三亚地区综合性医院213株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布及耐药性基因的检测

目的了解三亚市人民医院肺炎克雷伯菌的标本来源及耐药基因情况,为临床合理用药和控制院内感染提供依据。方法从2013年1月至2014年12月各临床送检标本中分离肺炎克雷伯菌,采用Phoenix-100全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统进行药敏试验,按照标准纸片扩散法进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表型的筛选和确证,依据当年的美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)标准判读结果,用WHONET 5.6软件对所有数据进行统计分析。用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对213株产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌进行常见的几种的耐药基因进行检测。结果分离并确认213株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,标本来源主要是痰、呼吸道分泌物,占78.4%;其次是分泌物标本和中段尿,分别占8.92%和5.2%。对头孢噻肟耐药率最高(98.1%);对亚胺培南的耐药率最低(2.86%)。213株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中有195株能检测到1个或多个耐药基因,分别为CMY,CTX,TEM,SHV,DHA1和KPC,其检出率分别为6.10%、76.53%、59.62%、76.06%、12.21%和2.82%。结论该院肺炎克雷伯菌主要分离自痰、呼吸道分泌物,对常用抗菌药物均产生了一定的耐药性,应进一步了解该院产ESBLs菌株的耐药基因的分布,预防医院感染的发生和多重耐药菌的产生。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测和耐药性分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的耐药特性,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法采用法国生物梅里埃ATB细菌鉴定仪对218株大肠埃希菌和235株肺炎克雷伯菌进行检测,用纸片扩散法(K-B)及美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)推荐的双纸片协同试验确认,并对药敏结果进行分析。结果 218株大肠埃希菌中检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌97株,检出率为44.5%;235株肺炎克雷伯菌中检出产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌75株,检出率为31.9%。结论产ESBLs菌株是目前县级医院临床常见致病菌,成为主要耐药菌株,而且耐药谱广。应加强临床合理使用抗菌药物的管理,严防耐药菌株引起医院感染和流行。     

肺炎克雷伯菌感染临床分布及其ESBLs介导耐药的特征

目的:了解肺炎克雷伯菌感染临床分布的特,点与超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)介导耐药的特征.方法:采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验及ESBLs的表型筛选和确证试验,应用WHONET 5.4软件进行数据统计分析.结果:2008年1月至2010年12月临床分离无重复肺炎克雷伯菌336株,标本分布主要为下呼吸道分泌物149株(44.3%)、尿液41株(12.2%)和血液40株(11.9%),科室分布主要为肝胆外科65株(19.3%)、感染科54株(16.1%)和重症监护室40株(11.9%);ESBLs总栓出率为43.8%(147/336);产ESBLs菌株对不同种类抗茵药物普遍耐药,且耐药率多明显高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.05).结论:临床上肺炎克雷伯菌主要引起下呼吸道感染.ESBLs是介导其对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要机制之一.产ESBLs菌株呈多重耐药表型特征,临床上治疗该菌感染宜根据药敏与ESBLs检测结果选择抗菌药物.     

医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药性动态观察

目的对医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的检出率及耐药性进行动态观察,为临床应用抗菌药物提供指导。方法对我院2004至2007年临床标本分离的395株大肠埃希菌和262株肺炎克雷伯菌用双纸片扩散法检测其ESBLs,并用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果4年来大肠埃希菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.3%上升至37.7%;肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.0%上升至36.0%。产ESBLs株对头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类等常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感。结论4年来,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性率逐年升高,并呈现出多重耐药性,对产ESBLs菌株的治疗应首选碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

妇儿医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布及耐药性研究北大核心

目的了解妇儿医院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布及耐药性。方法通过病原学标本检测和细菌鉴定技术,对宁波市妇儿医院住院患者医院感染标本进行调查与分析。结果该医院连续5年,从感染患者标本中共分离出肺炎克雷伯菌1 229株,2007-2011年鉴定出产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌构成比依次为54.7%、55.4%、46%、41.7%、47.0%。非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南敏感率为100%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率<1.5%。结论妇儿医院住院患者感染肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株构成比较高,对亚胺培南等抗菌药物尚比较敏感。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法细菌药敏试验采用琼脂纸片扩散法(K-B法)、双纸片协同试验及纸片扩散确诊试验检测ESBLs。结果大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs占25.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌中占28.8%;产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类和头孢类抗菌药物大多耐药,而对亚胺培南敏感,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株。结论ESBLs是细菌对青霉素类和头孢类抗菌药物耐药的重要机制,及时监测产ESBLs菌的发生率及耐药趋势,对指导临床用药至关重要。     

207株肺炎克雷伯菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 对临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌用纸片扩散法(K-B)或微量稀释法对16种抗菌药物进行药物敏感试验.结果 产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌59株,对头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢噻吩、复方新诺明、美洛西林有很高的耐药率,分别是91.53%、91.53%、100.00%、100.00%、93.22%、72.88%和91.53%,甚至出现多重耐药菌株.结论 产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况非常严重,应加强医院感染监测和控制措施.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测和耐药性分析

目的了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的情况,观察其耐药性。方法纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法。结果258株大肠埃希菌和114株肺炎克雷伯菌确证试验阳性率分别为27.9%和26.3%。产ESBLs菌对头孢类抗生素高度耐药,对庆大霉素、环丙沙星等的耐药率为63.3%～93.1%,对亚胺培南高度敏感(100%),对头孢西丁、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、哌拉西林他唑巴坦等的敏感性在62.8%～91.9%。结论医院产ESBLs菌的阳性率较高,应开展检测,控制ESBLs的传播,根据药敏结果选用合适药物。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布及耐药特征

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的临床分布、基因型及其耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法采用ATB细菌鉴定仪对临床送检标本进行肺炎克雷伯菌鉴定和药敏试验,双纸片法确证试验检测ESBLs表型,通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)对ESBLs阳性菌株进行基因型检测。结果481株肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌116株(24.12%),科室分布主要来源于呼吸科(23.28%),标本主要来源于痰液(91株)。PCR结果显示,116株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中,CTX型61株(52.59%),TEM型17株(14.66%),SHV型16株(13.79%),22株携带两种基因型(18.96%)。药敏结果显示,116株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对阿莫西林、替卡西林、头孢噻吩和头孢呋辛的耐药率为100.00%,对哌拉西林、头孢他啶和头孢吡肟的耐药率在76.00%以上,对美洛培南和亚胺培南全部敏感。结论临床分离的产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌主要来源于呼吸科,基因型主要为CTX型。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物呈现多重耐药性。     

医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药性动态观察

目的对医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌的检出率及耐药性进行动态观察,为临床应用抗菌药物提供指导。方法对我院2004至2007年临床标本分离的395株大肠埃希菌和262株肺炎克雷伯菌用双纸片扩散法检测其ESBLs,并用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果4年来大肠埃希菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.3%上升至37.7%;肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs阳性率从25.0%上升至36.0%。产ESBLs株对头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类等常用抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物敏感。结论4年来,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs阳性率逐年升高,并呈现出多重耐药性,对产ESBLs菌株的治疗应首选碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。