绝经后女性骨密度与骨代谢指标的变化及其相关性分析

目的探讨绝经后女性血清总I型胶原氨基端延长肽(tP1NP)、β-胶原特殊序列(β-CTx)、骨钙素、25-羟基维生素D、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、钙、磷、镁与绝经年限及骨密度的关系。方法选取138例(骨量正常组23例,骨量减少组55例,骨质疏松组60例)绝经后女性血清进行外周血骨代谢指标的检测及骨密度的检测,并对结果进行统计分析。结果骨量减少组血清钙、磷低于绝经后骨量正常组,β-CTx、PTH高于绝经后骨量正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。骨质疏松组血清25-羟维生素D、PTH、钙、镁低于骨质减少组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。骨密度与钙、镁呈正相关(r=0.60、0.51,P0.01),与β-CTx、绝经年限呈负相关(r=-0.39,-0.58,P0.01)。结论绝经后女性血清骨代谢指标变化明显,采用骨密度检测结合不同的骨代谢指标能更全面、合理地评价绝经后女性的骨代谢平衡状态,有利于骨质疏松的预防和治疗。     

老年男性原发性高血压患者体内维生素D与骨代谢指标的水平及相关性分析

目的:探讨25-羟基维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平与原发性高血压间的关系。方法:收集2010年9月至2013年9月在上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院老年病科住院的143例原发性高血压男性患者,并作为原发性高血压组,排除继发性高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、癌症、急或慢性感染及影响钙磷代谢的疾病和服用可影响维生素D代谢的药物者。另随机选择139例无高血压等疾病的老年男性作为对照组。测定所有研究对象的体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)及血清25-(OH)D、甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)、血钙、血磷、Ⅰ型原胶原分子N-端前肽(procollagen typeⅠN-terminal propeptide,P1NP)、β-Ⅰ型胶原C端肽(β-CTX)水平,对比分析原发性高血压组和对照组的血清25-(OH)D水平及其与骨代谢指标的相关性。结果 :原发性高血压组的平均血清25-(OH)D水平为(36.83±13.84)nmol/L,明显低于对照组的(46.37±22.92)nmol/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:原发性高血压患者存在广泛的维生素D缺乏,应引起重视。血清25-(OH)D水平与PTH、P1NP呈负相关,与血钙呈正相关。     

女性2型糖尿病患者血糖控制与骨钙代谢相关指标的关系

目的:探讨女性2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血糖水平与骨钙代谢指标的关系。方法:将81例女性T2DM患者根据糖化血红蛋白分为血糖控制良好组(A组)36例,血糖控制不佳组(B组)45例,并选取与A、B组BMI、年龄和绝经年限相匹配的健康女性40例(C组)作为对照。对3组对象血清骨钙素(BGP)、β-胶原特殊序列(β-CTx)、25-羟维生素D3、血钙、磷水平进行比较。结果:3组血钙、磷水平差异无显著性。A组和C组BGP、25-羟维生素D3水平均显著高于B组(P<0.05)。C组BGP、25-羟维生素D3水平明显高于A组(P<0.05);A组和C组血清β-CTx水平均显著低于B组(P<0.05)。A组与C组比较,β-CTx水平差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:血糖控制不良可导致T2DM患者血清BGP、25-羟维生素D3水平下降,β-CTx水平升高,从而影响骨钙代谢。     

围绝经期女性骨代谢指标的监测及其与性激素的关系

目的探讨围绝经期女性骨代谢平衡的特征及其和性激素波动的关系。方法选取80例围绝经期女性(围绝经期组),32例育龄期女性(育龄组)和30例绝经后女性(绝经后组)进行外周血骨代谢指标及性激素的检测,并将结果进行统计学分析。结果围绝经期组与育龄组比较,β-异构化的C-端肽(β-CTx)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)水平显著升高(P<0.05),血钙、雌二醇(E2)水平显著下降(P<0.05)。绝经后组与围绝经期组比较,β-CTx、Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端肽(P1NP)、骨钙素、FSH、LH、血钙显著升高(P<0.05),E2显著下降(P<0.05)。E2、FSH和LH的水平和骨代谢标志物P1NP、β-CTx、骨钙素、PTH具有相关性。结论围绝经期女性以破骨细胞活性增强,骨吸收作用增加为骨代谢特征。β-CTx和PTH能准确地反映出骨吸收的强度,联合E2、FSH和LH可为围绝经女性骨质流失的评估提供参考。     

糖化血红蛋白与骨代谢生化指标相关性的探讨

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与骨代谢生化指标的相关性。方法将240例2型糖尿病患者根据HbA1c水平分为A组(HbA1c6.5%)、B组(6.5%≤HbA1c8.0%)和C组(HbA1c≥8.0%),以80名健康体检者作为正常对照组。分别测定4组骨代谢相关指标[包括血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、氨基端和中段骨钙素(NMID Osteocalcin)、β-胶原特殊序列(β-CrossLaps)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、25-羟基维生素D(Vit D)、总Ⅰ型胶原氨基端延长肽(TP1NP)、钙、磷]水平并做比较,分析HbA1c与骨代谢相关指标之间的相关性。结果 A、B、C 3组NMID Osteocalcin、Vit D均明显低于正常对照组(P0.05);A组β-CrossLaps明显高于正常对照组(P0.05);B组ALP、TP1NP及C组TP1NP、β-CrossLaps、PTH均明显低于正常对照组(P0.05);B组ALP、N-MID Osteocalcin、β-CrossLaps、Vit D及C组N-MID Osteocalcin、TP1NP、β-CrossLaps、PTH、Vit D明显低于A组(P0.05);C组N-MID Osteocalcin、PTH明显低于B组(P0.05),而ALP则明显升高(P0.05);其余各项指标各组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。HbA1c与N-MID Osteocalcin、TP1NP、β-CrossLaps、PTH、Vit D呈负相关(rs值分别为-0.49、-0.29、-0.23、-0.21、-0.25,P均0.05)。结论 HbA1c对N-MID Osteocalcin、TP1NP、β-CrossLaps、PTH、Vit D有影响。血糖控制越差,骨代谢指标N-MID Osteocalcin、TP1NP、β-CrossLaps、PTH、Vit D水平越低。2型糖尿病患者通过严格控制血糖,纠正糖代谢紊乱,可有效改善患者骨代谢。     

骨科老年患者不同季节血清维生素D状态与骨代谢水平的研究

目的 探究骨科老年患者血清维生素D水平与季节变化的关系及其引起的骨代谢变化特点。方法 调取2014年11月至2020年1月北京医院骨科1 831例老年患者血清25羟基维生素D(25-OH-D)、人血清和血浆中总Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端延长肽(t P1NP)、N端中段骨钙素(OCN)以及Ⅰ型胶原羧基端肽β特殊序列(β-CTX)检验结果,采用Mann-Whitney U检验分析不同季节患者血清25-OH-D及骨代谢指标水平特点,以及不同性别、不同就诊类型患者之间指标的差异。结果 血清25-OH-D水平无论季节变化,均处于维生素D缺乏状态,夏、秋两季血清25-OH-D水平明显高于冬、春两季(P <0.05),且夏、秋两季男性水平明显高于女性(P <0.05);门诊患者一年四季血清25-OH-D水平均高于住院患者(P <0.001),t P1NP及β-CTX水平均低于住院患者(P <0.05)。结论 骨科老年患者维生素D水平夏秋季节最高;性别及就诊类型对维生素D和骨代谢指标的影响存在相关季节特点。     

上海老年男性血清维生素D水平状况调查

目的:调查上海老年男性血清维生素D水平及其缺乏程度。方法:收集2009年5月至9月上海瑞金医院老年病科体检和门诊的老年男性847例,平均年龄为76岁,测定其血清25-羟基维生素D[25-(OH)D]、肝肾功能、血钙(Ca)、磷(P)、血糖、血脂,部分测定甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、尿Ⅰ型胶原N端肽(NTX)、骨钙素(BGP)和骨碱性磷酸酶(BAP)。结果:①老年男性的血清25-(OH)D水平为(48.7±24.5)nmol/L,其中维生素D缺乏者(75 nmol/L者仅99例,占11.7%。②血清25-(OH)D水平与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.215,P<0.05),90岁以上组与其他组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。GFR<0.05)。结论:上海老年男性血清维生素D水平普遍较低,缺乏和不足者高达60.2%,且血清维生素D水平随年龄增高呈降低趋势。关注老年男性维生素D营养状况与关注绝经后女性同等重要。     

血清25羟维生素D水平与2型糖尿病非骨质疏松症患者胰岛素抵抗和骨代谢的关系

目的探讨血清25羟维生素D [25(OH)D]水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)非骨质疏松症患者胰岛素抵抗和骨代谢指标的关系。方法选取本院收治的T2DM患者150例为研究对象,根据受试者25(OH)D水平分为3组:25(OH)D20ng/ml者为G1组(n=40),25(OH)D在20ng/ml～30ng/ml之间者为G2组(n=78),25(OH)D30ng/ml者为G3组(n=32)。比较各组间血清25(OH)D、血糖代谢指标、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及骨代谢相关指标水平,分析25(OH)D与HOMA-IR、骨代谢指标的关系,分析HOMA-IR与骨代谢指标的关系。结果各组间血清25(OH)D、空腹血糖、空腹C肽、空腹胰岛素及HOMA-IR水平间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);血清25(OH)D与HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.440,P0.05);各组间甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05),血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);血清25(OH)D与血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积及ALP无显著相关性(r=-0.041, r=-0.038, r=-0.011, r=-0.048, P均0.05),与PTH呈负相关(r=-0.597, P0.05);HOMA-IR与血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积及ALP无显著相关性(r=0.039, r=0.030, r=0.015, r=0.044, P均0.05),与PTH呈正相关(r=0.298, P0.05)。结论血清25(OH)D水平与T2DM非骨质疏松症患者胰岛素抵抗、骨代谢指标PTH呈负相关,胰岛素抵抗与PTH呈正相关,维生素D缺乏易引起T2DM及骨质疏松的发生。     

阿伦膦酸钠维D3与钙剂对老年脑梗死患者骨生化与转换指标的影响

目的：研究老年脑梗死患者应用阿伦膦酸钠维D3与钙剂等骨质疏松干预治疗前后骨密度、骨生化与转换相关指标变化。方法应用骨密度仪对受试者足踝部进行骨密度（BMD）测定。应用偶氮胂Ⅲ法检测血钙与钼酸盐法检测血磷,应用双抗体夹心法检测人25羟基维生素D3[25（OH）D3]、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、骨钙素（BGP）、1型胶原羧基末端肽（β-CTX）、1型前胶原氨基端肽（P1NP）、骨源性碱性磷酸酶（BALP）。结果干预组患者干预前后除血Ca2＋、血P3＋分别互相比较无统计学差异（t＝1．430,1．528,P＞0．05）外,25（OH）D3、PTH、BGP、P1NP、BALP与β-CTX分别互相比较均有统计学差异（t＝-25．964,-3．441,-3．079,-2．074,4．182,5．149,P＜0．05）。结论对老年脑梗死急性期后伴肢体瘫痪患者在常规应用脑梗死药物治疗基础上,进行肢体康复治疗同时给予阿伦膦酸钠维D3与钙剂等骨质疏松干预治疗,对促进骨形成和抑制骨吸收有一定作用。     

血液透析与腹膜透析对慢性肾病患者血清甲状旁腺激素、骨转运生化相关指标及维生素D水平的影响

目的观察血液透析(HD)与腹膜透析(PD)对慢性肾病患者血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、骨转运生化相关指标及维生素D水平的影响。方法选取行维持性透析治疗的慢性肾病90例,根据透析方法的不同,分为HD组和PD组,每组各45例。比较血清生化相关指标{钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、骨源性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、Ⅰ型胶原羧基端肽β特殊序列(β-CTx)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP5b)、25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]}水平,检测腰椎、股骨颈骨密度,采用Spearman相关性分析观察血清骨转运生化相关指标与腰椎、股骨颈骨密度的相关性。结果与HD组比较,PD组血清β-CTx、TRAP5b水平下降,腰椎及股骨颈T值升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。Spearman相关性分析显示,两组腰椎及股骨颈T值、Z值与血清iPTH、BALP、ALP、25(OH)D、β-CTx、TRAP5b水平无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论 PD相较于HD治疗慢性肾病能明显降低破骨细胞活性,进而更好地控制骨密度。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.