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1.
目的探讨萨提尔家庭治疗模式对农村脑卒中患者自尊水平及家庭关系的影响,以有助于其居家时的日常生活与康复治疗。方法将脑卒中患者60例随机分为实验组和对照组各30例,对实验组患者及家庭运用萨提尔模式进行干预,对照组无干预。在干预前及干预后对两组进行自尊量表及家庭环境量表的测评,比较两组效果。结果干预前两组患者自尊得分、家庭环境量表各因子得分比较差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。干预2个月后,实验组患者自尊得分(18.2±1.82)分,亲密度(4.00±1.05)分,矛盾性(1.80±0.99)分,对照组得分分别为(14.2±3.32),(3.20±0.92),(3.80±1.06)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=5.774,3.131,7.516;P〈0.01);实验组情感表达、娱乐性、道德得分高于对照组(P〈0.05);干预3个月后两组患者家庭环境量表得分(除组织性、控制性外)比较差异均有统计学意义(P〈0.05);实验组亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性、道德及自尊得分干预后高于干预前,矛盾性、独立性得分低于干预前(P〈0.05)。结论家庭支持对脑卒中患者的康复治疗起着至关重要的作用,而萨提亚家庭治疗模式能明显改善患者的家庭关系、提高患者的自尊水平,使家庭成员共同为患者的身、心康复提供全面支持。  相似文献   

2.
目的探讨阶段性心理干预对车祸伤所致骨损伤患者负性情绪及社会支持度的影响。方法采用便利抽样法选取2012年6月-2013年12月车祸伤所致骨损伤患者101例,按照随机数字表法分为干预组50例和对照组51例。对照组患者采用常规护理干预及健康指导。干预组在常规护理基础上实施阶段性心理干预。采用焦虑自评量表( SAS)和抑郁自评量表( SDS)评价患者干预前后的心理水平,采用社会支持评定量表( SSRS )评估患者的社会支持度。结果干预前,两组患者的SAS、SDS得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后,干预组患者的SAS、SDS得分分别为(34.55±7.23),(36.78±6.39)分,低于对照组的(43.52±7.43),(43.81±5.76)分,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为4.052,4.396;P<0.05)。干预前,两组患者的SSRS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后,干预组患者的SSRS各项评分较干预前无明显变化,而对照组患者SSRS各项评分较干预前有所降低,两组患者干预后比较,干预组客观支持、主观支持,对社会支持的利用度,总分分别为(15.33±2.71),(12.76±3.33),(8.22±2.34),(35.64±3.08)分,对照组分别为(12.13±2.35),(10.74±3.09),(6.75±2.33),(28.09±3.21)分,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为5.582,4.972,6.078,5.531;P<0.05)。结论阶段性心理干预能够有效改善车祸伤所致骨损伤患者的负性情绪,有利于促进患者回归社会,提高社会支持度,促进其身心康复。  相似文献   

3.
目的探讨视觉和行为干预在糖尿病患者初次皮下注射胰岛素期间的应用效果。方法将158例初次皮下注射胰岛素的糖尿病患者随机分成干预组79例和对照组79例。对照组给予常规的胰岛素笔使用、胰岛素相关知识干预,发放糖尿病干预手册、胰岛素笔使用说明书、血糖监测日记,干预组在此基础上给予视觉和行为干预。两组患者初次注射胰岛素后即刻采用视觉模拟评级法(VAS)进行注射疼痛评分,治疗前及治疗4周后采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和患者满意度量表进行调查,比较两组VAS、SAS、SDS、SSRS评分,干预前后血糖变化及满意度情况。结果干预组患者初次注射胰岛素VAS评分(0.82±0.72)分明显低于对照组(3.21±1.22)分,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.37,P〈0.01);干预组患者干预前SAS、SDS、患者满意度、SSRS评分(46.71±13.88),(49.45±12.53),(6.31±0.68),(40.78±1.45)分与对照组患者(47.98±11.06),(48.81±10.29),(6.51±0.65),(41.42±1.63)分比较,差异均无统计学意义(t分别为1.63,3.32,10.87,3.23;P〉0.05);干预4周后干预组患者SAS、SDS评分(38.68±6.03),(38.35±5.19)分及对照组患者SAS、SDS评分(44.93±8.26),(46.10±8.23)分均低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为15.02,24.50,7.71,11.87;P〈0.01),且干预组SAS、SDS评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为2.07,2.28;P〈0.05);干预4周后干预组患者满意度和SSRS评分(8.50±0.33),(44.31±3.84)分及对照组患者满意度和SSRS评分(6.71±0.59),(42.76±0.76)分均高于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为16.51,8.81,3.22,2.88;P〈0.05),且干预组患者满意度和SSRS评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为6.50,2.82;P〈0.05);两组患者干预前空腹血糖及餐后2h血糖,差异均无统计学意义(P〉0.05);干预4周后干预组患者空腹血糖(5.99±0.92)mmol/L,餐后2h血糖(7.82±1.38)mmol/L,均低于对照组(7.26±1.92),(9.13±1.36)mmol/L,差异均有统计学意义(t分别为5.77,6.12;P〈0.05)。结论应用视觉和行为干预能有效减轻初用胰岛素患者的焦虑、抑郁及痛感,降低空腹及餐后血糖,提高患者的满意度及社会支持度。  相似文献   

4.
目的:探讨延续性自我管理干预对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗( PCI )患者自我管理行为的影响。方法将100例PCI患者按照抽签法分为试验组和对照组各50例,对照组给予心内科常规健康教育,试验组给予以延续护理理念及自我管理理论为基础制订的延续性自我管理干预方案。应用自我管理知识问卷及冠心病自我管理行为量表( CSMS)分别于干预前,干预后1个月和干预后6个月对两组患者进行测评,比较两组患者的差异。结果干预前,两组患者的自我管理知识问卷和CSMS各维度得分差异无统计学意义( P>0.05)。干预后1个月,试验组患者的CSMS日常生活管理、疾病医学管理、情绪认知管理评分分别为(48.17±7.20),(46.43±5.66),(47.96±9.69)分,优于对照组的(30.68±8.51),(33.40±4.86),(22.44±8.56)分,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为10.539,10.767,13.221;P<0.01);干预后6个月,试验组患者CSMS日常生活管理、疾病医学管理、情绪认知管理评分分别为(58.83±6.16),(65.30±5.28),(61.55±8.23)分,高于对照组的(30.47±8.37),(28.45±5.07),(24.00±7.25)分,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为18.373,33.822,22.929;P<0.01)。试验组干预后6个月与干预后1个月相比,自我管理知识及冠心病自我管理行为量表各维度得分明显提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组患者干预后1个月时日常生活管理知识及行为、疾病医学管理知识及行为得分均有提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但6个月时与1个月相比,疾病医学管理行为得分显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与常规心内科的健康教育相比,延续性自我管理干预能显著改善PCI患者的自我管理知识及行为,可以在临床上广泛?  相似文献   

5.
目的探讨乳腺癌术后化疗患者应对方式与家庭亲密度、适应性的相关关系。方法采用医学应对问卷与家庭亲密度、适应性量表,对300例乳腺癌术后化疗患者进行横断面调查。结果乳腺癌患者面对得分(18.53±1.44)低于国内常模(19.39±3.04)分;而屈服和回避得分[(14.67±1.10),(16.38±1.63)分]高于常模[(8.47±3.58),(14.45±2.97)分],差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.66,29.36,10.54;P〈0.01)。患者家庭亲密度三个维度得分均高于国内常模;患者家庭理想适应性与适应性不满意程度低于国内常模,差异均有统计学意义(P〈0.01)。患者屈服和回避应对方式分别与实际亲密度、亲密度不满意程度、实际适应性和适应性不满意程度的相关性有统计学意义(r=-0.14—0.25,P〈0.05或P〈0.01)。结论乳腺癌患者的应对方式与家庭亲密度适应性有密切关系,护理人员可通过干预患者的家庭关系,促进患者采取有效的应对方式。  相似文献   

6.
目的:探讨中西医结合护理干预对归侨老年抑郁症患者的效果。方法选择归侨老年抑郁症门诊患者71例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组( n=36)和干预组( n=35)。对照组采取一般常规护理方法,干预组采取中医辨证分型、情志调摄、饮食调理等中西医结合护理方法。采用老年抑郁量表(GDS)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)比较两组干预效果。结果治疗6个月后,干预组患者GDS得分(12.71±7.31)分,对照组为(14.45±6.33)分,差异有统计学意义(t=4.87,P<0.01);干预组48.6%患者评定为无抑郁,高于对照组19.5%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.89,P<0.05);干预组SSRS得分为(5.52±0.72)分高于对照组的(4.89±0.87)分,差异有统计学意义( t=5.02,P<0.01)。结论运用中医辨证饮食调理与情志调摄等中西医结合方法护理归侨老年抑郁症较一般常规护理方法效果好,可在临床推广。  相似文献   

7.
目的探讨微信平台在全科门诊高脂血症患者治疗依从性中的实践效果。方法选择2012年6月-2013年5月在体检时新发现血脂异常的患者,以其中能独立使用微信的178例(男113例、女65例)为研究对象。按随机数字表法分为对照组(87例)和试验组(91例)。对照组给予常规的护理干预;试验组由保健护士通过微信平台定期发送血脂异常防治相关干预知识。两组患者同时干预6个月以上,分别对两组患者治疗依从性及血脂进行对比分析。结果运用微信平台实施干预措施后,试验组患者治疗依从性各项得分分别为:饮食(6.57±0.78)分、服药(8.64±1.13)分、运动(5.11±0.97)分、复诊(5.75±0.74)分,血脂水平控制总有效率93.4%;对照组治疗依从性得分分别为:饮食(4.63±1.23)分、服药(6.91±0.73)分、运动(3.98±0.54)分、复诊(4.86±0.39)分,血脂水平控制总有效率57.5%,两组上述指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P〈0.05)。结论运用微信平台实施护理干预,可有效提高患者治疗依从性,从而有利于控制血脂水平。  相似文献   

8.
目的:探讨自我管理对肝胆疾病手术患者围术期相关症状及生活质量的影响。方法选择120例肝胆疾病手术患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和研究组,每组各60例。对照组采取常规护理干预,研究组在常规护理管理的基础上,增加自我管理干预。于患者入院的第1天、手术后第7天和出院前1 d应用中文版记忆症状评估量表( MSAS-Ch )对患者进行评估;于入院的第1天和出院前1d采用世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表对患者进行评估,比较两组患者干预前后症状得分及生活质量。结果干预前对照组患者记忆症状评估得分为(0.82±0.36)分,生活质量总分为(11.15±3.11)分;研究组患者记忆症状评估得分为(0.79±0.34)分,生活质量总分为(11.77±3.01)分,差异无统计学意义(t值分别为0.469,1.110;P>0.05)。入院第1天对照组患者症状水平得分为(0.82±0.36)分,术后第7天为(0.84±0.23)分,出院前1 d 为(0.62±0.18)分;研究组分别为(0.79±0.34),(0.43±0.21),(0.18±0.09)分,两组症状得分的时间效应、分组效应和交互效应比较,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。对照组干预后生理领域得分高于干预前;研究组干预后生活质量总分和6个领域维度得分均高于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);除生理领域外,生活质量总分和其他5个领域得分研究组均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论自我管理模式可以有效减轻肝胆疾病手术患者的相关症状,提高患者的生活质量。  相似文献   

9.
目的:探讨综合护理干预对慢性乙肝患者应对方式和自我效能感的影响。方法将80例慢性乙肝患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各40例。对照组予常规护理,观察组在此基础上进行综合护理干预。3周后采用医学应对问卷(MCMQ)和一般自我效能感量表(GSES)比较两组患者应对方式和自我效能感。结果护理干预后,观察组MCMQ得分中面对分量表得分为(27.93±5.84)分,高于对照组,回避、放弃分量表得分为(10.91±5.90),(4.94±1.09)分,均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为4.65,2.24,9.73;P<0.05);观察组患者干预前后面对、回避和放弃得分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);对照组干预前后回避和放弃得分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后对照组GSES总分为(20.50±5.50)分,低于观察组(30.35±5.0)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义( t=8.38, P<0.05);两组患者干预前后GSES 总分及各条目均分组内比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论综合护理干预能改变慢性乙肝患者的医学应对方式,提高其自我效能感。  相似文献   

10.
目的调查分析不孕症行输卵管切除术患者疾病不确定感,并提出护理对策。方法运用不确定感量表(MUIS)测评68例不孕症行输卯管切除术患者的疾病不确定感。结果68例患者的疾病不确定感得分(80.44±10.40)分;≤25岁,26~30岁,≥31岁患者的MUIS得分分别为(67.60±23.69),(79.26±7.78),(83.59±8.04)分,差异有统计学意义(F=6.353;P〈0.05);不同不孕年限患者疾病不确定感得分比较差异有统计学意义(F=16.214,P〈0.05);不孕年限、年龄与MUIS得分呈正相关。通过实施专业的护理干预措施,68例患者均完成输卵管切除手术,顺利出院。结论行输卵管切除术的不孕患者需提供针对性的护理干预措施,提高患者心理应对能力,改善生活质量。  相似文献   

11.
This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.  相似文献   

12.
目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高<20%视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P<0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P<0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P<0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.  相似文献   

13.
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.  相似文献   

16.
17.
Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.  相似文献   

18.
目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4%(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7%(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3%(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1% (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9% (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8%(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大<6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8~10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1%(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9%(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2%(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 %(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.  相似文献   

20.
ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.  相似文献   

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