老年初诊急性髓细胞白血病患者CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的表达

背景：研究证实,很多恶性肿瘤患者体内CD4⁺CD25⁺调节性T细胞存在高表达,近期也有研究发现,急性髓细胞白血病患者外周血CD4⁺CD25⁺调节性T细胞同样表现出高比例表达。 目的：分析老年初诊急性髓细胞白血病患者CD4⁺CD25⁺调节性T细胞的表达特点。 方法：纳入初诊急性髓细胞白血病患者92例,将年龄在60岁以下者设为中青年组(n=22),年龄在60岁以上者设为老年观察组(n=70)。在老年观察组中,32例经规范化疗后完全缓解,设为完全缓解组;将余下38例设为老年组,依据FAB分型标准,分为M2 6例、M3 19例、M4 7例、M5 6例。另选择同期体检健康人群42名作为正常对照组。抽取受试者外周静脉血,检测CD4⁺CD25⁺调节性T细胞表达情况。 结果与结论：老年组、完全缓解组CD4⁺CD25^highFOXP3⁺调节性T细胞比例高于正常对照组(P < 0.01),并且老年组CD4⁺CD25^high FOXP3⁺调节性T细胞比例高于完全缓解组(P < 0.01)。老年组、完全缓解组CD4⁺FOXP3⁺T细胞比例高于正常对照组(P < 0.01),并且老年组CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺T细胞比例高于完全缓解组(P < 0.01)。老年组CD4⁺CD25^high FOXP3⁺调节性T细胞与CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺T细胞比例高于中青年组(P < 0.01)。老年组不同分型间CD4⁺CD25^high FOXP3⁺调节性T细胞和CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺T细胞比例比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。Pearson相关性检验结果显示,老年初诊急性髓细胞白血病患者外周血CD4⁺CD25^high FOXP3⁺调节性T细胞比例和CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺T细胞比例呈正相关(r=0.87,P=0.019)。表明老年初诊急性髓细胞白血病患者CD4⁺CD25⁺调节性T细胞比例高于健康人群和中青年急性髓细胞白血病患者。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

异种脱蛋白松质骨支架体内移植后血清T细胞亚群的变化

背景：研究提示异种脱蛋白松质骨可能成为一种极有实用价值的骨组织工程支架材料,但仍缺少细胞生物学及免疫学论证。 目的：脱蛋白法制备骨组织工程用的异种松质骨支架,探讨其山羊体内移植后免疫学性能。 方法：成年猪股骨远端松质骨,采用逐级脱蛋白方法去除异种骨中的抗原性成分。取6~8月龄雄性山羊8只随机分成2组,实验组双侧3、4横突间各植入脱蛋白松质骨2块。对照组植入相同数量未经处理新鲜松质骨。 结果与结论：采用脱蛋白处理后的猪松质骨光镜下可见骨孔内无细胞、神经、血管和嗜酸性物质染色。脱蛋白松质骨中胶原类氨基酸含量高,与新鲜松质骨相比无明显差异,而酪氨酸、色氨酸和半光氨酸波峰消失。新鲜松质骨氨基酸含量为19.89%,脱蛋白松质骨氨基酸含量为18.06%。脱蛋白松质骨植入后各时间点CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺、CD28⁺水平与植入前相比基本保持一致,植入4周后局部抗原免疫组织化学未见阳性表达。提示经脱蛋白处理后异种松质骨低免疫原性,植入体内后没有特异性抗体产生,具有良好的组织相容性。     

静脉输注过氧化氢溶液上调小鼠脾脏和外周血CD4+Foxo3+调节性T细胞

背景：现已证实,天然生成的调节性T细胞在维护机体免疫稳态、抑制炎性反应、抗移植排斥、抑制抗肿瘤免疫应答以及防治自身免疫病中都有重要的功能和作用。 目的：探讨静脉输注过氧化氢对BALB/c小鼠CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxo3⁺ 调节性T细胞的影响。 方法：取BALB/c小鼠12只,随机分为两组。H₂O₂处理组小鼠尾静脉注射含有H₂O₂的PBS;PBS组小鼠静脉注射无菌PBS。分别在注射2周后处死小鼠,采集小鼠外周血、脾脏和胸腺,采用流式细胞仪检测其中CD4⁺CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺T细胞比例。 结果与结论：H₂O₂处理组小鼠外周血和脾脏CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ T细胞比例、CD4⁺Foxp3⁺/CD4⁺细胞比例均高于对照组小鼠(P < 0.05)。提示静脉注射H₂O₂能上调小鼠外周血和脾脏内CD4⁺Foxp3⁺调节性T细胞的比例。     

人胸腺和脐血造血干/祖细胞联合移植对裸鼠细胞免疫功能的影响

背景：T细胞在抗感染、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等中起重要作用,但T细胞分化发育机制尚未完全阐明。 目的：观察人胸腺、人脐血联合移植后裸鼠体内T细胞分布及免疫功能的重建。 方法：Balb/c nu/nu裸鼠30 只,随机分为2组：实验组肾被膜下移植胸腺组织,2周后将新鲜分离的脐血CD34+细胞悬液经小鼠静脉输入,对照组不经胸腺移植直接给予CD34⁺细胞移植,两组小鼠饲养至60 d时检测免疫功能。 结果与结论：人胸腺在裸鼠肾被膜下存活并且表达CD3、HLA-DR分子,胸腺与CD34⁺细胞联合移植组小鼠脾脏可见点块状分布的CD3⁺细胞。实验组CD3⁺细胞、CD4⁺细胞、CD8⁺细胞及CD4⁺CD25⁺细胞比例均显著高于对照组。实验组裸鼠对移植人胃癌BGC823细胞有排斥作用,而对照组没有。结果显示胸腺和CD34⁺细胞联合移植能使裸鼠获得T细胞介导的细胞免疫功能,具有抗肿瘤能力。     

人胎盘间充质干细胞CD200+亚群细胞对同种异基因移植排斥的调节效应

文题释义： CD200⁺亚群细胞：从人胎盘间充质干细胞中分选获得的高表达CD200抗原的一群细胞。属于免疫球蛋白超级家族的膜糖蛋白CD200在调节免疫反应方面很重要,在维持免疫稳态方面起着关键作用。 移植排斥：在同种异基因组织、器官移植中,受者的免疫系统会对移植物产生排斥反应,这是一个涉及多种免疫反应的免疫学现象。排斥反应的轻重取决于供者与受者之间人类主要组织相容抗原的差异程度。 背景：免疫排斥反应仍是皮肤异体移植面临的重要难题,实验室前期研究发现高表达CD200的人胎盘间充质干细胞亚群细胞具备较强的免疫调节能力。 目的：进一步研究人胎盘间充质干细胞CD200⁺亚群细胞对同种异基因移植排斥的调节作用。 方法：构建同种异基因小鼠皮肤移植模型,经尾静脉分别将PBS(对照组)、人胎盘间充质干细胞(PMSCs组)、人胎盘间充质干细胞CD200⁺亚群细胞(CD200⁺-PMSCs组)输注C57BL/6小鼠体内。观察移植物的开始坏死时间、存活时间、皮片状态;细胞治疗7 d,采集小鼠外周血进行白细胞计数,采用Q-PCR、ELISA方法检测小鼠脾脏与外周血中白细胞介素10、干扰素γ及肿瘤坏死因子α的表达。 结果与结论：①与对照组相比,PMSCs组与CD200⁺-PMSCs组移植物状态良好,存活时间明显延长(P < 0.001);CD200⁺-PMSCs组移植物状态及存活时间均优于PMSCs组(P < 0.01);②细胞治疗7 d,PMSCs组与CD200⁺-PMSCs组白细胞数量明显少于对照组(P < 0.01);③与对照组相比,CD200⁺-PMSCs组脾脏中白细胞介素10 mRNA表达明显升高(P < 0.05),PMSCs组、CD200⁺-PMSCs组干扰素γ及肿瘤坏死因子α mRNA表达量则明显下调(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),同时CD200⁺-PMSCs组干扰素γ及肿瘤坏死因子α mRNA表达量明显低于PMSCs组(P < 0.01,P < 0.05);④与对照组相比,PMSCs组、CD200⁺-PMSCs组血液中白细胞介素10水平明显升高(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),而干扰素γ及肿瘤坏死因子α水平则明显下调(P < 0.05,P < 0.001;P < 0.01,P < 0.001),同时CD200⁺-PMSCs组干扰素γ及肿瘤坏死因子α水平明显低于PMSCs组(P < 0.05);⑤结果表明,人胎盘间充质干细胞对同种异基因皮肤移植排斥具有调节作用;CD200⁺亚群细胞抑制免疫排斥反应能力更强,其机制可能是CD200通过调节白细胞介素10、干扰素γ及肿瘤坏死因子α等免疫相关因子参与免疫反应。 ORCID: 0000-0002-9945-9094(刘婷) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

CD3+、CD4+和CD8+ T细胞Vβ亚家族中PD-1免疫表型检测方法的建立

 目的：建立分析CD3⁺、CD4⁺和CD8⁺ T细胞Vβ亚家族中免疫抑制性受体程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PD-1）分子免疫表型的方法,从而了解人体外周血T细胞谱系中PD-1表型细胞的分布频率。方法：收集健康个体（HI）外周血10例,利用抗CD45、CD3、CD4、CD8、PD-1等多色荧光流式单抗,以及T细胞受体（TCR）Vβ谱系试剂盒[IOTest^® Beta Mark TCR Vβ Repertoire Kit,共8管,每一管均为FITC和PE偶联的复合抗体（A~H）,每一管复合抗体包含3个TCR Vβ亚家族的抗体],检测T细胞亚群TCR Vβ亚家族中PD-1的分布情况。结果：在10例HI的检测中,CD3⁺、CD3⁺CD4⁺和CD3⁺CD8⁺ T细胞亚群中检测的24个TCR Vβ亚家族总和符合试剂盒所提供的Quick Reference Card数据,初步结果显示,HI中CD3⁺ T细胞主要优势TCR谱系是Vβ2、Vβ3、Vβ8、Vβ9、Vβ5.1、Vβ13.1和Vβ13.2;而在CD3⁺CD4⁺ T细胞中的优势利用主要集中在Vβ2、Vβ3、Vβ8、Vβ9、Vβ5.1和Vβ13.1;在CD3⁺CD8⁺ T细胞中则主要为Vβ1、Vβ2、Vβ3、Vβ9、Vβ13.1和Vβ13.2等亚家族。进一步分析显示PD-1⁺细胞在HI的CD3⁺、CD3⁺CD4⁺和CD3⁺CD8⁺ T细胞24个TCR Vβ亚家族中均可以检测到,PD-1⁺细胞在T细胞各亚群中分布频率有个体差异,在CD4⁺ T细胞中,以Vβ5.2⁺ T细胞的分布频率较高,而在CD8⁺ T细胞中,以Vβ11⁺和Vβ13.6⁺ T细胞的分布频率较高。结论：本项工作利用健康人样本成功建立了多色荧光流式细胞术检测T细胞亚群TCR Vβ谱系中免疫抑制性受体PD-1分子免疫表型的方法,为进一步应用于分析白血病等病人TCR Vβ谱系的免疫抑制特点提供了新方法。     

再生多孔丝素膜创面局部运用激活不同部位T细胞的作用

背景：丝素蛋白是从蚕丝中提取的天然高分子纤维蛋白,其具有良好的理化特性及生物相容性。而目前国内外有关再生多孔丝素膜植入体内后对T淋巴细胞的激活作用研究未见报道。 目的：观察再生多孔丝素膜植入大鼠局部创面后对外周血单个核细胞、脾脏及胸腺中T淋巴细胞的激活作用。 方法：切除SD大鼠背部皮肤建立2 cm×2 cm创面,随机分为2组：实验组覆盖经预处理的再生多孔丝素膜,将已切除皮肤的表皮盖在丝素膜上进行缝合,对照组仅覆盖自身表皮层。于术后第3,14,28,56,90天观察创面愈合及丝素膜的残留情况,采用双色免疫荧光及流式细胞术分析大鼠外周血、脾脏及胸腺中CD3⁺CD25⁺/ CD3⁺T细胞百分率。 结果与结论：植入早期,两组均可见局部、轻微的炎症细胞浸润,主要为淋巴细胞;至28 d后,炎症细胞逐渐减少,并且在整个动态观察过程中,两组结果一致。实验组外周血中活化T细胞在14 d之前呈一过性升高,随后开始下降,至28 d以后,活化T细胞水平趋于稳定,与对照组无明显差异(P > 0.05);脾脏与胸腺T细胞均有少量活化,随后即开始下降并趋于稳定,胸腺中CD3⁺CD25⁺/ CD3⁺T细胞的阳性率较脾脏微高,与对照组均无明显差异(P > 0.05)。说明再生多孔丝素膜对T淋巴细胞的激发作用较小,引发机体细胞免疫应答的能力较弱。     

西藏高原地区成年健康人群外周血淋巴细胞亚群参考范围研究

目的 研究西藏高原地区成年健康人群的淋巴细胞亚群参考范围。方法 挑选2023年4月至6月期间在我院进行体检的161例健康成人,利用流式细胞仪分析淋巴亚群百分比,按年龄和性别分析影响因素,采用百分位数法建立95%置信区间作为正常人参考范围。结果 淋巴细胞亚群正常参考范围CD3⁺%(56.16～81.06)、CD3⁺CD4⁺%(25.02～50.44)、CD3⁺CD8⁺%(14.52～42.02)、CD3^-CD19⁺%(5.83～30.66)、CD3^-CD56⁺%(5.01～18.65)、CD4/CD8(0.68～2.98);在不同年龄阶段,T细胞(CD3⁺)百分比和NK细胞(CD3^-CD56⁺)百分比差异具有统计学意义,特别是(18～30岁)和(>50岁)年龄组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),CD4^+<...     

人源脱细胞羊膜与脱细胞羊膜下层组织修复皮肤缺损

文题释义：脱细胞生物支架：其原理是将生物体原型组织中的实质细胞运用化学、酶解或机械方法给予去除后制成的构架,保留了以细胞间质为主的其他成分,维持了生物材料原有的机械性和可塑性,更加适合细胞黏附和增殖生长。 细胞毒性：是化学物质(药物)作用于细胞基本结构和/或生理过程,如细胞膜或细胞骨架结构,细胞的新陈代谢过程,细胞组分或产物的合成、降解或释放,离子调控及细胞分裂等过程,导致细胞存活、增殖和/或功能的紊乱,所引发的不良反应。背景：羊膜与羊膜下层具有同源性且均属于医疗废物,均具有较低的免疫原性与一定的韧性,羊膜作为组织工程支架材料已有较多报道,但羊膜下层作为组织工程支架的研究较少。 目的：对比脱细胞羊膜与脱细胞羊膜下层分别复合骨髓间充质干细胞用于皮肤修复的差异。 方法：采用十二烷基硫酸钠+核酸酶法制作脱细胞羊膜下层材料,采用TritonX-100+胰酶法制作脱细胞羊膜材料。采用两种脱细胞材料浸提液分别培养骨髓间充质干细胞,利用CCK-8法检测两种脱细胞材料的细胞毒性。将骨髓间充质干细胞接种于2种脱细胞材料表面,光学显微镜与扫描电镜下观察细胞的生长与黏附。在每只SD大鼠一侧脊柱背部制作深达真皮层的皮肤缺损,将36只造模大鼠随机分为3组处理,每组12只：空白组不植入任何材料,对照组植入脱细胞羊膜与骨髓间充质干细胞复合物,观察组植入脱细胞羊膜下层与骨髓间充质干细胞复合物,术后7,14,21 d分别进行创面愈合率、创面病理及创面基因与蛋白检测。动物实验获得江南大学动物伦理委员会批准。结果与结论：①在培养的3-7 d内,两种脱细胞材料浸提液均可促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖;②光学显微镜与扫描电镜显示,骨髓间充质干细胞在两种脱细胞材料表面黏附、生长良好,细胞形态与培养瓶中培养的相同;③观察组与对照组术后各时间点的创面愈合率均高于空白组(P < 0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P < 0.05);④术后14 d的病理观察显示,观察组与对照组的皮肤修复优于空白组,且观察组优于对照组;⑤观察组、对照组术后各时间点的Ⅲ型胶原、CK18、Ⅰ型胶原与血管内皮生长因子基因表达量均高于空白组(P < 0.05),且观察组高于对照组(P < 0.05);⑥观察组、对照组各时间点的CK18、血管内皮生长因子蛋白表达均高于空白组(P < 0.05),观察组高于对照组(P < 0.05);⑦相较于脱细胞羊膜,脱细胞羊膜下层可促进皮肤的修复。ORCID: 0000-0001-5543-5392(王丹) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

鼻饲热休克蛋白65诱导免疫耐受降低动脉粥样硬化的形成及其机制

背景：大量研究表明CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ 调节性T细胞与口服耐受和动脉粥样硬化抑制有关,然而有关经鼻耐受是否也有同样效应的报道较少。 目的：分析热休克蛋白65经鼻诱导免疫耐受对动脉粥样硬化的影响及其机制。 方法：6周龄ApoE基因敲除小鼠经鼻给予热休克蛋白65(实验组)或磷酸盐缓冲液(对照组),待小鼠16周龄时行冰冻切片测定小鼠主动脉根部粥样硬化斑块面积;流式细胞学检测小鼠体内CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺  调节性T细胞水平;ELISA检测转化生长因子β水平。 结果与结论：经鼻给药后8周,实验组小鼠主动脉根部斑块面积较对照组明显减少,下降约32.7%(P < 0.01);经鼻给药14 d后,实验组小鼠CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ 调节性T细胞较对照组明显增加(P < 0 .01);经鼻给药第4,14天和8周,实验组转化生长因子β表达显著高于对照组。表明鼻饲热休克蛋白65通过诱导依赖抗炎因子转化生长因子β作用的调节性T细胞的产生建立免疫耐受,进一步抑制动脉粥样硬化形成,推测热休克蛋白65经鼻诱导免疫耐受是口服诱导免疫耐受之外另一种有效的抑制动脉粥样硬化的方法。     

Anti-immunoglobulin Responses to IgG, F(ab')2, and Fab Botulinum Antitoxins in Mice

Side effects to botulinum antitoxins, including anaphylaxis and serum sickness, are common. This is due to the immunogenicity of the antitoxin, which can be measured by the production of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. An ideal botulinum antitoxin would elicit a minimal production of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies from a patient, aiding its safety. To investigate the immunogenicity of different immunoglobulin fragments, whole IgG, F(ab')₂ and Fab botulinum antitoxins were administered to mice by either the intravenous or intramuscular route. The production of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies was measured over time after a single dose of antitoxin, and the anti-immunoglobulin antibodies isotyped. When administered by the intramuscular route, Fab showed significantly lower immunogenicity than IgG, while F(ab')₂ had an immunogenicity that was intermediate between the two. When administered by the intravenous route there was no significant difference in immunogenicity between IgG and F(ab')₂ antitoxins, although Fab antitoxin had a significantly lower immunogenicity than either IgG or F(ab')₂. IgG antitoxin was significantly more immunogenic by the intramuscular route than by the intravenous route. Sheep IgG had a lower immunogenicity than goat IgG in mice. There was no significant difference in immunogenicity between the two dosing routes for either F(ab')₂ or Fab antitoxin. The anti-antibodies were predominantly IgG1, suggesting a strong Th2 bias to the anti-antibody response. In all cases, Fab represents the least immunogenic form of antitoxin.     

Assessing the Immunogenicity of Biopharmaceuticals

Biopharmaceuticals have the potential to raise an immunogenic response in treated individuals, which may impact the efficacy and safety profile of these drugs. As a result, it is essential to evaluate immunogenicity throughout the different phases of the clinical development of a biopharmaceutical, including post-marketing surveillance. Although rigorous evaluation of biopharmaceutical immunogenicity is required by regulatory authorities, there is a lack of uniform standards for the type, quantity, and quality of evidence, and for guidance on experimental design for immunogenicity assays or criteria to compare immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals. Moreover, substantial technological advances in methods to assess immune responses have yielded higher immunogenicity rates with modern assays, and limit comparison of immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals outside of head-to-head clinical trials. Accordingly, research programs, regulatory agencies, and clinicians need to keep pace with continuously evolving analyses of immunogenicity. Here, we review factors associated with immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals, potential clinical ramifications, and current regulatory guidance for evaluating immunogenicity, and discuss methods to assess immunogenicity in non-clinical and clinical studies. We also describe special considerations for evaluating the immunogenicity of biosimilar candidates.     

Allergenicity, immunogenicity and dose-relationship of three intact allergen vaccines and four allergoid vaccines for subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy

Different vaccines containing intact allergens or chemically modified allergoids as active ingredients are commercially available for specific immunotherapy. Allergoids are claimed to have decreased allergenicity without loss of immunogenicity and this is stated to allow administration of high allergoid doses. We compared the allergenicity and immunogenicity of four commercially available chemically modified grass pollen allergoid products with three commercially available intact grass pollen allergen vaccines. The allergenicity was investigated with immunoglobulin (Ig)E-inhibition and basophil activation assays. Human T cell proliferation and specific IgG-titres following mouse immunizations were used to address immunogenicity. Furthermore, intact allergen vaccines with different contents of active ingredients were selected to study the influence of the allergen dose. In general, a lower allergenicity for allergen vaccines was clearly linked to a reduced immunogenicity. Compared with the vaccine with the highest amount of intact allergen, the allergoids caused reduced basophil activation as well as diminished immunogenicity demonstrated by reduced T cell activation and/or reduced induction of murine grass-specific IgG antibodies. Interestingly, intact allergen vaccines with lower content of active ingredient exhibited similarly reduced allergenicity, while immunogenicity was still higher or equal to that of allergoids. The low allergenicity observed for some allergoids was inherently linked to a significantly lower immunogenic response questioning the rationale behind the chemical modification into allergoids. In addition, the linkage between allergenicity, immunogenicity and dose found for intact allergen vaccines and the immunogen as well as allergenic immune responses observed for allergoids suggest that the modified allergen vaccines do not contain high doses of immunologically active ingredients.     

A/H5N1 Prepandemic Influenza Vaccine (Vepacel®): A Guide to Its Use

Vepacel® is a prepandemic influenza vaccine (whole virion, Vero cell-derived, inactivated) containing antigen of H5N1 strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and is approved for use in the EU. Clinical immunogenicity studies with the vaccine have demonstrated good functional neutralizing antibody responses against the vaccine strain (A/Vietnam/1203/2004), and cross-reactivity against H5N1 strains from other clades. In general, adverse events observed in clinical immunogenicity studies with a whole virions H5N1 vaccine (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) were similar to those reported with non-adjuvanted, inactivated, split virion seasonal influenza vaccines.     

Optimization of codon usage enhances the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding mycobacterial antigen Ag85B

In spite of its many other benefits, DNA vaccine is limited in its application by its insufficient immunogenicity. One promising approach for enhancing its immunogenicity is to maximize its expression in the immunized host. In the current study, we investigated whether codon optimization of the mycobacterial antigen Ag85B gene could enhance the expression and immunogenicity of the Ag85B DNA vaccine. We generated a synthetic humanized Ag85B (hAg85B) gene in which codon usage was optimized for expression in human cells. DNA plasmids with codon-optimized hAg85B increased the level of protein expression in vitro and in vivo. DNA vaccine with hAg85B induced stronger Th1-like and cytotoxic T-cell immune responses in BALB/c mice and generated higher protective immunity in a BALB/c mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol infection than did the DNA vaccine with wild-type Ag85B. Therefore, our results suggest that codon optimization of mycobacterial antigens (e.g., Ag85B) could improve protein expression and thereby enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines against M. tuberculosis.     

SmB/B’抗原表位的表达及其免疫原性研究

为了构建SmB/B’抗原表位的真核表达载体 ,通过体内、外进行表达并研究其免疫原性 ,采用异硫氰酸胍一步法提取BALB/c小鼠脾脏总RNA ,通过RT PCR方法克隆了含编码SmB/B’抗原表位的目的DNA ,构建了其真核表达质粒pcDNA3 fSmB/B’ ,体外转染HeLa细胞检测其表达及与抗体结合活性。体内采用基因免疫的方法对其免疫原性进行研究。结果 :成功构建pcDNA3 fSmB/B’真核表达质粒 ,Westernblot显示其在真核细胞内可有效表达且与抗SmB/B’抗体具有结合活性 ,经基因免疫实验组小鼠皆产生抗SmB/B’抗体。构建的SmB/B’抗原表位真核表达载体可在体内、外有效表达 ,且表达的抗原表位具有免疫原性     

Immunogenicity of Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens: implications for the design of a transmission blocking vaccine.

Immunogenicity of sexual stage antigens and boosting of transmission blocking antibodies following a natural infection are two critical factors in the design of an effective, subunit vaccine to block the transmission of malaria from man to mosquito. Immunogenicity and boosting are both T cell-dependent. Antigens, such as the 230-kDa, the 48/45-kDa, and the 40/10-kDa, expressed early in the extracellular forms of the sexual stage of Plasmodium falciparum, have limited immunogenicity in humans and in mice. In contrast, Pfs25, expressed predominantly in zygotes and ookinetes, has widespread immunogenicity in mice. Pfs25 expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus (vSIDK) is also widely immunogenic in mice, and induces transmission blocking antibodies following multiple inoculations with vSIDK. The implications of these immunogenicity data are discussed relative to the design of an effective transmission blocking vaccine.     

Standardizing terms,definitions and concepts for describing and interpreting unwanted immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals: recommendations of the Innovative Medicines Initiative ABIRISK consortium

Biopharmaceuticals (BPs) represent a rapidly growing class of approved and investigational drug therapies that is contributing significantly to advancing treatment in multiple disease areas, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, genetic deficiencies and cancer. Unfortunately, unwanted immunogenic responses to BPs, in particular those affecting clinical safety or efficacy, remain among the most common negative effects associated with this important class of drugs. To manage and reduce risk of unwanted immunogenicity, diverse communities of clinicians, pharmaceutical industry and academic scientists are involved in: interpretation and management of clinical and biological outcomes of BP immunogenicity, improvement of methods for describing, predicting and mitigating immunogenicity risk and elucidation of underlying causes. Collaboration and alignment of efforts across these communities is made difficult due to lack of agreement on concepts, practices and standardized terms and definitions related to immunogenicity. The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI; www.imi-europe.org ), ABIRISK consortium [Anti‐Biopharmaceutical (BP) Immunization Prediction and Clinical Relevance to Reduce the Risk; www.abirisk.eu ] was formed by leading clinicians, academic scientists and EFPIA (European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations) members to elucidate underlying causes, improve methods for immunogenicity prediction and mitigation and establish common definitions around terms and concepts related to immunogenicity. These efforts are expected to facilitate broader collaborations and lead to new guidelines for managing immunogenicity. To support alignment, an overview of concepts behind the set of key terms and definitions adopted to date by ABIRISK is provided herein along with a link to access and download the ABIRISK terms and definitions and provide comments ( http://www.abirisk.eu/index_t_and_d.asp ).     

Overview of cell-based tools for pre-clinical assessment of immunogenicity of biotherapeutics

With the increasing number of biotherapeutic drugs entering clinical trials, drug-induced immunogenicity becomes more and more a topic in immunotoxicology of drug development. Immunogenicity relies on the induction or presence of antibodies recognizing a biotherapeutic protein after its administration. Anti-drug antibodies (ADA) that may either bind to a protein drug and/ or neutralize its potency may modulate the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins or evoke adverse events, ranging from hypersensitivity to autoimmune reactions. Screening for binding and neutralizing ADA is integral part of the monitoring program of biotherapeutics in clinical studies. In light of the availability of powerful in silico and in vitro tools for immunogenicity risk assessment, de-risking possibilities during pre-clinical development have become worth being considered. This review, which summarizes a presentation from the Conference on Immunogenicity for Biologics, gives an overview on novel cell-based approaches in immunogenicity risk assessment in the lead optimization phase of biotherapeutics. In particular, a strategy combining a human dendritic cell and a mass spectrometry analysis is compared with in silico algorithms as to its suitability to identify T-cell epitopes conferring immunogenicity. Moreover, the possibility of utilizing T-cell activation assays to rank lead candidates according to their immunogenicity potential is discussed. Finally, a strategy is outlined as to how the results of cell-based risk assessment tools can be exploited to reduce the immunogenicity of biotherapeutic proteins in the future.     

Chitosan as an adjuvant for poliovaccine

The use of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine is very important for eradicating poliomyelitis. However, this vaccine is not available readily in underdeveloped countries due to the high cost. Adjuvants can improve the immunogenicity of a vaccine and reduce the antigen dose required for vaccination, thus lowering the cost of the vaccine. Chitosan glutamate solution and a chitosan sulfate micro/nanoparticle suspension were tested as adjuvants for Imovax-inactivated poliovaccine and for inactivated monovalent poliovirus type 1, 2, and 3 vaccines obtained by inactivation of the attenuated Sabin poliovirus strains. Inactivated vaccines admixed with either chitosan glutamate or chitosan sulfate micro/nanoparticles and administered to mice showed significantly enhanced immunogenicity to poliovirus type 1, 2, and 3 strains compared to the respective vaccines administered without chitosan. Chitosan preparations increased the immunogenicity of 1:2 and 1:4 diluted inactivated Sabin strain preparations in mice 8- to 16-fold, so that the neutralizing antibody titers after vaccination with adjuvanted diluted vaccine were equal to those obtained after vaccination with undiluted vaccine administered without chitosan. Neutralizing antibodies could be detected in sera of rats vaccinated with undiluted, 1:10, and 1:100 diluted Imovax vaccine admixed with chitosan sulfate micro/nanoparticles, although in the control group, vaccination only with the undiluted vaccine resulted in antibody production. These results show that the chitosan glutamate solution and chitosan sulfate micro/nanoparticle suspension can significantly improve the immunogenicity of various poliovaccines, and reduce the effective antigen dose.