Early ultrasonographic evaluation of tumor thrombus level during sunitinib therapy for renal cell carcinoma

A 72-year-old man presenting with a 14-cm left renal mass, an inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus, and pulmonary metastases underwent renal mass biopsy that revealed clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Because of metastases and the extent of the tumor thrombus, sunitinib was administered, which resulted in a marked reduction in the tumor thrombus (from level III to level II after 11 weeks of treatment). Ultrasonography, preceding computed tomography, showed a slight shrinkage of the tumor thrombus level in the first 2 weeks. Therefore, ultrasound may be advantageous to monitor the IVC tumor thrombus level during the early phase of targeted therapy.     

Color flow sonographic mapping of intravascular extension of malignant renal tumors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible role of CDFI in identifying malignant renal tumor thrombus in the renal vein or the IVC. This study involved 24 tumors in 23 patients, including 19 renal cell carcinomas, four Wilms' tumors, and one rhabdoid tumor. CDFI had an overall sensitivity of 95% in predicting combined renal vein and IVC tumor involvement but was more sensitive in the renal vein alone (100%) than in the IVC alone (89%). Specificity of CDFI was nearly equal for both renal vein and IVC thrombus at 85%. The main limitation of CDFI was its inability to predict venous tumor extension in large or bulky tumors. We would recommend CDFI as a method of detecting renal vein or IVC thrombus at the time of initial real-time sonographic detection of tumor. When CT or MR imaging is equivocal, CDFI may be used to predict tumor thrombus in the renal vein or IVC.     

超声及超声造影在肾细胞癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声及超声造影在肾细胞癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓诊断中的价值。 方法回顾性纳入北京大学第三医院2015年1月至2018年5月行手术治疗的肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓患者113例。所有患者均于术前行下腔静脉超声检查，对无法确认瘤栓或者血栓的22例患者行超声造影检查，均取得术后病理结果。以术后病理为"金标准"，将患者分为合并血栓组27例、不合并血栓组86例。对2组患者的临床资料、病理及超声特征进行对比分析，绘制不同参数评估血栓形成的ROC曲线，计算曲线下面积（AUC）。应用四格表计算超声造影诊断下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。 结果合并血栓组较不合并血栓组的瘤栓Mayo分级更高（P=0.011）；肿瘤最大长径更小[（7.42±2.87）cm vs（9.37±2.88）cm，P=0.013]；瘤栓更宽[（25.82±13.79）mm vs（19.79±10.73）mm，P=0.019]；残余管腔未见血流信号者更多[（19/27，70.4%）vs（37/86，43.0%），P=0.016]；肾肿瘤未见无回声坏死区者更多[（17/27，63.0%）vs（34/86，39.5%），P=0.046]；瘤栓肾静脉入口处前后径更大[（26.90±8.12）mm vs （20.59±6.87）mm，P<0.001]；腔静脉节段性切除比例更高[（12/27，44.4%） vs （9/86，10.5%），P<0.001]。绘制肿瘤最大长径评估血栓形成的ROC曲线，得出AUC为0.668（P=0.006），最佳截断值为<6.90 cm；瘤栓宽度评估血栓形成的AUC为0.669（P=0.016），最佳截断值为>24.6 mm；瘤栓肾静脉汇入下腔静脉入口处前后径评估血栓形成的AUC为0.766（P<0.001），最佳截断值为>23.6 mm。超声造影诊断下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为71.4%、93.3%、86.3%、83.3%及87.5%。 结论肿瘤越小、瘤栓越宽越容易形成血栓；超声造影可提高下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓的诊断效能，但仅依据栓子是否增强鉴别血栓和瘤栓可能存在偏差。     

CT appearance of calcified tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava

We report the unusual occurrence of calcined tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava (IVC) in a patient with renal cell carcinoma diagnosed by computed tomography (CT).     

Transthoracic echo: A sensitive tool for detecting cardiac extension of renal cell carcinoma?

Renal cell carcinoma is a common urological malignancy with the unique ability to invade the inferior vena cava (IVC) and to extend into the right atrium of the heart. Of those with Renal cell carcinoma only 4%-25% are found to have IVC invasion and of those only 2%-10% extend into the right atrium. If treated surgically, extension of tumor thrombus is not a determinant of survival; therefore it is imperative to determine the presence and extent of tumor thrombus in order to determine surgical approach and tumor resection. To date this has been primarily accomplished by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. We present a case of 61 years old African American woman in which transthoracic echocardiography provided a more accurate determination/characterization of the presence and degree of tumor thrombus and extension.     

多排螺旋CT多期增强扫描对肾癌肾静脉瘤栓的诊断价值

目的 评价多排螺旋CT多期增强扫描在肾癌肾静脉瘤栓诊断中的价值.方法 22例经手术病理证实的肾癌患者,均于术前行多排螺旋CT增强扫描,观察肾静脉内和下腔静脉内有无瘤栓及瘤栓的范围,并与手术结果进行对照.评价CT对肾静脉和下腔静脉的显示情况.结果 22例患者,均为单侧肾癌.手术病理共发现22处肾静脉瘤栓和8例下腔静脉内瘤栓.CT对肾癌瘤栓的检出率为100%.CT诊断22支肾静脉内有瘤栓,8支下腔静脉内有瘤栓.结论 多排螺旋CT增强扫描对肾癌瘤栓的诊断具有较高的临床价值.     

手术治疗肾癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓

目的评价手术治疗肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓的疗效。方法回顾分析38例经手术治疗的肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓患者的临床资料。结果 38例患者中,男28例,女10例,平均年龄56岁;右肾癌伴腔静脉瘤栓31例,左肾癌伴腔静脉瘤栓7例;Ⅰ级瘤栓8例,Ⅱ级24例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例。所有患者均行肾癌根治切除及取瘤栓术,其中35例下腔静脉阻断下切除下腔静脉瘤栓,3例瘤栓达右心房,在体外循环腔静脉心房分流下取瘤栓。围手术期无死亡病例。随访6～114个月,平均41个月,21例无瘤生存（55.2%）,2例复发转移带瘤生存（5.2%）,13例肿瘤转移死亡（34.2%）,2例失访。结论没有转移的肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉瘤栓如能完整切除,并非手术禁忌和愈后不良的因素。     

Tumor extending through inferior vena cava into the right atrium. A late recurrence of renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is a tumor with a distinct feature; it can invade through renal vein to the inferior vena cava (IVC) and growths intravascularly extending sometimes into the right cardiac chambers. Previous reports of renal cancer with extension to the right atrium at the time of diagnosis have been published. We present the case of a patient with a right atrial mass arising from the IVC found by echocardiography, which was subsequently proved to be a recurrence of renal cell carcinoma 5 years after radical nephrectomy.     

肾癌并肝下型下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗并文献复习

目的探讨肾细胞癌并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析6例经手术及病理证实的肾细胞癌并肝下型下腔静脉癌栓患者的临床资料,所有病例均行根治性肾切除并癌栓切除术,分别采用下腔静脉切开、下腔静脉部分切除和节段性下腔静脉切除三种方法取出癌栓。结果 6例手术均获成功,无大出血、肺梗塞等并发症,术后患者恢复良好。其中2例分别于术后38个月和76个月死亡,3例仍健在,平均存活时间为54个月,1例术后18个月后失访。结论右肾癌并下腔静脉癌栓患者下腔静脉节段性切除能够安全地进行,根治性肾切除并癌栓切除术能够使患者获得长期存活。     

Venous spread of renal cell carcinoma: MDCT

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to present multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings in venous spread of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), to determine the superior extent of tumor thrombus and to compare MDCT findings with surgical report. METHODS: The prospective MDCT study was performed on 31 patients diagnosed with RCC with venous spread (19 males and 12 females; age range 39-80 years; mean age 62.6 years). CT scans were obtained by MDCT scanner, in triphasic scanning protocol. All postprocessing techniques were performed by two independent radiologists, and the findings were reported in their consensus. MDCT diagnosis was compared with surgical and pathohistological findings. RESULTS: Tumor thrombus extension into renal vein only (T3b stage) was found in 13/31 (42%) patients. Involvement of infradiaphragmatic level of inferior vena cava (IVC) (T3c stage) was found in 14/31 (45%) patients and supradiaphragmatic level of IVC (T4b stage) in 4/31 (13%) patients. In 27/31 (87%) patients surgery was performed, while 4/31 (13%) could not undergo surgery. In comparison with surgical report, in 25/27 (93%) operated patients the upper extent of the tumor thrombus was correctly diagnosed by MDCT, and 2/27 (7%) patients were falsely diagnosed. CONCLUSION: MDCT represents a fast, relatively inexpensive, and reliable diagnostic method for evaluating the venous spread of RCC as well as the level of its upper extent. Triphasic MDCT is often the only diagnostic method necessary for planning the surgical procedure. Surgery should be performed as soon as possible for MDCT findings to be valid.     

Renal angiomyolipoma with coexistent hemorrhagic aneurysm formation and fatty thrombus in inferior vena cava: a rare presentation

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is known as the most common benign mesenchymal tumor of kidney. Usually AMLs present as benign lesions without local invasion or complication. However, few cases of renal AML have been reported with complications such as tumor thrombus extension into inferior vena cava (IVC) or hemorrhagic aneurysm formation. We report a complicated case of renal AML with CT and angiography evidence of hemorrhagic aneurysm formation and IVC thrombus, treated by a combination of selective arterial embolization, radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware that AMLs could have such aggressive behaviors.     

术前及术中超声造影对下腔静脉癌栓是否合并血栓的诊断价值

目的探讨术前及术中超声造影对下腔静脉癌栓是否合并血栓的诊断价值。 方法选取2017年10月至2019年3月解放军总医院收治的发现肾肿瘤伴下腔静脉癌栓并行腹腔镜手术治疗的患者60例，所有患者均于术前及术中行超声造影检查，以典型增强模式判断癌栓是否合并血栓，并最终取得术后病理结果。以术后病理结果为"金标准"，计算术前及术中超声造影评估癌栓合并血栓的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。 结果60例下腔静脉癌栓患者均接受了机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性肾切除联合下腔静脉内癌栓切除术。根据病理结果，下腔静脉癌栓合并血栓者10例（16.7%），其中术前超声造影漏诊2例，另有2例癌栓头部坏死组织被术前及术中超声造影误诊为血栓。术前与术中超声造影评估癌栓合并血栓的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为80.0%、96.0%、93.3%、80.0%、96.0%和100.0%、96.0%、96.7%、83.3%、100.0%。 结论术前及术中超声造影对下腔静脉癌栓是否合并血栓有较好的鉴别诊断效能，可为手术方式的选择提供重要信息和依据，具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Portal venous tumor thrombus associated with hepatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma: case report

We report a case of liver metastasis of renal cell carcinoma with portal venous tumor thrombus. Abdominal computed tomographic images showed a large hepatic mass that enhanced slightly during arterial phase. Multiple hypoattenuating lesions were seen in the intrahepatic portal venous branches and were traced directly from the mass. The histologic specimen confirmed metastatic liver tumor of renal cell carcinoma with portal venous tumor thrombus.     

Surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombosis in inferior vena cava: A case report

BACKGROUNDHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied by a tumor thrombus is very common. However, the treatment strategy is controversial and varies by the location of the thrombus.CASE SUMMARYWe report herein a case of HCC with a tumor thrombus in the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC), which was successfully treated by hepatectomy combined with thrombectomy following sorafenib chemotherapy. A 47-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis was diagnosed with HCC. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed that the tumor lesion was located in the right half of the liver, and a tumor thrombus was detected in the suprahepatic IVC near the right atrium. After multi-departmental discussion and patient informed consent, right major hepatectomy and total removal of the tumor thrombus were successfully performed under cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no serious complications after surgery. Following sorafenib treatment, no recurrence has been detected so far (11 mo later).CONCLUSIONSurgical treatment followed by adjuvant sorafenib therapy might be an acceptable choice for HCC patients with tumor thrombosis in the IVC.     

肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓27例围术期护理

目的:探讨肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者围术期的护理方法.方法:对27例肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者做好术前、术中及术后护理.结果:本组痊愈出院26例,死亡1例.结论:对肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者进行完善的围术期护理,可提高手术成功率,降低并发症的发生,改善患者生存质量.     

肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓的围手术期护理

目的探讨肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓患者围手术期的护理方案。方法回顾性分析26例经手术治疗的肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓患者的临床资料,以及术前、术后的护理方式和技巧。其中男17例,女9例,中位年龄46岁;右侧12例,左侧14例;Ⅰ级瘤栓6例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级3例。结果制定严密的护理计划,对肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓围术期患者采取一系列的护理干预措施,严密观察病情,并积极应对,24例患者均无明显并发症。结论对肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓患者围手术期采取积极有效的护弹干预措施,可降低围手术期并发痒的发生率,促讲术后恢复。     

Venous invasion in renal vein leiomyosarcoma: case report and review of the literature

Tumors arising from veins are rare, usually present with nonspecific clinical and imaging findings and almost universally show histology of leiomyosarcoma. This twentieth reported case of primary renal vein leiomyosarcoma demonstrates invasion of the renal vein with endoluminal propagation of tumor into the infrahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC), an unreported manifestation. The combination of CT, ultrasound, and angiographic studies allowed differentiation from renal cell carcinoma by suggesting a tumor arising from the renal vein.     

肾癌伴肝内下腔静脉瘤栓的护理

目的探讨改良肝松解技术处理肾癌伴肝内下腔静脉瘤栓的护理对策。方法对本院10例肾细胞癌伴肝内下腔静脉瘤栓患者,采取术前心理疏导、预防癌栓脱落,术后病情观察、管道护理、各种并发症的预防、健康宣教等护理措施。结果本组病例通过精心护理,未发生并发症,无手术死亡,均顺利出院。出院后随访1月~4年,未见明显复发转移。结论通过对肾细胞癌伴肝内下腔静脉瘤栓的患者,进行有针对性护理,为手术做好充分准备,降低了术后并发症的发生,促进了患者早日康复。     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for a right renal tumor with renal vein tumor thrombus in a patient with situs inversus totalis

Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by complete inversion of the thoracic and abdominal organs. Many intra‐abdominal and vessel anomalies have been reported in association with SIT. However, there have been no reports on the use of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with thrombectomy for renal vein thrombus, which is considered as a safe and feasible procedure, in patients with SIT. We herein present the case of an 80‐year‐old man with SIT who was preoperatively diagnosed with a right renal tumor and renal vein tumor thrombus. The patient underwent laparoscopic right nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy with no intraoperative complications. To ensure a safe procedure, the anatomy and vessels were carefully evaluated preoperatively using 3‐D multiplanar reconstructed CT imaging. Assessing anatomical structures leads to safer laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus in patients with SIT.     

Anesthesia and perioperative management for giant adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with inferior vena cava and right atrium tumor thrombus: A case report

BACKGROUNDEwing’s sarcoma of the adrenal gland with inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium thrombus is extremely rare. Here, we report a case of giant adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with IVC and right atrium tumor thrombus and summarize the anesthesia and perioperative management.CASE SUMMARYA young female was admitted to the Department of Urology with intermittent pain under the right costal arch for four months. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed a large retroperitoneal mass (22 cm in diameter), which may have originated from the right adrenal gland and was closely related to the liver. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a strong echogenic filling measuring 70 mm extended from the IVC into the right atrium and ventricle. After preoperative preparation with cardiopulmonary bypass, sufficient blood products, transesophageal echocardiography and multiple monitoring, tumor and thrombus resection by IVC exploration and right atriotomy were successfully performed by a multidisciplinary team. Intraoperative hemodynamic stability was the major concern of anesthesiologists and the status of tumor thrombus and pulmonary embolism were monitored continuously. During transfer of the patient to the intensive care unit (ICU), cardiac arrest occurred without external stimulus. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed immediately and cardiac function was restored after 1 min. In the ICU, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) were provided to maintain cardiac, liver and kidney function. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of Ewing’s sarcoma. After postoperative treatments and rehabilitation, the patient was discharged from the urology ward.CONCLUSIONAn adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with IVC and right atrium thrombus is extremely rare, and its anesthesia and perioperative management have not been reported. Thus, this report provides significant insights in the perioperative management of patients with adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma and IVC tumor thrombus. Intraoperative circulation fluctuations and sudden cardiovascular events are the major challenges during surgery. In addition, postoperative treatments including ECMO and CRRT provide essential support in critically ill patients. Moreover, this case report also highlights the importance of multidisciplinary cooperation during treatment of the disease.