下颈椎关节突三维参数测量与关节突螺钉导向器的设计

背景：近年来，颈椎关节突关节在颈椎病的发病机制和外科治疗中逐渐被重视，但是目前关于成人下颈椎关节突关节的解剖学研究相对较少。目的：测量下颈椎关节突三维参数，为下颈椎经关节突螺钉导向器的设计提供依据。方法：选取2021年6月至2022年6月于徐州医科大学附属医院行颈椎CT检查人员100例，男50例，女50例，年龄20-50岁。经筛选每例图像均无颈椎椎管狭窄、颈椎椎间盘突出、明显的骨质增生、感染及肿瘤等病变。经过三维重建后，测量C_3-7每个节段颈椎关节突关节矢状面上的倾斜角和矢状面下颈椎经关节突螺钉与关节突关节面的夹角。根据统计分析测量结果，利用CAD软件设计出下颈椎经关节突螺钉导向器。结果与结论：矢状面颈椎关节突关节面倾斜角以C₅为中心呈U形分布，大小关系为C₇>C₆>C₃>C₄>C₅；矢状面上经关节突螺钉角度大小关系为：C_6/7>C_5/6>C_4/...     

颈椎关节突关节矢状位角的不对称性和关节突关节退变关系的影像学研究

目的 探讨颈椎关节突关节矢状位角的不对称性和关节突关节退变的关系。 方法 利用4度评估法,3位测评者对20具新鲜尸体颈椎标本的轴向位CT图像上C3/4 ~ C6/7节段共160个关节突关节矢状位角和退变程度进行单盲随机测评,并统计分析。 结果 20具颈椎标本在不同节段间的关节突关节矢状位不对称角度无显著性差异（F＝0.55,P＝0.65）,关节突关节退变程度也无显著性差异（左侧：Z＝3,P＝0.646;右侧：Z＝3,P＝0.376）,但C3/4和C4/5的关节突关节矢状位角的不对称程度与同节段关节突关节退变的程度之间有显著的差异性（C3/4：Z＝8.567,P＝0.014;C4/5：Z＝2.000,P＝0.025）。 结论 关节突关节矢状位角的不对称性可能和关节突关节的退变有关。     

成人颈椎小关节间隙穿刺路径的应用解剖 

目的 探讨颈椎小关节的关节类型、关节角大小、关节面倾角等,为临床行颈椎间隙穿刺提供可参考的路径。方法 采用正常成人脊柱标本38例（男27、女11）,通过断层解剖方法,从横断面上对C SUB>2-3/SUB>～C SUB>6-7/SUB>关节类型、关节角进行观测,并对40套成人椎骨标本的颈椎小关节关节面倾角及形态进行观测。结果C SUB>2-3/SUB>～C SUB>6-7/SUB>关节类型主要为平面椭圆形(79.2％)和曲面形(20.8％);自C2-3至C6-7颈椎关节突的关节角逐渐增大;关节面倾角CSUB>3/SUB>＞CSUB>4/SUB>＞CSUB>5/SUB>CSUB>6/SUB>CSUB>7/SUB>,倾角值呈     

10～12岁儿童胸椎关节突关节角三维数字化研究及临床意义

目的通过薄层CT扫描和三维重建后测量,探索10~12岁儿童胸椎关节突关节角的形态特征和增龄变化规律,为临床胸椎关节相关疾病的早期诊治和预防提供理论依据。方法选取无骨质破坏、畸形、骨折、肿瘤等椎骨形态结构未发生改变及既往未行脊柱相关手术的10~12岁儿童30例,行多排螺旋CT薄层扫描(0.625~1.25 mm),范围T_1~T_(12),将原始数据以DICOM格式导入三维重建软件进行相关指标测量及统计分析。结果关节突矢状位角在侧别间相差均在10°以内,上关节突矢状位角在T_1、T_(11)、T_(12)间、下关节突矢状位角在T_3、T_4、T_9、T_(10)和T_(12)间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)外,余差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。关节突冠状位角在侧别间差异比较均无统计学意义(P0.05),上下关节突冠状位角总体呈"尖峰状"趋势,最大值位于T7~T9。上关节突水平位角侧别间仅在T2、T_4、T8、T_10和T_(12)间、下关节突水平位角则在T_7间差异有统计学意义(P0.05),上关节突水平位角无论左右侧,其在上胸段走势平稳,下胸段则呈递减趋势,下关节突水平位角侧别间除个别椎序外,也总体呈递减趋势,二者均在T_(11)和T_(12)中出现负角。结论 10~12岁儿童胸椎关节突关节角(冠状位角、矢状位角和水平位角)可直观地反映胸椎关节突随年龄增长的发育规律,验证了胸椎关节突关节角从颈椎的近水平位逐渐到胸椎的近冠状位,再到腰椎的近矢状位这一发育规律,且关节突关节角左右侧基本对称,其角度差值均小于10°。     

下位腰椎和骶骨关节突的观测

作者观测了L_4、L_5和骶骨各100块的关节突。观察了关节面形状和朝向、上关节面下凹陷、上关节突腰神经后内侧支骨管、下关节突下端前突程度。测量了关节突总高、上关节突宽和厚、关节面宽和高、关节突间距、关节突棘突距。结果表明,关节突形态变化与其截重有关;L_(4-5)S_1关节突关节非典型平面关节,类似鞍状关节。并积累了国人体质调查资料,为关节突关节腔穿刺提供了骨学依据。     

腰椎间小关节螺旋CT三维测量、观察及临床意义

目的:观察腰椎间小关节关节面的三维解剖学形态,并探讨其临床意义.方法:60例螺旋CT扫描腰部阴性正常人,行三维重建后处理.在横轴面、冠状面及矢状面观察关节面形态.结果:关节突关节面的标准形态,横轴面,腰1/2节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度相同的"C"形;腰2/3、3/4、4/5节段上、下关节突关节面为曲度不相同的"C"形,下关节突关节面曲度较小,上关节突关节面曲度较大;腰5/骶1节段男性下关节突关节面"l"形,上关节突关节面"C"形,女性上、下关节突关节面均为"l"形.冠状面,腰1/2、2/3节段为椭圆形.腰3/4节段男性为椭圆形;女性为长方形.腰4/5节段男性为椭圆形;女性为椭圆形或长方形.腰5/骶1节段男女均可为圆形;或男性为方形女性为长方形.矢状面,为"l"形.结论:腰椎间小关节关节面形态在诸节段及横轴面、冠状面及男、女间不尽相同.     

腰椎关节突关节形态变化及其对腰椎退行滑脱的影响

目的：研究腰椎关节突关节形态变化及其对腰椎退行性变滑脱的影响。方法：随机抽取42例腰椎退行性变滑脱(LDS)、52例腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)的病人的X光、CT进行测量其椎间盘的高度比、关节突关节的角度以及关节突关节的横径数据进行统计处理与分析。结果：与LDH组相比，LDS组的关节突关节角偏矢状角，其椎间盘的高度比以及关节突关节的横径均较少。结论：腰椎关节突关节宽基部横径越小，该关节角度越趋于矢状位，腰椎滑移几率越高。     

体位对颈椎旋转手法整复神经根型颈椎病关节突关节骨错缝的有限元分析

背景：颈椎旋转手法的操作体位主要包括前屈位、中立位、后伸位和旋转方向,关于选用哪种体位实施颈椎旋转手法更有利于整复关节突关节骨错缝治疗神经根型颈椎病,目前尚不清晰。目的：比较不同体位实施颈椎旋转手法整复关节突关节骨错缝治疗神经根型颈椎病的生物力学差异。方法：建立并验证C₅-C₆正常三维有限元模型,分别模拟前屈、中立、后伸体位往右侧旋转实施颈椎旋转手法,比较不同体位实施颈椎旋转手法时C₅双侧下关节突的前后方向和上下方向位移分布。选取整复侧C₅下关节突的相同结点作为位移值参考点,比较不同体位实施颈椎旋转手法时整复侧C₅下关节突的前后方向和上下方向位移值。结果与结论：(1)在前屈、中立和后伸3种体位实施颈椎旋转手法,旋转侧C₅下关节突均向后下滑动,旋转对侧C₅下关节突均向前上滑动,所以C₅下关节突的滑动趋势与旋转方向有明显相关性,而与前屈、中立和后伸体位没有明显相关性;(2)在前屈、中立、后伸体位实施颈椎旋转手法,旋转...     

骶骨上关节突和外侧沟的形态及其临床意义

对260个骶骨的上关节突外侧沟作了观察,以它和上关节突关节面下缘的关系分成四型。其中Ⅰ型(钩绕型)占26.2％.对上关节突关节面的位置、形态和不对称性作了统计;并在15侧尸体上观察了我五腰神经后内侧支的走行特点。指出第五腰神经后内侧支在Ⅰ型外侧沟中有可能被第五腰椎下关节突压榨引起腰骶部疼痛。     

青少年胸腰椎关节突形态研究及意义

目的:为临床提供青少年关节突及椎管相关的解剖学测量数据.方法:年龄在14～19岁(平均16.5岁)25例原配完整的胸腰椎(T1～L5)标本,分别测量卜关节突内缘中点间距、下关节突内缘中点间距、下关节突根部外缘宽度、椎弓根内缘间距和椎管前后径,并与成人数据比较.结果:上、下关节突间距、椎弓根内缘间距和上关节突内缘间距/椎弓根内缘间距由上到下都旱两边高中间低的"马鞍形"变化趋势而椎孔前后径呈逐渐上升的趋势;上关节突内缘中点间距与下关节突内缘间距相关系数为0.92,下关节突内缘间距与下关节突根部外缘间宽度相关系数为0.83.结论:14～19岁青少年以上测量数据与成人数据均无显著性差异,并有一定的变化规律,为临床青少年脊柱椎管狭窄的诊断和治疗提供一定参考;上关节突内缘中点间距总是小于椎弓根内缘间距,中、下胸段椎弓根螺钉间距要小于上胸段和腰段.     

腰椎小关节退变的相关因素及生物力学特点

文题释义：腰椎小关节：为相近节段腰椎上位椎体的下关节突与下位椎体的上关节突组成的腰椎后外侧关节,将一个腰椎的椎弓与相邻腰椎的椎弓相连,在腰椎运动中占据着重要的地位。 生物力学：是应用力学原理和方法对生物体中的力学问题定量研究的生物物理学分支,研究范围从生物整体到系统组织,其研究重点是与生理学、医学有关的力学问题。 背景：腰椎小关节退变近年来成为学者们研究的重点,认识腰椎小关节退变的危险因素对于预防以及减少脊柱损害具有关键性作用,并且了解其解剖结构对于治疗脊柱相关疾病及手术实施有着重要的指导意义。 目的：简述腰椎小关节解剖学、组织学特性,总结能够引起腰椎小关节退变的相关危险因素。 方法：利用计算机检索CNKI、万方、维普、PubMed、Elsevier和Web of Science数据库2018年3月至2019年9月有关腰椎小关节退变的文章,检索词为“腰椎小关节,关节囊,关节面方向,神经支配,骨性关节炎,生物力学,下腰痛,椎间盘退变,腰椎滑脱,腰椎退行性脊柱侧弯,lumbar facet joint,joint capsule,articular direction,eneurosis,osteoarthritis,biomechanics,low back pain,intervertebral disc degeneration,umbar spondylolisthesis,lumbar degenerative scoliosis”。查阅相关文章,包括综述、基础研究及临床研究,通过阅读标题及摘要进行初步筛选,排除与主题相关度低的文献,最终共纳入60篇文献进行结果分析。 结果与结论：①腰椎小关节退变的主要危险因素包括年龄、性别、异常应力、关节面方向、关节不对称性、腰椎节段和椎间盘退变;②关节退变后会导致下腰痛、椎间盘退变、腰椎滑脱、退行性脊柱侧弯等临床疾病的发生和发展,严重影响患者的日常生活和工作,降低生活质量。因此,腰椎小关节在脊柱相关疾病的治疗中不应该被忽视。 ORCID: 0000-0002-5700-8674(文王强) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

CT多平面重建预评估腰椎经皮椎弓根螺钉置入损伤关节突关节的风险

文题释义：CT多平面重组技术：是将扫描范围内所有的轴位图像叠加起来在对某些标线标定的重组线所指定的组织进行冠状位、矢状位及任意角度斜位图像重组,以在不同角度观察影像学图像。 经皮椎弓根螺钉：该技术采用在术中影像检查设备引导下经皮肤小切口置入椎弓根螺钉,与常规开放置钉手术相比明显减少了对椎旁肌的损伤程度,既往学者多关注螺钉与椎弓根壁的位置关系,而较少关注其与关节突关节的位置关系。 背景：经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定技术被广泛应用于治疗腰椎疾病。经皮椎弓根螺钉由于是在术中C形臂X射线引导下操作,对螺钉与关节突关节之间的位置关系难以完全控制,可能导致关节突关节损伤。既往有学者认为体质量指数>29.9 kg/m²、小关节角>35°及年龄<65岁是经皮椎弓根螺钉损伤关节突关节的高危因素。由于不同腰椎椎弓根轴线与关节突关节的位置关系不同,螺钉对关节突关节的破坏是否存在差异目前尚无相关报道。 目的：探讨腰椎CT多平面重建技术在腰椎经皮椎弓根钉置入术前预估螺钉损伤腰椎关节突关节中的价值。 方法：选择100例行经皮椎弓根钉置入内固定治疗腰椎骨折及腰椎退行性疾病的患者,对治疗方案均知情同意,且得到医院伦理委员会批准。于术前CT斜轴位、斜矢状位及斜冠状位调整多平面重建的定位线,重建出椎弓根的切面断层,以斜冠状位线为中心设置直径为6.5 mm的标定圆模拟经皮椎弓根钉轴向截面,观察标定圆侵犯关节突关节程度,设为术前组;术后行腰椎CT检查观察螺钉损伤关节突关节程度,设为术后组。评价2组间不同节段关节突关节损伤螺钉数及组内不同节段关节突关节破坏比率的差异。 结果与结论：①共计置钉478枚,术前组显示标定圆侵犯关节突关节109枚,占比22.8%,其中L₁-L₅标定圆侵犯关节突关节螺钉数及占比分别为6枚(6.8%)、9枚(10.5%)、19枚(18.3%)、30枚(30.0%)和45枚(45.0%);②术后组显示关节突关节损伤115枚,占比24.1%,其中L₁-L₅螺钉损伤关节突关节螺钉数及占比分别为10枚(11.4%)、7枚(8.1%)、15枚(14.4%)、26枚(26.0%)和41枚(41.0%);③McNemar 配对χ²检验不同腰椎节段P值分别为：L₁ P=0.08,L₂ P=0.22,L₃ P=0.20,L₄ P=0.05,L₅ P=0.08,2组结果比较差异均无显著性意义;④Kappa检验2组一致性分别为：L₁ Kappa值=0.67,L₂ Kappa值=0.80,L₃ Kappa值=0.80,L₄ Kappa值=0.87,L₅ Kappa值=0.92;术前组及术后组组内不同节段间关节突关节损伤比率比较差异有显著性意义(P=0.000);⑤提示腰椎CT多平面重建技术可较为准确地判断经皮椎弓根螺钉与关节突关节的位置关系,为判断术后螺钉是否可能侵犯关节突关节提供了一种可靠的预估方法。 ORCID: 0000-0003-4872-2726(张晓芸) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

不同位置植入SMH人工腰椎间盘对小关节应力分布的影响

目的:通过三维有限元方法研究正常椎间盘、SMH人工腰椎间盘前置、中置和后置四组模型中小关节的应力分布情况,探讨不同位置植入SMH人工腰椎间盘对小关节应力分布的影响。方法:建立正常腰椎间盘、人工SMH腰椎间盘前置、中置和后置的三维模型,然后模拟腰椎节段的运动,进行小关节应力分布的比较研究。结果:与正常L4/5椎间盘模型相比,除SMH人工腰椎间盘前置模型前屈时比正常模型小关节应力小外,其余运动时SMH人工腰椎间盘前置、中置和后置模型中小关节的应力均高于正常腰椎间盘组,但后置SMH人工腰椎间盘组则相对较小。结论:SMH人工腰椎间盘后置可以更好地预防小关节的退变;人工椎间盘植入位置的不同对人工腰椎间盘术远期疗效的预测具一定的作用。     

人工腰椎间盘植入后小关节应力分布的比较研究

目的:通过三维有限元的方法研究正常椎间盘、髓核摘除、人工腰椎间盘三组小关节的应力分布,探讨人工腰椎间盘植入小关节应力分布的影响.方法:利用有限元软件MSC.MARK,建立正常椎间盘、髓核摘除、人工腰椎间盘及L4～5运动节段的三维模型,然后模拟腰椎节段的运动,进行小关节应力分布的比较研究.结果:在各种运动状态下髓核摘除组小关节的应力最大,人工腰椎间盘组的小关节应力比正常椎间盘高,但明显小于髓核摘除组,但在旋转状态下,人工腰椎间盘小关节的中心部位承受的应力最大.结论:人工腰椎间盘植入后与髓核摘除组相比可降低小关节的应力,但仍高于正常的腰椎间盘组;人工腰椎间盘组的抗旋转能力明显低于正常腰椎间盘组和髓核摘除术后组,由此可见,目前的人工腰椎间盘具有腰椎间盘大部分的力学功能,与真正的腰椎间盘仍有差别.     

Normal variations of the lumbar facet joint capsules

The anatomy and variations of the lumbar facet joint capsules have not been described in detail. Fifty lumbar cadaver facet joints were studied with cryomicrotomy. The axial sections were analyzed to describe the normal appearance of the facet joint capsule. In the majority of cases the facet joint capsule extended beyond the confines of the borders of the facet joint proper. The most common patterns were extensions along the inferior articular process near the dorsal or along the inferior or superior articular process in the ventral aspect of the joint. The study extends previous anatomic studies on the facet joint capsule.     

Evaluation of Lumbar Facet Joint Nerve Blocks in Managing Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized,Double-Blind,Controlled Trial with a 2-Year Follow-Up

Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.Objective: To determine the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks with or without steroids in managing chronic low back pain of facet joint origin.Summary of Background Data: Lumbar facet joints have been shown as the source of chronic pain in 21% to 41% of low back patients with an average prevalence of 31% utilizing controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks. Intraarticular injections, medial branch blocks, and radiofrequency neurotomy of lumbar facet joint nerves have been described in the alleviation of chronic low back pain of facet joint origin.Methods: The study included 120 patients with 60 patients in each group with local anesthetic alone or local anesthetic and steroids. The inclusion criteria was based upon a positive response to diagnostic controlled, comparative local anesthetic lumbar facet joint blocks.Outcome measures included the numeric rating scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), opioid intake, and work status, at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.Results: Significant improvement with significant pain relief of ≥ 50% and functional improvement of ≥ 40% were observed in 85% in Group 1, and 90% in Group II, at 2-year follow-up.The patients in the study experienced significant pain relief for 82 to 84 weeks of 104 weeks, requiring approximately 5 to 6 treatments with an average relief of 19 weeks per episode of treatment.Conclusions: Therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks, with or without steroids, may provide a management option for chronic function-limiting low back pain of facet joint origin.     

Age-related changes in the lumbar facet joints

The normal appearance of the lumbar facet joints has been related to the age of the subject. We classified the changes in the menisci, articular cartilage, and subarticular cortical bone with respect to age in 24 cadavers. Normally the meniscus diminishes in size, the articular cartilage thins, and subarticular cortical bone thickens with age. Determination of normality must be made with respect to age.     

Paraspinal abscess communicated with epidural abscess after extra-articular facet joint injection

Facet joint injection is considered to be a safe procedure. There have been some reported cases of facet joint pyogenic infection and also 3 cases of facet joint infection spreading to paraspinal muscle and epidural space due to intra-articular injections. To the author's knowledge, paraspinal and epidural abscesses after facet joint injection without facet joint pyogenic infection have not been reported. Here we report a case in which extra-articular facet joint injection resulted in paraspinal and epidural abscesses without facet joint infection. A 50-year-old man presenting with acute back pain and fever was admitted to the hospital. He had the history of diabetes mellitus and had undergone the extra-articular facet joint injection due to a facet joint syndrome diagnosis at a private clinic 5 days earlier. Physical examination showed tenderness over the paraspinal region. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) demonstrated the paraspinal abscess around the fourth and fifth spinous processes with an additional epidural abscess compressing the thecal sac. The facet joints were preserved. The laboratory results showed a white blood cell count of 14.9 x 10(9) per liter, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 52 mm/hour, and 10.88 mg/dL of C-reactive protein. Laminectomy and drainage were performed. The pus was found in the paraspinal muscles, which was communicated with the epidural space through a hole in the ligamentum flavum. Cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus. Paraspinal abscess communicated with epidural abscess is a rare complication of extra-articular facet joint injection demonstrating an abscess formation after an invasive procedure near the spine is highly possible.     

Clavicular facet of the coracoclavicular joint: Analysis in modern skeletons of the mapuche indigenous individuals

IntroductionThe coracoclavicular joint (CCJ) has been used as an anthropological marker for human migration, with a strong presence in Asian population. In South America, studies are scarce and incomplete. The aim was to determine the frequency of articular facet of CCJ in an osteological sample pertaining to Mapuche indigenous population in Chile.MethodsWe used 96 clavicles (48 left and 48 right), and the presence and characteristics of the articular facet on the conoid tubercle were determined by direct observation. Maximum transverse diameter (MTD) and maximum antero-posterior diameter (MAPD) were measured using a digital caliper. The frequency obtained was compared with other osteological studies on worldwide population.ResultsArticular facet was found in 22.9% of the cases. Twelve facets (12.5%) were present on the right side and 10 (10.4%) on the left, with 10 paired bilaterally and two paired unilaterally on the right side. Articular facets were very clear and prominent in 4 cases (4.2%), regularly prominent in 6 (6.3%), and poorly prominent in 14 (14.6%). The facets were usually oval, with an MTD and MAPD of 19.2 and 18.8 mm, respectively, without differences by side.DiscussionMapuche ethnic group showed the highest frequency of osteological material reported to date between native South American and global population. Their presence may not be related to a geographical migration, but to other causes such as genetic, environmental, or evolutionary adaptation factors. The study of CCJ as anthropological trait must be addressed through direct observation in osteological material, because radiological studies may underestimate its frequency.     

Relationship of Facet Tropism with Degeneration and Stability of Functional Spinal Unit

Purpose

The authors investigated the effect of lumbar facet tropism (FT) on intervertebral disc degeneration (DD), facet joint degeneration (FJD), and segmental translational motion.

Materials and Methods

Using kinetic MRI (KMRI), lumbar FT, which was defined as a difference in symmetry of more than 7° between the orientations of the facet joints, was investigated in 900 functional spinal units (300 subjects) in flexion, neutral, and extension postures. Each segment at L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 was assessed based on the extent of DD (grade I-V) and FJD (grade 1-4). According to the presence of FT, they were classified into two groups; one with FT and one with facet symmetry. For each group, demographics, DD, FJD and translational segmental motion were compared.

Results

The incidence of FT was 34.5% at L3-L4, 35.1% at L4-L5, and 35.2% at L5-S1. Age and gender did not show any significant relationship with FT. Additionally, no correlation was observed between DD and FT. FT, however, wasfound to be associated with a higher incidence of highly degenerated facet joints at L4-L5 when compared to patients without FT (p < 0.01). Finally, FT was not observed to have any effects upon translational segmental motion.

Conclusion

No significant correlation was observed between lumbar FT and DD or translational segmental motion. However, FT was shown to be associated significantly with the presence of high grades of FJD at L4-L5. This suggests that at active sites of segmental motion, FT may predispose to the development of facet joint degeneration.