法戊四氮(PTZ)腹腔注射诱导慢性癫痫(CEP)模型,采用Morris水迷宫对两组大鼠进行行为学检测,运用免疫组织化学方法观察海马CA1、CA3区PSD-95的表达,反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测大鼠海马PSD-95mRNA的表达。结果癫痫组大鼠空间学习记忆能力受损;其海马CA1、CA3区PSD-95免疫阳性产物较对照组明显减少(P<0.05),同时伴有海马PSD-95mRNA表达下降(P<0.01)。结论戊四氮诱导癫痫大鼠空间学习记忆受损可能与海马神经元PSD-95的表达减少有关。     

侧脑室注射NMDA受体激动剂后精神分裂症小鼠海马齿状回内NR1和BrdU的改变

目的:探讨精神分裂症(schizophrenia,SP)小鼠侧脑室注射N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体激动剂后,海马齿状回(dentate gyrus,DG)颗粒细胞层NR1和5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)阳性细胞数量的改变。方法:选择健康6周龄雄性C57小鼠,地卓西平马来酸盐(MK-801)慢性给药制备精神分裂症动物模型,实验分为NMDA组、生理盐水组、SP组和空白对照组共四组,NMDA组侧脑室注射NMDA受体激动剂。BrdU标记后行免疫荧光染色,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察和计数DG颗粒细胞层NR1和BrdU阳性细胞的表达和数量变化。结果:(1)NR1阳性细胞数在NMDA组、空白对照组、SP组和生理盐水组分别为16.1±2.08,14.5±2.17,19.4±4.65,19.5±4.33,经比较,NMDA组和空白对照组NR1阳性细胞的数量明显少于SP组(P<0.05),但NMDA组与空白对照组相比无明显差异(P>0.05),SP组与生理盐水组相比也无明显差异(P>0.05)。(2)BrdU阳性细胞数在NMDA组、空白对照组、SP组和生理盐水组分别为5.2±2.53、5.3±0.82、3.4±1.58、3.5±1.35,经比较,NMDA组和空白对照组分别多于SP组(P<0.05),和生理盐水组(P<0.05);但NMDA组较空白对照组无明显差异(P>0.05),SP组较生理盐水组亦无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:SP小鼠侧脑室注射NMDA受体激动剂后,可引起DG颗粒层NR1阳性细胞数减少和BrdU阳性神经细胞数的增多。     

青春期大鼠癫痫发作后海马齿状回颗粒细胞层神经细胞增殖的改变

目的:探讨青春期大鼠癫痫发作后海马齿状回颗粒细胞层神经细胞数量的变化。方法:选择健康4周龄雄性SD大鼠,应用氯化锂-匹罗卡品药物点燃造模,造模成功后根据取脑组织时间分为24 h组、2周组、4周组,并设相应的对照组。溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)标记后免疫荧光染色,用激光共聚焦观察大鼠海马齿状回(DG)颗粒细胞层BrdU阳性细胞。结果:24 h和2周实验组BrdU阳性细胞显著增多,分别较对照组增加55.1%和39.6%,2周实验组比24 h实验组降低15.5%(P<0.05);4周实验组BrdU阳性细胞数较对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:青春期大鼠癫痫发作可引起海马齿状回颗粒层神经细胞增殖的升高,但随着时间的延长有下降的趋势,至4周左右神经细胞的增殖趋于正常。     

孕期及哺乳期铅暴露对大鼠海马神经元树突棘的影响

目的:研究孕期铅暴露对子代大鼠学习记忆功能的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法:通过饮用0.02%醋酸铅水溶液建立大鼠孕期染铅模型,正常饮水为对照组,21 d新生鼠为研究对象,各组12只。检测血铅,利用Morris水迷宫分析系统检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,通过高尔基(Golgi)染色方法观察海马CA1及DG区神经元树突棘的形态和数量的变化。结果:铅暴露组P21新生鼠血铅为31.75±4.83μg/dl,显著高于对照组P21新生鼠(0.96±0.17μg/dl,P<0.01);铅暴露组子代大鼠在定位航行实验中的上台潜伏期较对照组显著延长(P<0.05),在空间探索实验中的目标象限停留时间也较对照组显著降低(P<0.01);CA1区锥体细胞和DG区颗粒细胞的树突棘以蘑菇型和细长型树突棘为主,铅暴露后树突棘主要以粗短型为主。铅暴露组子代CA1和DG去树突棘的密度显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:孕期铅暴露对子代学习记忆功能的影响可能与海马区神经元树突棘的形态变化和密度降低有关。     

氯喹抑制体外培养星形胶质细胞的激活

目的研究氯喹对体外培养大鼠海马星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用,为癫痫的治疗提供实验依据。方法分离新生SD大鼠海马,体外培养星形胶质细胞,经纯化鉴定后分为:对照组、戊四氮(PTZ)组、氯喹干预组(25、50和75 mg/L),经相应处理后,分别用MTT法、免疫荧光、Western blot测定星形胶质细胞数量及活性、星形胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及CyclinD1的表达量。结果与对照组比较,PTZ可激活星形胶质细胞的增殖,使GFAP、CyclinD1的表达量增加(P<0.05);与PTZ组比较,氯喹阻滞了PTZ激活的星形胶质细胞的增殖(P<0.05);氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞异常增加的GFAP的表达;氯喹可抑制PTZ激活星形胶质细胞的CyclinD1的表达量(P<0.05);与对照组相比,3种结果均显示75 mg/L氯喹对体外培养星形胶质细胞激活的抑制作用较强,并可维持其在正常范围。结论氯喹具有抑制PTZ激活体外培养星形胶质细胞的作用,其可能通过抑制星形胶质细胞的增殖来发挥抗癫痫作用。     

侧脑室注射NMDA对精神分裂症小鼠海马颗粒细胞层NMDA受体NR1亚基表达的调控

目的:阐明N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体亚单位1(NR1)在精神分裂症小鼠海马CA1、CA3、DG区颗粒细胞层的表达及NMDA对其表达的调控作用。方法:将小鼠随机分为实验组、对照组及空白组,实验组每日连续腹腔注射MK-801(0.6 mg/kg)14 d后侧脑室注射NMDA 1次,72 h后取材,应用免疫荧光标记法检测各组小鼠海马CA1、CA3、DG区颗粒细胞层NR1阳性细胞的表达。结果:对照组小鼠DG区NR1阳性细胞的表达比实验组和空白组明显升高(P0.05);在CA1区,实验组NR1的表达与对照组及空白组相比显著降低(P0.05);在CA3区,对照组NR1的表达与空白组相比显著降低(P0.05)。结论:(1)精神分裂症小鼠海马颗粒细胞层NR1阳性细胞的表达在DG区和CA1区显著升高,CA3区显著降低;(2)NMDA可调节精神分裂症小鼠海马结构颗粒细胞层NR1阳性细胞的表达趋于正常水平。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.