链霉菌抗生素生物合成的基因调控

链霉菌中抗生素生物合成受到许多调控基因的调控,它们通过途径特异性调控方式、全局性调控以及双组分调控方式对基因表达进行调控.概述这些调控基因将有利于改良抗生素生产菌株及新型抗生素的研究,并为改造链霉菌抗生素生物合成相关基因、提高产量提供理论依据.本文归纳了国内外链霉菌抗生素生物合成基因簇各调控基因及其研究进展.     

玫瑰孢链霉菌基因组挖掘研究进展

玫瑰孢链霉菌是重要抗生素达托霉素的产生菌。基因组挖掘发现该菌具有丰富的次级代谢产物合成潜力,激活沉默次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇,发现了10多种具有多种生物活性的次级代谢产物。本文回顾了玫瑰孢链霉菌次级代谢产物的研究进展,以及激活这些沉默生物合成基因簇的研究策略。这些研究为其他链霉菌基因组挖掘提供了有效的思路和方法学参考。     

宁夏枸杞根际土壤链霉菌V-1-3次级代谢产物分析

摘要：目的 获得链霉菌V-1-3的基因组序列信息,分析其次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇并预测其代谢产物,为发现潜在新抗生素奠定基础。方法 基于16S rRNA基因序列进行菌株属水平鉴定,利用Illumina HiSeq+PacBio测序技术对菌株V-1-3进行基因组测序,采用antiSMASH(v6.0.1)在线工具分析次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇,液-质联用技术检测产生的次级代谢产物。结果 链霉菌V-1-3基因组序列全长8 243 417 bp,平均(G+C)含量为72.14 %,共编码7578个基因,预测到33个生物合成基因簇,利用液-质联用检测到4个代谢物：oxalomycin B、geosmin、coelichelin和ishigamide。结论 来自盐碱地的链霉菌V-1-3具有丰富的次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇,能产生多种次级代谢产物,具有进一步发掘新抗生素的价值。     

深海链霉菌Streptomyces somaliensis SCSIO ZH66ptm生物合成基因簇中orf7功能的探究

目的 探究深海链霉菌Streptomyces somaliensis SCSIO ZH66中编码多环特特拉姆酸大环内酰胺(polycyclic tetramate macrolactams,PTMs)类化合物 somamycin A～D 的生物合成基因簇ptm中orf7对该基因簇编码产物的影响.方法 采用PCR-tar...     

通过阻断GntR家族调控基因ygrA挖掘海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp. OUC6819中抗MDR菌活性次级代谢产物

激活南海红树林来源链霉菌Streptomyces sp.OUC6819菌株中不表达或表达量低的隐性生物合成基因簇,挖掘具有优良多重耐药菌（MDR）抗菌活性的次级代谢产物。方法 通过生物信息学分析推测Streptomyces sp.OUC6819基因组中可能的GntR家族调控子,采用PCR-targeting策略敲除其中的ygrA基因,HPLC分析突变株和野生株的发酵产物的差异,并比较粗提物对5株MDR菌抑制活性。结果 HPLC分析结果表明与野生株相比,突变株中化合物1和化合物2产量分别产量提高了9倍和7倍;突变株发酵液粗提物对其中3株MDR菌抑制活性较野生株明显提高。结论 通过阻断GntR家族调控子ygrA激活了Streptomyces sp.OUC6819菌株中具有抗MDR菌活性次级代谢产物合成基因簇的表达,为从中发掘新的抗MDR菌抗生素奠定了必要基础;同时,将为其他海洋链霉菌中隐性基因簇的激活提供重要参考。     

雷帕链霉菌次级代谢产物及其生物合成的研究进展

摘要：雷帕链霉菌(Streptomyces rapamycinicus)是一种重要的工业菌株,主要用于生产新型大环内酯类抗生素——雷帕霉 素。该抗生素具有抗真菌、抗肿瘤、免疫抑制和抗衰老等众多生物活性,临床上主要用作器官移植的免疫抑制剂以及抗肿瘤药 物。全基因组测序表明,雷帕链霉菌野生型菌株NRRL5491基因组全长12.7Mb,编码多达48个次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇(共 长达3Mb),证明其具备强大的次级代谢潜力。除雷帕霉素以外,至今已有多种活性天然产物被鉴定,包括放线菌酸、尼日利亚 菌素、洋橄榄叶素、安莎类抗生素和六烯类抗生素等,相关合成基因簇及其生物合成途径已被解析。本文将就雷帕链霉菌中各 种次级代谢产物的生物学功能、生物合成基因簇及其生物合成过程等研究进展进行总结梳理,并就如何更好挖掘雷帕链霉菌中 的活性天然产物进行简单展望与讨论。     

Streptomyces albireticuli和Streptomyces albofavus次生代谢产物的研究进展

链霉菌是抗生素研发的重要源泉,其种类繁多并且代谢产物活性广泛。目前发现的1000多种微生物生物活性物质中,由链霉菌属所产生的次生代谢产物中得到的抑菌活性物质约占2/3。白网链霉菌Streptomyces albireticuli MDJK11和白黄链霉菌Streptomyces albofavus MDJK44是从牡丹根际土壤中分离得到两株潜在的植物根际促生菌,全基因组测序结合生物信息学分析两株链霉菌具有丰富新颖的次生代谢生物合成基因簇,为深入研究两者的次生代谢产物,本文对Streptomyces albireticuli和Streptomyces albofavus链霉菌中已分离和基于基因组信息预测的次生代谢产物结构类型及生物活性进行综述,旨在为进一步开发两类微生物提供参考。     

重组工程法构建德胺糖生物合成基因簇的表达载体

德胺糖(desosamine)是次级代谢产物来源的微生物药物中的一个重要的糖基团。为构建德胺糖生物合成基因簇的异源表达体系,本研究运用重组工程技术一步法从黏粒中克隆了德胺糖的生物合成基因簇的两个转录单元,重组效率高达100%。本方法避免了常规克隆手段的烦琐、耗时、针对长DNA片段的PCR易发生碱基突变等缺点。进一步,将两个转录单元分别置于来源于天蓝色链霉菌的pacI/pactIII双向启动子的控制下并克隆至链霉菌的游离型和整合型表达载体上。本工作为探索德胺糖生物合成基因簇在异源宿主菌中表达、德胺糖与多种糖苷底物偶联以创制新化合物奠定了基础。     

利福平诱导rpoB基因突变活化变青链霉菌66合成放线紫红素

变青链霉菌拥有完整的放线紫红素生物合成基因簇 ,但它通常并不合成这一抗生素。引入特定的rpoB基因 ,不仅产生了对利福平的抗性 ,同时活化了放线紫红素的合成 ,表明由该基因编码的RNA聚合酶 β亚基因在抗生素的生物合成调控中起十分重要的作用。DNA顺序分析揭示出在rpoB基因上的四种不同突变类型 ,均不同程度地活化变青链霉菌合成放线紫红素 ,表明利福平具有与链霉素类似的功能 ,即活化或加强链霉菌合成抗生素或酶的水平。     

海洋链霉菌OUCMDZ-3434 wailupemycins生物合成基因簇中调控基因功能研究

目的 对海洋链霉菌Streptomyces sp.OUCMDZ-3434中聚酮类化合物wailupemycins生物合成基因簇wal中调控基因walC与walV进行功能探究.方法 通过生物信息学手段对walC和walV功能进行分析,采用PCR-targeting策略分别阻断walC和walV基因,高效液相色谱法(HPL...     

链霉菌沉默生物合成基因簇调控的研究进展

本文以天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces     

玫瑰孢链霉菌基因组挖掘研究进展

Streptomyces roseosporus is an important industrial producer of the first line antibiotic daptomycin. Genome mining has revealed a large cryptic secondary metabolism gene clusters. Several activation strategies have been applied to this strain and allowed the identification of over 10 secondary metabolites. This paper focuses on recent advances in the strategies for activating cryptic gene cluster in S. roseosporus by genomics     

Partial activation of a silent angucycline-type gene cluster from a rubromycin beta producing Streptomyces sp. PGA64

In the course of DNA-fingerprinting our strain collection for antibiotic biosynthesis genes, two different type II polyketide synthase (PKS) gene clusters were observed from Streptomyces sp. PGA64. Phylogenetic analysis placed these together with known rubromycin and angucycline biosynthetic gene clusters. The host strain itself has a very clean production profile of secondary metabolites, which composes mainly of rubromycin beta under typical fermentation conditions. Sequencing of a 16.5 kb fragment from the putative angucycline cluster revealed eight genes that were homologous to typical type II PKS genes responsible for synthesizing aromatic polyketides. These genes were especially similar to genes from known angucycline biosynthetic gene clusters and also synteny to these clusters was observed. In addition, three genes were recognized that are needed for priming the minimal PKS complex before polyketide synthesis can initiate, but which are not normally found to cluster with antibiotic biosynthesis genes. A putative repressor gene that was dissimilar to repressor genes found from well-characterized antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters was also discovered. Gene disruption of the repressor resulted in partial activation of the cluster and production of two angucycline metabolites, UWM6 and rabelomycin. The results confirm that the DNA-fingerprinting method we have developed can be used to correctly detect compounds that are not visible in chemical screens.     

Combinatorial biosynthesis, metabolic engineering and mutasynthesis for the generation of new aminocoumarin antibiotics

The aminocoumarin antibiotics novobiocin, clorobiocin and coumermycin A1 are produced by different Streptomyces strains. They are potent inhibitors of bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV, and novobiocin has been licensed as antibiotic for clinical use (Albamycin). They also have potential applications in oncology. The biosynthetic gene clusters of all three antibiotics have been cloned and sequenced, and the function of nearly all genes contained therein has been elucidated. Rapid and versatile methods have been developed for the heterologous expression of these biosynthetic gene clusters, and in Streptomyces coelicolor M512 as heterologous host these antibiotics were produced in yields comparable to those in the natural producer strains. lambda RED-mediated homologous recombination was used for genetic modification of the gene clusters in Escherichia coli. The phage PhiC31 attachment site and integrase functions were introduced into the cosmid backbones and employed for stable integration of the clusters into the genome of the heterologous hosts. Modification of the clusters by single or multiple gene replacements or gene deletions resulted in the formation of numerous new aminocoumarin derivatives, providing an efficient tool for the rational generation of antibiotics with modified structure. Additionally, many new antibiotics were generated by mutasynthesis experiments, i.e. the targeted deletion of genes required for the biosynthesis of a certain structural moiety of the antibiotic, and the replacement of this moiety by structural analogs which were added to the culture broth. The diversity of new structures obtained by this approach could be expanded by further genetic modifications of the gene deletion mutants, especially by expression of heterologous biosynthetic enzymes with appropriate substrate specificity.     

Isolation and identification of three new 5-alkenyl-3,3(2H)-furanones from two streptomyces species using a genomic screening approach

Analyses of biosynthetic gene clusters derived from Streptomyces aculeolatus NRRL 18422 and Streptomyces sp. Eco86 indicated that both microorganisms have similar type I polyketide synthase (PKS) gene clusters with relatively few genes encoding post-PKS elaborative enzymes. However both gene clusters included a sequence coding for a relatively uncommon oxidative enzyme related to Baeyer-Villiger, flavin-type monooxygenases. Screening of culture extracts for compounds with the predicted physicochemical properties of the end products from these loci, led to the isolation of three 5-alkenyl-3,3(2H)-furanones, one (E-837, 1) from the former and two (E-492, 2, E-975, 3) from the latter strain. The structures, confirmed by spectral analyses including MS, and ID and 2D NMR experiments, were in accord with those predicted by genomic analyses. Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation is postulated to be involved in the formation of the furanone moieties in these molecules. All three new compounds were tested for their electron transport inhibitory activities. They had IC50 values of 1-4 microg/ml against Ascaris suum NADH-fumarate reductase and 1-12 microg/ml against bovine heart NADH oxidase.     

Plasticity of the streptomyces genome-evolution and engineering of new antibiotics

Streptomyces is a genus of soil dwelling bacteria with the ability to produce natural products that have found widespread use in medicine. Annotation of Streptomyces genome sequences has revealed far more biosynthetic gene clusters than previously imagined, offering exciting possibilities for future combinatorial biosynthesis. Experiments to manipulate modular biosynthetic clusters to create novel chemistries often result in no detectable product or product yield is extremely low. Understanding the coupling between components in these hybrid enzymes will be crucial for efficient synthesis of new compounds. We are using new algebraic approaches to predict protein properties, and homologous recombination to exploit natural evolutionary constraints to generate novel functional enzymes. The methods and techniques developed could easily be adapted to study modular, multi-interacting complex systems where appreciable biochemical and comparative sequence data are available, for example, clinically significant non-ribosomally synthesised peptides and polyketides.     

锡林郭勒盟高原盐湖放线菌资源勘探及抗菌活性筛选

摘要：目的 探究锡林郭勒盟高原盐湖放线菌的多样性、新颖性及抗菌活性,为新型抗菌活性产物的发掘储备菌种资源。方 法 采用20种分离培养基,以平板涂布法分离放线菌;依据16S rRNA基因的同源性对菌株进行分子鉴定;PCR检测代表菌株的I型聚 酮合酶(PKS I)、II型聚酮合酶(PKS II)和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)功能基因;菌株的发酵液上清和菌体分别经乙酸乙酯和丙酮提取, 提取样品经纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性检测。目标菌株合成次级代谢产物的能力通过antiSMASH对基因组序列进行分析预测。结果 从 7份盐湖土壤样品中分离获得了365株放线菌,其分布于放线菌纲的8个目15个科28个属,优势菌属为链霉菌属和拟诺卡菌属。分离获 得的链霉菌新颖性突出,13株链霉菌与近缘菌株16S rRNA基因的最高相似度≤98.0%,推测其归属于10个链霉菌属新种。受试放线菌 对革兰阳性菌的抗菌活性显著,并从中筛选出3株抗菌作用强且抗菌谱较广的链霉菌;20株受试放线菌同时含有3种抗生素生物合成基 因。菌株XMNu-295基因组含有24个潜在的次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇,以聚酮类、非核糖体多肽类和萜烯类等为主。结论 锡林 郭勒盟高原盐湖中可培养放线菌多样性较为丰富,新颖性突出,目标菌株值得进一步开展次级代谢产物的化学研究。