Prevalence and impact of metabolic syndrome in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome

Background and aimsMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in patients initially free from these diseases. However, its prognostic value in patients with established coronary artery diseases remains controversial. Therefore, we aimed to illustrate the prevalence and investigate the impact of MetS in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and resultsThis was a large registry of consecutive patients with ACS referred to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those with MVD were eligible for this analysis. MetS was defined based on modified Adult Treatment Panel III definition. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction and stroke. A total of 2532 patients were included in the current analysis and 993 (39.2%) of them had MetS. The prevalence of MetS increased from 2010 to 2016 (p _{for trend} = 0.005). In patients over 60 years old, the prevalence of MetS decreased with aging (p _{for trend} = 0.002). Female subjects had a higher prevalence than their male counterparts (61.5% verse 32.9% and p < 0.001). Over a median follow-up of 2.3 years, MetS was not significantly associated with MACE (adjusted 95% CI from 0.92 to 1.54).ConclusionMetS was frequently observed in patients with MVD and ACS. Patients with MetS were more likely to be young and female. However, it was not an independent predictor for MACE after primary PCI in those patients.     

In unstable angina or non-ST-segment acute coronary syndrome, should patients with multivessel coronary artery disease undergo multivessel or culprit-only stenting?

OBJECTIVES: We examined the safety and efficacy of nonculprit multivessel compared with culprit-only stenting in patients with multivessel disease presenting with unstable angina or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes [NSTE-ACS]). BACKGROUND: In patients presenting with NSTE-ACS, multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with adverse outcome. METHODS: Patients with multivessel CAD and NSTE-ACS that underwent percutaneous coronary intervention were included. The culprit lesion was defined by reviewing each patient's angiographic report, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and, if available, nuclear stress test. All patients had at least 2 vessels with > or =50% stenosis, and the angiographic severity of CAD was assessed using the Duke Prognostic Angiographic Score. Patients with coronary bypass grafts, chronic total occlusions, and those with uncertain culprit lesions were excluded. Our end point was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, or any target vessel revascularization. RESULTS: From January 1995 to June 2005, 1,240 patients with ACS and multivessel CAD underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with bare-metal stenting and met our study criteria. Of these, 479 underwent multivessel and 761 underwent culprit-only stenting. There were 442 events during a median follow-up of 2.3 years. Multivessel intervention was associated with lower death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization after both adjusting for baseline and angiographic characteristics (hazard ratio 0.80; 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.99; p = 0.04) and propensity matched analysis (hazard ratio 0.67; 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 0.88; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with multivessel CAD presenting with NSTE-ACS, multivessel intervention was significantly associated with a lower revascularization rate, which translated to a lower incidence of the composite end point compared with culprit-only stenting.     

Kounis syndrome and simultaneous multivessel acute coronary syndromes after successful drug-eluting stent implantation

The success of ICA to separate the independent components from the mixture depends on the properties of the electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. This paper discusses some of the conditions of independent component analysis (ICA) that could affect the reliability of the separation and evaluation of issues related to the properties of the signals and number of sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) scatter plots are plotted to indicate the diagnostic features in the presence and absence of base-line wander in interpreting the ECG signals. In this analysis, a newly developed statistical algorithm by authors, based on the use of combined PCA–ICA for two correlated channels of 12-channel ECG data is proposed. ICA technique has been successfully implemented in identifying and removal of noise and artifacts from ECG signals. Cleaned ECG signals are obtained using statistical measures like kurtosis and variance of variance after ICA processing. This analysis also paper deals with the detection of QRS complexes in electrocardiograms using combined PCA–ICA algorithm. The efficacy of the combined PCA–ICA algorithm lies in the fact that the location of the R-peaks is bounded from above and below by the location of the cross-over points, hence none of the peaks are ignored or missed.     

不同抗血小板治疗方案对急性冠脉综合征冠脉多支病变行PCI术治疗效果的随访观察

目的 探讨三种抗血小板治疗方案对急性冠脉综合征冠脉多支病变行PCI术治疗的有效性及安全性。方法 选取急性冠脉综合征多支病变且行PCI术患者215例为研究对象,并根据不同的治疗方案将患者分为氯吡格雷高剂量组(试验A组,n=38,术前顿服300 mg,术后每次150 mg,每日1次),替格瑞洛组(试验B组,n=78,术前顿服180 mg,术后每次90 mg,每日2次)和氯吡格雷普通剂量组(对照组,n=99,术前300 mg顿服,术后每次75 mg,每日1次)。术后均对患者随访12个月,比较三组患者基本临床资料、冠脉病变特征、药物使用情况、CYP2C19 基因多态性及12个月内主要不良心血管事件、不良反应发生。结果 三组患者基本临床资料、冠脉病变特征、药物使用情况比较未见统计学差异(P>0.05),具有可比性。试验组中CYP2C19基因型为中慢代谢型的患者的比例明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验B组患者随访期间(12个月内)MACE发生率显著低于对照组(7.7%比25.3%),且低于试验A组(7.7%比21.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);呼吸困难发生率、出血事件及总不良反应发生率三组比较未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 替格瑞洛较两种剂量氯吡格雷对急性冠脉综合征冠脉多支病变行PCI术患者具有良好的有效性及安全性。     

Association between abdominal fat distribution and coronary plaque instability in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Background and aimsThis study aimed to assess possible association of detailed abdominal fat profiles with coronary plaque characteristics in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and resultsIn 60 patients with ACS, culprit arteries were evaluated at 1-mm intervals (length analyzed: 66 ± 28 mm) by grayscale and integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound (IB-IVUS) before percutaneous coronary intervention. Standard IVUS indexes (as a volume index: volume/length), plaque components (as percent tissue volume) and fibrous cap thickness (FCT) were assessed by IB-IVUS. Plain abdominal computed tomography was performed to evaluate subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) area, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area, and VAT/SAT ratio. While SAT area only correlated with vessel volume (r = 0.27, p = 0.04), VAT area correlated positively with vessel (r = 0.30, p = 0.02) and plaque (r = 0.33, p = 0.01) volumes and negatively with FCT (r = −0.26, p = 0.049), but not with percent plaque volume and plaque tissue components. In contrast, higher VAT/SAT ratio significantly correlated with higher percent lipid (r = 0.34, p = 0.008) and lower percent fibrous (r = −0.34, p = 0.007) volumes with a trend toward larger percent plaque volume (r = 0.19, p = 0.15), as well as thinner FCT (r = −0.53, p < 0.0001). In the multiple regression analysis, higher VAT/SAT ratio was independently associated with higher percent lipid with lower percent fibrous volumes (p = 0.03 for both) and thinner fibrous cap thickness (p = 0.0001).ConclusionCoronary plaque vulnerability, defined as increased lipid content with thinner fibrous cap thickness, appears to be more related to abnormal abdominal fat distribution, or so-called hidden obesity, compared with visceral or subcutaneous fat amount alone in patients with ACS.     

不同血运重建策略对老年非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征合并多支血管病变患者预后的影响

目的比较一次与分次经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗完全血运重建对高龄非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)合并多支血管病变(MVD)患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析陕西省第四人民医院心血管内科2016年6月至2017年1月住院治疗的高龄NSTE-ACS合并MVD患者110例,其中男性67例,女性43例,年龄(63.1±8.5)岁。根据完全血运重建策略不同分为一次PCI组(n=48)和分次PCI组(n=62),比较两组患者PCI治疗、住院期间主要并发症和院内主要不良心血管事件(MACEs)发生率。术后对患者随访6个月,比较两组心功能、心绞痛症状改善情况和MACEs发生率。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对数据进行分析。组间比较采用t检验或x~2检验。结果患者术前左室射血分数(LVEF)和院内全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。分次PCI组单次造影剂用量明显低于一次PCI组[(180.0±60.0)vs(230.0±70.0)ml,P=0.04],院内MACEs和住院期间主要并发症较一次次PCI组显著降低[1.6%(1/62)vs 10.4%(5/48),P=0.04;4.8%(3/62)vs 18.8%(9/48),P=0.02]。随访6个月结果表明分次PCI组较一次PCI组MACEs发生率降低[4.9%(3/61》)vs 17.4%(8/46),P=0.03]。结论分次PCI完全血运重建安全有效,可能是高龄NSTE-ACS合并MVD患者优先选用的介入治疗策略。     

Multivessel vs single-vessel revascularization in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and multivessel disease in the drug-eluting stent era

Background:

We sought to compare long‐term outcomes for multivessel revascularization (MVR) vs single‐vessel revascularization (SVR) with drug‐eluting stents (DES) in patients with non–ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE‐ACS) and multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD).

Hypothesis:

In DES era, MVR would improve long‐term clinical outcomes in patients with NSTE‐ACS.

Methods:

We studied 179 patients undergoing MVR and 187 patients undergoing SVR for NSTE‐ACS and MVD. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as death, myocardial infarction, or any revascularization.

Results:

During follow‐up (median 36 months), MACE occurred in 96 patients (26.2%); 35 (19.6%) in the MVR group and 61 (32.6%) in the SVR group (P = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, MVR was associated with a lower incidence of MACE (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30–0.85) and revascularization (HR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24–0.78), but not of death (HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.25–1.93) and myocardial infarction (HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.11–1.47). The incidence of periprocedural renal dysfunction was not significantly different between patients undergoing MVR vs SVR (3.4% vs 1.6%, P = 0.33). Definite or probable stent thrombosis occurred at a similar rate (2.2% in the MVR group and 2.7% in the SVR group, P = 0.99).

Conclusions:

In patients with NSTE‐ACS and MVD, MVR using drug‐eluting stents may reduce MACE. Our findings should be confirmed by a prospective, randomized trial. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This work was supported by Sungkyunkwan University Foundation for Corporate Collaboration (2008‐1366‐000) and the IN‐SUNG Foundation for Medical Research, Republic of Korea (CA88161). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.     

Multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel disease and acute myocardial infarction

Background

The optimal percutaneous interventional strategy for dealing with significant non-culprit lesions in patients with multivessel disease (MVD) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at presentation remains controversial.

Methods

A total of 820 patients treated with primary angioplasty for AMI between 1998 and 2002 were classified in groups of patients with single vessel disease (SVD) or MVD (≥70% stenosis of ≥2 coronary arteries). Patients with MVD were subdivided in 3 groups on the basis of the revascularization strategy: 1) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the infarct-related artery (IRA) only; 2) patients undergoing PCI of both the IRA and non-IRA(s) during the initial procedure; and 3) patients undergoing PCI of the IRA followed by staged, in-hospital PCI of the non-IRA(s). Procedural, 30-day, and 1-year outcomes are reported.

Results

At 1 year, compared with patients with SVD, patients with MVD had a higher incidence of re-infarction (5.9% vs 1.6%, P = .003), revascularization (18% vs 9.6%, P <.001), mortality (12% vs 3.2%, P <.001), and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs; 31% vs 13%, P <.001). In patients with MVD, compared with PCI restricted to the IRA only, multivessel PCI was associated with higher rates of re-infarction (13.0% vs 2.8%, P <.001), revascularization (25% vs 15%, P = .007), and MACEs (40% vs 28%, P = .006). Multivessel PCI was an independent predictor of MACEs at 1 year (odds ratio = 1.67, P = .01).

Conclusions

These data suggest that in patients with MVD, PCI should be directed at the IRA only, with decisions about PCI of non-culprit lesions guided by objective evidence of residual ischemia at late follow-up. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.     

急性冠状动脉综合征超高龄伴发多支血管病变患者不同经皮冠状动脉介入治疗策略的疗效对比

目的：对比急性冠脉综合征（ACS）超高龄（>80岁）患者同时伴有多血管病变不同经皮冠脉介入治疗（PCI）策略的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2014年1月-2016年5月收治的102例ACS超高龄患者,均经冠脉造影证实伴有多支血管病变实施PCI,其中仅对罪犯血管实施血运重建56例（A组）,完全实施血运重建46例（B组）。对两组临床特征、对比剂肾病情况及住院时、随访1年时主要不良心血管事件（MACE）（包括心绞痛复发、再次血运重建及全因死亡等）进行统计学比较。结果：B组对比剂肾病发生率为8.7％（4/46）,与A组的14.3％（8/56）比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.146）。B组MACE发生率为8.7％（4/46）,明显低于A组的39.3％（22/56）,其中心绞痛的复发率也低于A组[2.2％（1/46）vs.19.6％（11/56）],差异均有统计学意义（P=0.023、0.040）。结论：针对ACS超高龄患者同时伴有多血管病变时实施PCI完全血运重建的治疗策略是安全有效的。     

Simultaneous multivessel coronary spasm causing acute myocardial infarction: a case report

Spontaneous simultaneous multivessel coronary artery spasm in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is uncommon. A 79-year-old Japanese man was transferred to this hospital because of severe prolonged chest pain and faintness. Left coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of the left anterior descending and the left circumflex coronary arteries. Moreover, right coronary angiography revealed 99% stenosis of the right coronary artery. After intracoronary administration of nicorandil, left coronary artery and right coronary artery angiography revealed no organic stenosis or thrombus. This is the first report in which simultaneous 3-vessel spasm was documented by emergency angiography in AMI.     

Coronary plaque instability in severe acute respiratory syndrome

In his second week of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) illness, a patient developed an unusually complicated course of acute coronary syndrome. One day after initial stabilization of a non-ST-elevated anterior myocardial infarction (MI), he sustained an ST-elevated anterior MI. Eight hours after emergency coronary intervention to the culprit lesion, he developed another ST-elevated MI in the inferior territory. Acute inflammation and cytokine storm in the immunopathological phase of SARS may play a role in coronary plaque instability. Physicians should be alert to this potentially fatal complication and adopt appropriate vigilant and aggressive management strategies.     

Spontaneous multivessel coronary dissection as a cause of acute myocardial infarct--case report]]

The authors describe a case reported in a young female with antecedents of aortic pathology and renovascular hypertension submitted to renal artery surgery admitted to emergency with an extensive acute myocardial infarction, treated with thrombolysis. After coronariography we identify, as etiological factor, a spontaneous coronary dissection involving the descending anterior coronary artery and circumflex coronary artery with no affect on the left main coronary artery. About this case, the authors make a brief review of the literature emphasizing the therapeutic options.     

���Թ�״�����ۺ����ķ�������

近年的研究证明,斑块破裂、血小板聚集及血栓形成是急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的主要发病机制,其中斑块破裂是ACS发生中最重要的始动环节。随着动物实验和临床研究的进一步深入,易损斑块发生、发展的分子生物学机制研究方面已取得很大进展。近年来国内外学者主要应用载脂蛋白E基因缺陷(ApoE-/-)小鼠以及球囊损伤血管内皮加高胆固醇饲养并野生型p53基因转染的新西兰兔作为易损斑块动物模型,进行易损斑块的分子生物学研究,发现炎症反应是动脉粥样硬化(AS)的核心因素。1炎症与斑块易损性在ACS死亡病例尸检中发现冠状动脉斑块中存在泡沫细胞…