微创颅内血肿清除术围术期护理干预的效果

目的：探讨护理干预应用于微创颅内血肿清除术的临床疗效。方法选择2012年10月—2013年10月诊治的高血压脑出血患者100例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各50例。两组均给予微创颅内血肿清除术治疗,对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用针对性护理干预,比较两组临床疗效、治疗前后神经功能缺损程度评分和并发症情况。结果观察组的总有效率96．0％,对照组84．0％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．00,P＜0．05）;治疗后观察组神经功能缺损程度评分（12．0±5．0）分,对照组（18．5±5．2）分,差异有统计学意义（t＝2．44,P＜0．05）;观察组术后并发症发生率为6．0％,明显低于对照组的26．0％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝7．44,P＜0．05）。结论微创颅内血肿清除术期间给予针对性的护理干预能够提高临床疗效,改善患者的预后质量,降低并发症发生率,值得临床推广。     

产科临床护理路径在妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中的应用效果

目的：探讨产科临床护理路径对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的实施效果。方法选择妊娠期糖尿病孕妇80例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各40例,观察组采用产科临床护理路径实施护理指导和管理,对照组则采用常规产科护理方法,比较两组孕妇健康教育达标、出院回访率与满意度、分娩方式、产后出血、母乳喂养、血糖控制等差异。结果观察组患者空腹血糖为（4．61±0．43）mmol/L,餐前30 min血糖为（4．21±0．89） mmol/L,餐后2 h 血糖为（6．22±0．21） mmol/L,凌晨血糖为（4．92±0．73）mmol/L,对照组分别为（5．72±3．20）,（5．85±2．42）,（7．68±2．95）,（6．39±3．18）mmol/L,差异有统计学意义（t 值分别为2．1743,4．0226,3．1222,2．8495;P ＜0．05）。观察组剖宫产者13例（32．50％）,对照组剖宫产者24例（60．00％）,差异无统计学意义（χ2＝2．2052,P＞0．05）。观察组产后出血者2例（5．00％）,母乳喂养者38例（95．00％）;对照组产后出血者12例（30．00％）,母乳喂养者29例（72．50％）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2值分别为8．6580,7．4397;P＜0．05）。观察组孕妇的依从性高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ U＝2．9144,P＜0．01）;观察组孕妇健康教育达标率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝23．8095,P＜0．01）;观察组产后出院回访率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（U＝2．8353,P＜0．01）。结论产科临床护理路径能明显提高糖尿病孕妇的血糖控制率,提高其满意度和依从性,具有较高的临床推广应用价值。     

护理干预对颅脑外伤保守治疗期间合并大面积脑梗死患者并发症及预后的影响

目的：探讨护理干预对于颅脑外伤保守治疗期间发生大面积脑梗死相关并发症及预后的影响,为临床护理提供相关依据。方法采用回顾性研究方法,选择2009年3月-2013年3月本院收治颅脑外伤患者接受保守疗法期间发生大面积脑梗死患者48例,根据是否给予护理干预分为常规组和干预组,对并发症发生及预后进行对比分析。结果常规组病死率26．67％,干预组21．21％,差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．987,P ＞0．05）;常规组出院时格拉斯哥预后评分（3．02±0．75）分,干预组（3．06±0．82）分,差异无统计学意义（t＝-0．161,P＞0．05）;干预组发生癫痫3例,下肢静脉血栓2例,肺部感染2例,均低于常规组,差异有统计学意义（χ2分别为4．364,6．158,4．003;P＜0．05）。结论对颅脑损伤保守治疗期间发生大面积脑梗死患者,护理干预可以减少癫痫发作、下肢静脉血栓及肺部感染等并发症的发生;有效的护理干预,是改善大面积脑梗死患者并发症的关键。     

临床护理路径在手足口病合并病毒性心肌炎患儿中的应用

目的：探讨临床护理路径在手足口病合并病毒性心肌炎患儿中的应用效果。方法选取2011年12月-2013年12月收治的手足口病合并病毒性心肌炎患儿76例,按照随机数字表法随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各38例。对照组患儿采用常规护理,观察组患儿制定并实施临床护理路径,比较两组护理效果。结果观察组患儿住院时间为（12．8±3．58）d,对照组为（18．7±5．31）d,差异有统计学意义（t＝9．25,P＜0．05）。观察组患儿住院费用较对照组降低了近20％。观察组仅有1例发生院内感染,而对照组患儿有6例发生院内感染,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝6．08,P＜0．05）。观察组满意度为94．74％（36/38）,对照组为78．95％（30/38）,差异有统计学意义（t＝14．08,P＜0．05）。结论临床护理路径应用于手足口病合并病毒性心肌炎患儿,可有效缩短住院时间,预防院内感染,提高患儿家属对护理工作的满意度。     

医护一体化分层级责任制护理在普外科护理中的应用

目的：探讨医护一体化分层级责任制护理在普外科护理中的应用效果。方法在普外科实施医护一体化分层级责任制护理,选取实施前后各92例患者作为对照组和观察组,比较两组患者术后并发症发生率、住院时间及满意度。结果实施医护一体化分层级责任制护理后基础护理质量从（90．82±2．61）分提高至（95．24±2．01）分,差异有统计学意义（ t＝5．532,P＜0．01）;观察组患者并发症发生率为3．26％,低于对照组的9．78％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．738,P＜0．05）;观察组平均住院时间为（10．35±2．32）d,短于对照组的（12．82±2．14）d,差异有统计学意义（t＝-7．506,P＜0．01）;观察组患者满意度为97．83％,高于对照组的90．22％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．738,P＜0．05）。结论普外科实施医护一体化分层级责任制护理模式,有利于促进患者康复,有效提高护理质量,具有很好的应用价值。     

加强病房护理管理对医院感染的控制作用

目的：探讨住院患者发生医院感染的护理因素，为加强病房护理管理提供借鉴。方法采用直接抽样法随机抽取2012年加强病房护理管理前的临床病历500份作为对照组，2013年加强病房护理管理后的临床病历500份作为观察组，比较两组患者医院感染发生率与康复时间。结果观察组患者医院感染发生率为4．2％（21／500），低于对照组的7．8％（39／500），差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5．74，P＜0．05）；观察组因护理因素所致医院感染占33．3％（7／21），低于对照组的66．7％（26／39），差异有统计学意义（χ2＝6．13，P＜0．05）；观察组患者的平均住院时间为（8．9±1．7）d，少于对照组的（10．6±2．1）d，差异有统计学意义（ t＝14．07，P＜0．05）。结论加强病房护理管理可以提高护理质量，降低医院感染的发生率，有利于患者康复。     

临床护理路径在小儿阑尾炎经腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的：观察临床护理路径在急性阑尾炎行腹腔镜手术患儿健康教育中的实施效果。方法选取2012年1月—2013年12月收治的128例急性阑尾炎行腹腔镜手术患儿,将2012年1—12月收治的60例患儿作为对照组,2013年1—12月收治的68例患儿作为试验组,对照组按照常规医嘱进行护理,观察组在常规医嘱护理的基础上,实施临床护理路径护理,比较两组患儿家长综合满意度、住院时间、住院费用和术后并发症发生率。结果试验组患儿切口感染率及腹腔残余感染率分别为7．35％,4．41％,低于对照组的15．00％,8．33％,差异有统计学意义（χ2值分别为9．86,6．47;P＜0．05）。试验组患者平均住院时间及住院费用分别为（5．8±1．7） d,（6738．1±864．7）元,均少于对照组的（7．4±2．6）d,（8109．2±1136．5）元,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为7．69,7．21;P＜0．05）。观察组患儿家长对护士服务满意度为91．1％,优于对照组的71．7％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5．64,P＜0．05）。结论对小儿急性阑尾炎实施临床护理路径,不仅可提高健康教育效果及临床护理的规范性,缩短患者住院时间,减少医疗费用并改善护患关系,而且可增加患儿家长对疾病的了解,减少并发症并提高满意度。     

临床护理路径对急性脑梗死患者急诊溶栓治疗中的应用观察

目的：探讨临床护理路径对急性脑梗死患者急诊溶栓治疗中的应用效果。方法选取本院2012年12月至2013年12月接诊的84例急性脑梗死患者为研究对象，采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各42例，对照组给予常规护理，观察组采用临床护理路径，比较两组患者的护理效果。结果护理后，观察组患者的NIHSS评分及Barthel评分分别为（9．54±4．17）分、（71．36±18．42）分，明显优于对照组患者，组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）；观察组患者的SAS、SDS评分分别为（23．1±2．1）分、（16．7±5．8）分，均较对照组患者出现了明显改善，组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论临床路径护理可以有效改善急性脑梗死患者的焦虑和抑郁等不良情绪，有利于提高患者的日常生活能力，并促进患者的神经功能恢复，从而提高患者的生活质量，有利于患者的预后，值得临床应用。     

聚焦解决模式在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎患者健康教育管理中的应用

目的：探讨聚焦解决模式在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎患者健康教育管理中的应用效果。方法选择非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（ NASH）患者60例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组按照常规内容和模式进行健康教育,观察组按照聚焦解决模式5个步骤进行健康教育。比较两组患者健康知识的掌握程度、对护理满意度、生活质量水平和出院后6个月治疗依从性。结果出院时聚焦解决模式组NASH健康知识掌握达到优的患者占90．0％,对照组占33．3％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝9．863,P＜0．05）±观察组护理满意度为93．3％,高于对照组的83．3％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝1．254, P＜0．05）±观察组患者生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI-74）总分（238．3±24．68）分,高于对照组的（201．53±21．59）分,差异有统计学意义（t＝7．568,P＜0．05）。出院后6个月观察组治疗完全依从患者占86．6％,对照组占66．7％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝6．436,P＜0．05）。结论采用聚焦解决模式对NASH患者的治疗有明显的指导作用,可改善患者的生活质量和满意度,提高患者依从性。     

护士主导的强化教育对 PICC 置管效果的影响

目的：探讨护士主导的强化健康教育对PICC置管效果的影响。方法选取应用PICC置管行静脉输液的93例患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机分为观察组47例和对照组46例,对照组给予常规护理,观察组给予护士主导的强化健康教育。结果观察组患者PICC置管一次性穿刺成功率为85．11％,对照组为60．87％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5．372,P＜0．01）;观察组患者PICC非计划拔管率为4．26％,对照组为26．09％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5．063,P＜0．01）;观察组患者PICC留置时间为（122．36±37．11）d,对照组为（67．12±23．03）d,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝6．814,P＜0．01）。观察组患者导管相关性感染等主要并发症发生率均较对照组下降,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．763～9．079,P＜0．05）。观察组患者总体满意度为97．87％,对照组为71．74％,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝5．037,P ＜0．05）。结论将护士主导的强化健康教育应用于PICC患者,可有效减少PICC置管相关并发症。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。