早期系统肠道刺激对机械通气患者的影响

目的：观察对机械通气患者实施早期系统肠道刺激对患者病情的影响。方法将94例有创机械通气患者按随机数字表法随机分为干预组及对照组各47例。干预组实施早期系统肠道刺激,对照组按护理常规。比较两组患者观察期结束时的APACHEⅡ评分,机械通气天数、多器官功能障碍综合征（ MODS）发病率、ICU住院天数、病死率。结果两组患者干预前APACHEⅡ评分比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;观察期结束时的干预组患者APACHEⅡ评分为（14．60±7．95）分,低于对照组和干预前评分（18．38±8．24）,（19．57±2．64）分,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为-2．268,-4．841;P＜0．05）;剔除死亡患者后对照组干预前后的APACHEⅡ评分分别为（19．47±2．28）,（15．34±1．63）分,差异有统计学意义（t＝-13．077,P＜0．01）;干预组干预前后及两组干预后组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．01）;干预组患者机械通气时间为（7．66±6．89）d,低于对照组（11．96±8．19）d,差异有统计学意义（t＝-2．753,P＜0．01）,但ICU 住院时间、MODS 发病率、病死率比较差异均无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）。结论对机械通气患者预防性的实施早期肠道刺激可改善患者病情,缩短机械通气时间。     

老年脓毒症患者凝血功能紊乱及与预后的关系

目的探讨老年脓毒症患者凝血功能变化及其与预后的关系。方法采用随机病例对照研究,回顾性分析2011-05～2013-06本院重症监护病房（ ICU）收治的62例老年脓毒症患者,根据28 d转归将病例组分为生存组（ n＝39）和死亡组（ n＝23）。入院24 h内检测蛋白C （ PC）活性、血小板计数（ PLT）、D-二聚体（ DD）、凝血酶原时间（ PT）、凝血酶时间（ TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（ APTT）和纤维蛋白原（ FBG）,计算急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（ APACHEⅡ）。比较两组患者凝血指标及与病情严重程度（ APACHEⅡ评分）的关系。以同期30例老年健康体检者作为对照组。结果与生存组比较,死亡组PC活性、PLT水平降低（ P＜0．05或P＜0.01）,DD水平升高（ P＜0．01）,PT、APTT、TT及FBG差异无统计学意义（均P＞0．05）。死亡组APACHEⅡ评分显著高于生存组（ P＜0.01）, APACHEⅡ评分与 PC、PLT 呈显著负相关性（r＝-0.690,r＝-0．461,均P＜0．01或0.05）,与DD呈显著正相关性（r＝0．477,P＜0．01）。经Logistic回归分析,PC活性（OR＝1．104,P＝0.006）、APACHEⅡ评分≥20分（OR＝15．556,P＝0.003）为老年脓毒症死亡危险因素。结论老年脓毒症患者存在凝血功能异常,PC活性降低与病情严重程度相关,是老年脓毒症患者死亡危险因素之一,对判断患者预后有重要意义。     

血浆可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物受体和APACHEⅡ评分对脓毒症预后的评价北大核心CSCD

目的探讨血浆可溶性晚期糖基化终末产物受体（sRAGE）和急性生理与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）在预测脓毒症患者预后中的意义。方法选择2013－02-2014－08我院ICU收治的脓毒症患者79例。检测患者入院后第1、3天血浆sRAGE水平,同时记录当天APACHEⅡ评分,根据28d生存与否分为存活组和死亡组,分析两组血浆sRAGE水平、APACHEⅡ评分于第1、3天的变化及相关性,并分析两项指标对脓毒症患者预后的判断价值。结果第1、3天存活组血浆sRAGE水平及APACHEⅡ评分均显著低于死亡组（P＜0．05）;当日血浆sRAGE水平与APACHEⅡ评分之间均存在正相关（r＝0．74,P＜0．05;r＝0．61,P＜0．05）;第1天血浆sRAGE水平及APACHEⅡ评分对脓毒症预后判断的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．93、0．86（P＜0．05）,第3天两指标的曲线下面积分别为0．75、0．69（P＜0．05）。结论脓毒症患者血浆sRAGE水平与APACHEⅡ评分显著相关,血浆sRAGE水平可作为脓毒症患者转归的早期预测指标。     

术前护理干预对 ICU 术后患者突发谵妄的影响

目的：探讨术前护理对ICU患者突发谵妄的干预效果,为ICU临床护理工作提供依据。方法将122例ICU手术患者按照住院号尾数奇偶数分为干预组（ n＝59）和对照组（ n＝63）。对照组给予常规护理结合术前健康教育;干预组在术前常规护理及健康教育的基础上,采取带领患者提前熟悉ICU环境、强化患者及家属的社会支持、术前给予睡眠指导等干预措施。采用谵妄探测量表（ DDS）比较两组患者术后谵妄发生情况和谵妄程度。结果干预组患者在术后麻醉清醒后2,4,8,16,24 h的DDS评分分别为（2．92±1．88）,（2．71±1．84）,（1．54±2．35）,（0．93±1．97）,（0．65±1．88）分,均低于对照组的（5．62±4．12）,（4．93±4．53）,（4．29±4．69）,（4．08±4．19）,（4．17±4．96）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t分别为3．46,3．23,2．97,2．88,3．61;P＜0．01）;干预组患者术后麻醉清醒后2,4,8,16,24 h谵妄的发生例数分别为8,7,6,4,4例,均低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（Z分别为3．59,3．78,3．97,3．61,3．13;P＜0．01）。结论合理的术前干预可有效降低ICU患者术后谵妄的发生率。     

临床护理路径管理在焦虑症患者康复中的应用研究

目的：研究临床护理路径（CNP）管理在焦虑症患者康复中的应用。方法将100例患者随机分为观察组（50例）和对照组（50例）,观察组采用 CNP 标准化管理,对照组采用传统护理措施。患者出院前使用焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自主量表（SDS）评分,并比较患者满意度、住院天数、住院费用。结果出院时观察组 SAS、SDS 评分均低于对照组,观察组患者满意度优于对照组（P＜0．05）,住院天数和住院费用均少于对照组（P ＜0．05或0．01）,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．01）。结论CNP 标准化管理能促进焦虑症患者康复,提高临床护理质量。     

胃粘膜内pH与KAPACHE Ⅱ评分对危重患者评估的比较

目的：及时准确地评估患者的危重程度。方法：对23例患者（其中存活组13例，死亡组10例）在入科时和入科后24h的胃粘膜内pH(pHi)测定结果与APACHE Ⅱ评分结果以及pHa,PaO2/FiO2分别作一比较。结果：存活组与死亡组的pHi在入ICU时即有显著差异（P＜0．01），入科24h时差异更具显著性（P＜0．001）；而两组的APACHE Ⅱ评分在入ICU时差异无显著性（P＞0．05），入科24h时差异显著（P＜0．01）。结论：pHi检测比APACHE Ⅱ评分更早期、更灵敏、更准确地反映了患者的危重程度。     

抗抑郁护理在功能性便秘患者中的应用

目的：分析探讨抗抑郁护理在功能性便秘疾病患者中的临床价值和意义。方法选择海军总医院2010年12月-2012年12月90例功能性便秘患者按住院号随机均分为3组,A组患者采用常规护理,同时给予小剂量帕罗西汀;B组患者行抗抑郁护理;C组患者采用常规护理。分别于治疗前及干预后1,2周对各组患者抑郁自评量表（ SDS）、焦虑自评量表（ SAS）及药物不良反应进行统计学分析。结果3组间患者入院时平均SDS、SAS评分水平,差异均无统计学意义（ F分别为0．280,1．286;P＞0．05,LSD法两两比较分析均P＞0．05）。入院1周A、B组SDS、SAS评分略低于C组,差异均无统计学意义（F分别为1．927,1．286;P＞0．05,且LSD法两两比较分析均P＞0．05）;入院2周A、B组SDS、SAS评分明显低于C组,差异有统计学意义（F分别为16．337,17．733,P＜0．05,LSD法分析A、C组,B、C组间比较P＜0．05）。析因实验方差分析SDS、SAS改变与不同抗抑郁干预方式-时间因素均存在差异（ F分别为66．744,12．806;P＜0．01）,且存在交互作用。同时A组患者药物不良反应率明显高于B、C组患者,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝12．857,P＜0．01）。结论抗抑郁护理能明显缓解功能性便秘患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪及临床症状评分,并可有效避免抗抑郁药物引起的不良反应,具有重要的护理价值,值得临床推广。     

ICU患者早期集束化气道干预对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的作用

目的 探讨ICU患者早期集束化气道干预对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的作用.方法 选取入住ICU行有创机械通气的患者128例,随机分为对照组64例和观察组64例.对照组采取常规气道干预,观察组在4h内采取集束化气道干预（及时倾倒呼吸机管路冷凝水、人工气囊的压力保持在20～30 cmH2O、胸部物理治疗每2小时1次、持续声门下吸引、呼吸机采用热湿交换器、每4小时洗必泰口腔冲洗）.观察并记录两组VAP发病率、平均机械通气时间、ICU平均住院时间及28 d的病死率.动态观察确诊VAP患者当天（0）、3、5、7、14 d时临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）、APACHEⅡ评分.结果 观察组与对照组比较,VAP发病率（18.75％与35.94％）、平均机械通气时间（6.26±2.89）d与（10.54±4.36）d、ICU平均住院时间（11.88±3.97）d与（16.55±5.22）d,观察组均较对照组低,且差异有统计学意义（x2=4.758、t=6.546、t=5.697,P＜0.05或P＜0.001）.两组中确诊VAP3、5、7、14 d,CPIS评分分别为（7.01±2.24）、（8.74±2.33）分,（5.67±2.14）、（7.51±2.27）分,（4.36±1.44）、（6.95±2.98）分,（2.75±1.37）、（6.53±2.88）分,观察组的CPIS评分均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（F组间=27.22,P＜0.001;F组内=29.41,P＜0.001;F交互=4.35,P＜0.01）;APACHEⅡ评分分别为（17.02±7.06）、（22.48 ±7.31）分,（15.01±6.06）、（19.67±7.14）分,（12.40±4.17）、（16.13±5.33）分,（8.40±2.57）、（13.10±4.93）分,观察组的APACHEⅡ评分较对照组低,差异有统计学意义（F组间=47.43,P＜0.001;F组内=45.36,P＜0.001;F交互=4.25,P＜0.01）.结论 早期应用集束化气道干预可降低VAP的发生率,一定程度改善病情及预后.     

人性化护理干预对胆结石患者术前情绪的影响

目的：探讨人性化护理干预对胆结石患者术前情绪的影响。方法选择胆结石手术患者84例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组各42例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组给予人性化护理干预,采用焦虑自评量表（ SAS）和抑郁自评量表（ SDS）比较两组患者入院时和术前焦虑、抑郁状态,比较两组护理满意度。结果入院时,两组患者的SAS和SDS评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。观察组术前SAS和SDS评分分别为（33．7±10．0）,（42．0±13．0）分,明显低于对照组的（48．3±12．0）,（55．0±15．0）分,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为3．54,3．67;P＜0．05）。观察组护理满意度为95．2％,较对照组（81．0％）明显升高,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4．09,P＜0．05）。结论对胆结石手术患者给予人性化护理干预,能够改善患者术前负性情绪,提高护理满意度,值得推广。     

人性照护理论对2型糖尿病住院患者情绪障碍的影响

目的：探讨人性照护理论的应用对2型糖尿病住院患者情绪障碍的影响。方法对256例2型糖尿病患者住院期间实施以人性照护理论为基础的护理,患者入院当天和出院前采用焦虑自评量表（ SAS）和抑郁自评量表（ SDS）进行调查,比较人性照护理论对患者情绪障碍的效果。结果本组患者入院时SAS评分为（52．63±8．13）分,SDS为（53．24±9．28）分,均高于我国常模,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为22．41,16．52;P＜0．01）。干预后,患者情绪障碍改善明显,出院时SAS评分为（40．23±6．34）分,SDS为（41．36±6．41）分,与干预前比较差异有统计学意义（t值分别为5．66,4．89;P＜0．01）。结论住院的2型糖尿病患者情绪上存在较多障碍,采用人性照护理论,有利于改善其情绪,促进患者身心健康,值得在临床中推广应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。