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目的分析儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病(IPD)的临床特征及侵袭性肺炎链球菌耐药特点。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年3月苏州大学附属儿童医院收治的38例IPD患儿的临床资料及侵袭性肺炎链球菌的药敏结果。结果 (1)38例患儿中男25例,女13例,男女比为1.92∶1;年龄78d至12岁,其中<2岁18例(47.37%),2～5岁12例(31.58%),>5岁8例(21.05%)。脓毒血症25例,占65.79%,是最多见的临床疾病,其中合并肺炎10例;其次为化脓性脑膜炎12例,占31.58%,合并肺炎3例;坏死性肺炎2例,占5.26%;2例患儿同时存在脓毒血症、化脓性脑膜炎和肺炎。6例(15.79%)患儿存在基础疾病;6例(15.79%)合并其他病原感染。临床治愈33例(73%),死亡2例,自动放弃2例。(2)38株侵袭性肺炎链球菌中,青霉素不敏感率为52.63%,对其他9种常用抗生素的耐药率从高到低依次为:红霉素(94.74%)、克林霉素(93.75%)、四环素(82.25%)、复方新诺明(61.54%)、头孢噻肟(23.53%)、氯霉素(15.79%),未发现对万古霉素、左氧氟沙星、利福平耐药。多重耐药率84.21%。结论 IPD好发于5岁以内儿童尤其是2岁以内的婴幼儿,临床上主要表现为脓毒血症、化脓性脑膜炎等,加强侵袭性肺炎链球菌的耐药监测对指导临床用药有重要意义。     

儿童侵袭性与非侵袭性肺炎链球菌耐药性的对照研究

目的 检测儿童侵袭性与非侵袭性肺炎链球菌(SP)的耐药性,为合理使用抗菌药物治疗不同部位SP 感染提供依据。方法 选取2009 年1 月至2013 年12 月诊断为侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病(IPD)的70 例患儿为研究对象,同期随机选取因SP 所致下呼吸道感染住院的164 例患儿为对照组。采集IPD 患儿无菌部位(血液、脑脊液等)标本和对照组患儿痰液标本行细菌培养,并对分离的SP 行药敏分析。结果 70 例IPD 患儿无菌部位中共分离到82 株侵袭性SP,其中分离自血液49 株(60%),脑脊液19 株(23%)。5 年间侵袭性SP菌株的检出率呈下降趋势(P<0.01);侵袭性与非侵袭性菌株中青霉素不敏感SP(PNSP)的总检出率(27% vs17%)及各年度检出率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。侵袭性PNSP 对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟的不敏感率明显高于青霉素敏感SP(PSSP)(P<0.01)。侵袭性和非侵袭性SP 对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、美罗培南的不敏感率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。侵袭性和非侵袭性SP 的多重耐药率分别为89% 和93%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 侵袭性SP 易侵入患儿血液,总检出率呈逐年下降趋势;药敏分析结果对于不同类型SP 感染的抗菌药物合理应用具有指导意义。     

儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌病54例临床特点及耐药性分析

目的了解儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病(IPD)的临床特点及侵袭性肺炎链球菌(Sp)的耐药情况。方法回顾性分析2009年至2012年收治的54例IPD患儿临床资料以及54株侵袭性Sp的药敏结果。结果 54例IPD患儿中男女比为1.35∶1,以2岁的婴幼儿居多,夏季起病少;临床诊断以脓毒血症为主,其次为脑膜炎;患儿均有发热,且以中高热为主;44例出现白细胞计数增高,42例出现CRP增高;β-内酰胺类抗生素使用最多,其次为万古霉素。侵袭性Sp对青霉素的不敏感率达59.26%,多重耐药率高达96.30%。结论 IPD发病存在一定季节差异;临床表现多样,脓毒血症最常见;侵袭性Sp对青霉素耐药性较高。     

儿童肺炎链球菌脑膜炎的临床特点及耐药性分析

目的分析儿科住院患儿肺炎链球菌(SP)脑膜炎的临床特征,同时对培养出的SP菌株进行抗菌药物耐药性分析,以帮助临床早期诊断,合理选用抗菌药物。方法回顾性分析2008年9月至2014年3月收治的14例SP脑膜炎患儿的临床资料并进行耐药性分析。结果 14例SP脑膜炎患儿中,高热13例(93%),抽搐9例(64%),合并败血症7例(50%)。白细胞计数增高11例(79%),CRP增高10例(71%)。所有患儿脑脊液有核细胞计数增高,分类均以中性粒细胞为主,9例(64%)患儿脑脊液蛋白定量结果 1 000 mg/d L。经治疗后10例(71%)患儿痊愈,2例(14%)患儿有后遗症,2例(14%)患儿死亡。SP对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素和磺胺耐药率高,均高于60%,对阿莫西林耐药率较低(7%),未发现对万古霉素、氯霉素、左旋氧氟沙星耐药菌株。结论实验室辅助检查指标对于区分SP脑膜炎和其他病原菌引起的脑膜炎无特异性。SP对儿科临床常用抗菌药物耐药情况严重,因此对SP的耐药情况应进行检测,以指导临床用药。     

儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病的临床特征及药物敏感性多中心研究

目的 了解儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病（IPD）的临床特征、分离菌株的药物敏感性及耐药危险因素。方法 分析2016年1月至2018年6月共9家三级甲等儿童医院246例IPD住院患儿临床特征及分离菌株的药物敏感性。结果 246例IPD患儿中,男122例,女124例;年龄1 d至14岁,其中 < 1岁68例（27.6%）,1岁~54例（22.0%）,2岁~97例（39.4%）,5~14岁27例（11.0%）。脓毒血症性肺炎是最常见的感染类型（58.5%,144/246）,其次为无感染灶血流感染（19.9%,49/246）、脑膜炎（15.0%,37/246）。49例（19.9%）患儿有基础疾病,160例（65.0%）有耐药危险因素。患儿所分离的肺炎链球菌菌株对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、莫西沙星及左氧氟沙星敏感率达100%,对厄他培南、氧氟沙星和头孢曲松（非脑膜炎菌株）敏感率达90%;对红霉素（4.2%）、克林霉素（7.9%）和四环素（6.3%）敏感性低。结论 IPD患儿多见于5岁以下,尤其是2岁以下儿童。部分IPD患儿存在基础疾病,IPD患儿多存在耐药危险因素。脓毒血症性肺炎是最常见的感染类型。IPD患儿所分离的肺炎链球菌菌株对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星、厄他培南和头孢曲松敏感率高。     

儿童肺炎链球菌败血症的临床特点及药敏分析

目的：探讨儿童肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus pneumoniae, SP）败血症的临床特点及SP菌株药敏情况,为临床更好地诊治该病提供依据。方法：回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月收治的25例SP败血症患儿的临床资料。结果： 25例患儿中,小于2岁者16例（64％）,2~5岁5例（20％）,5岁以上4例（16％）。14例（56％）合并其他器官感染,5例（20％）伴有慢性基础疾病。临床表现以发热为主,多为弛张热;8 例合并肺炎或脓胸者有肺部症状;5例合并脑膜炎患儿有神经系统症状;5例患儿出现肝脾肿大;2例患儿出现感染性休克。19例（76%,19/25）血白细胞明显升高,21例（84%,21/25）血C-反应蛋白（CRP）升高,8例（50%,8/16）血清降钙素原（PCT）升高。药敏分析结果表明,侵袭性SP对青霉素（96％）、氯林克霉素（88％）和红霉素（84％）的耐药率高,对亚胺培南、万古霉素、左氧氟沙星和利奈唑胺完全敏感,SP多重耐药率高达88％。经积极治疗后治愈或好转23例（92％）。结论：SP败血症多见于2岁以下的婴幼儿;发热是其主要临床表现,伴有血象、CRP及PCT升高,易合并肺部或脑部感染。SP存在严重多重抗生素耐药,要根据药敏试验结果合理、规范使用抗生素。接受积极、合理治疗者预后良好。     

儿童肺炎链球菌所致化脓性脑膜炎12例临床分析

目的 探讨肺炎链球菌所致的小儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点.方法 对我院2007年1月至2011年10月收治的12例肺炎链球菌所致的化脓性脑膜炎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 12例均为青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌,年龄2个月～9岁9个月,其中5岁以下占75％ (9/12),2岁以下41.6％(5/12),临床表现均有发热,并伴有神经系统受累症状.12例患儿均有合并症,9例合并脓毒症(75％),8例合并肺炎(66.7％),其中5例同时合并脓毒症及肺炎.实验室检查外周血白细胞计数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、红细胞沉降率及脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白多明显增高,脑脊液糖下降明显.12例患儿中有11例患儿最终均使用万古霉素联合三、四代头孢或其他抗生素治疗,8例治愈,2例留有严重后遗症,2例死亡.结论 应重视肺炎链球菌所致的脑膜炎,对临床怀疑肺炎链球菌所致的化脓性脑膜炎,要尽早给予包括万古霉素在内的抗生素联合治疗.     

侵袭性肺炎链球菌性疾病所致脓毒性休克患儿临床特点及预后分析

目的:了解儿童重症监护病房(PICU)内侵袭性肺炎链球菌性疾病(IPD)所致脓毒性休克患儿的临床特点及预后。方法:回顾性收集2013年1月至2019年8月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院重症医学科及河南省儿童医院重症医学科收治的IPD所致脓毒性休克患儿的病历资料,分析其临床及预后特点。结果:共纳入患儿21例,年龄1.2(0.75,3.90)岁。入PICU时第二代小儿死亡指数(PIM-2)为(23.3±29.6)%,并基础疾病6例。感染部位主要为血液(20例)及颅内(15例)。18例患儿行药敏试验,其中对青霉素敏感9例,对头孢吡肟/头孢噻肟敏感分别为10例和11例,对美罗培南敏感10例,对万古霉素及利奈唑胺均敏感;病初及脓毒性休克前应用敏感抗生素者分别为7和13例。21例患儿乳酸水平为(6.1±4.6)mmol/L,其中10例经治疗休克纠正时间为(10.9±10.1)h。13/21例(61.9%)患儿休克后死亡时间为(14.6±12.2)h,10例死于枕骨大孔疝。死亡组患儿入PICU时PIM2[(37.1±30.3)%比(0.9±1.3)%]及并颅高压危象率[69.9%(9/13例)比25%(2/8例)]显著高于存活组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);但年龄、休克前有效抗生素使用率等差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。4/8例存活患儿遗留严重颅脑后遗症。结论:IPD致脓毒性休克多见于5岁以下儿童,以血流和颅内感染最常见,对头孢菌素及碳青霉烯类耐药率高。化脓性脑膜炎者易并颅高压危象,致死致残率高,需早期识别并治疗。     

新生儿败血症近十年病原菌变迁及临床特征分析

目的 探讨近十年本院新生儿败血症临床特征、病原菌及耐药情况.方法 选择2002年1月至2011年12月我院收治的1 068例新生儿败血症血培养阳性患儿的临床资料,分为对照组(前5年,568例)及观察组(后5年,500例),对两组患儿的主要临床特征及并发症、致病菌及药敏结果进行回顾性分析.结果 (1)两组新生儿败血症血培养阳性分别为568例及500例,其阳性检出率分别占同期住院患儿的3.8％及2.3％.(2)两组临床特征中发热、并发化脓性脑膜炎的患儿分别为58例及76例,76例及124例,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)两组血培养检出病原菌菌种分别是18种和28种;两组表皮葡萄球菌检出率均居首位,分别为360例及238例,各占64.3％及47.6％,对照组依次为其他葡萄球菌41例(7.2％),溶血葡萄球菌及屎肠球菌35例(6.2％),大肠埃希菌22例(3.9％)居第4位;而观察组居第2位的是大肠埃希菌71例(14.2％),其次为溶血葡萄球菌44例(8.8％),肺炎克雷白杆菌25例(5.5％)居第3位.(4)两组耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药菌株分别检出25例及34例(P＜0.05).结论 新生儿败血症的主要病原菌是葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌;以发热为主要症状的败血症及并发化脓性脑膜炎的病例也明显增多;病原菌的耐药性增加;应高度重视病原学检查,合理选择抗生素.     

厦门地区儿童侵袭性非伤寒沙门菌感染临床特征和耐药性分析

目的探讨厦门地区儿童侵袭性非伤寒沙门菌感染的临床特征、血清型及抗菌药物耐药性。方法回顾性队列研究。分析厦门市儿童医院感染科、骨科和普外科2016年1月至2021年12月经血液、脑脊液、骨髓等无菌体液或深部脓液培养确诊的29例侵袭性非伤寒沙门菌感染患儿的临床表现、治疗、预后、血清型和抗菌药物耐药性等资料。根据临床疾病诊断标准, 比较败血症和非败血症两组患儿的炎症指标、血清型分布及药物耐药性差异。组间比较采用Mann-WhitneyU检验和χ2检验。结果 29例患儿中男17例、女12例, 就诊年龄14(9, 25)月龄, <1岁10例(34%), 1～<3岁15例(52%), ≥3岁4例(14%)。4至9月发病25例(86%)。败血症组19例(66%), 其中2例合并化脓性脑膜炎;非败血症组10例(34%), 其中菌血症7例、局部化脓感染3例(骨髓炎2例、阑尾炎穿孔伴腹膜炎1例)。发热29例(100%), 腹泻、腹痛18例(62%), 咳嗽、流涕10例(34%)。经有效抗菌药物治疗, 治愈18例(62%)、好转11例(38%)。败血症组C反应蛋白高于非败血症组[25.2(16....     

儿童侵袭性与非侵袭性肺炎链球菌病临床特征及耐药性分析

目的 收集并分析儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌病(invasive pneumococcal disease,IPD)和非侵袭性肺炎链球菌病(noninvasive pneumococcal disease,NIPD)的临床资料,为临床诊疗提供参考.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月518例因肺炎链球菌(Strep...     

Childhood invasive pneumococcal disease: a hospital-based study from Malaysia

AIM: New conjugate vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae has been introduced in Malaysia recently. Information on infection due to S. pneumoniae in Malaysian children is scarce. We conducted a retrospective chart review of childhood invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) presented to a single centre in Malaysia. METHODS: A retrospective review of 5 years and 4 months of all cases of IPD in children younger than 14 years of age (May 1999-August 2004) seen at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, was conducted. Cases were identified from the record of Department of Medical Microbiology, UMMC. RESULTS: IPD was identified in 50 children (median age 1.1 years, range 2 weeks-14 years) during the study period. Seventy-six per cent of the cases were younger than 2 years of age. Pattern of infections noted include definite pneumonia (n = 8), probable pneumonia (n = 33), meningitis (n = 4), bacteraemia without focus (n = 4) and septic arthritis (n = 1 each). Pre-morbid diseases were present in 28% of all cases. Complications (n = 12, 24%) due to IPD were seizures (n = 5), pleural effusion/empyema (n = 4), cerebral palsy (n = 2) and deafness (n = 1). No deaths were attributed to IPD. Sixty-two per cent of the pneumococcal isolates were penicillin non-susceptible and were detected throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: IPD is associated with high morbidity, particularly among young children. Majority of the isolates were penicillin-non-susceptible strains. Additional information on the serotype of S. pneumoniae isolated is necessary to assess the potential impact of immunisation on preventing pneumococcal infection in Malaysia.     

Invasive pneumococcal disease in children prior to implementation of the conjugate vaccine in the Zurich region,Switzerland

Objective: To describe symptoms, disease manifestations and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease in children prior to implementation of the pneumococcal vaccine. Patients and methods: Analysis of children younger than 16 years of age with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD; n = 119). Children with culture‐confirmed IPD, without underlying illness at risk for invasive disease, were included. Results: IPD in 90 children (age: median 2, mean 3.2 years) included 15 with meningitis, 16 with septicaemia, 14 with bacteraemia, 24 with pneumonia and 21 with skin, bone and joint infections. Symptoms of IPD most often described were fever and gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting, or diarrhoea), and coughing. More than 90% of children with pneumonia were coughing. Most importantly, clinical signs significantly predictive for severe IPD included tachycardia for sepsis, tachypnea for pneumonia, and meningeal signs for meningitis. Leukocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts were lower and C‐reactive protein concentrations were higher on admission in children with complicated than in children with uncomplicated IPD but, due to wide overlap of these numbers, the difference was not of prognostic help to predict clinical course and outcome. Overall, 40% of children with IPD manifested complications and IPD showed a mortality rate of 6.6%. Conclusions: IPD is a serious disease with a high complication rate and mortality. The clinical signs tachycardia, tachypnea, and meningism were highly predictive for severe IPD. The initial clinical presentation and laboratory evaluation were mostly unpredictable with respect to complications and outcome in contrast to the clinical signs.     

Twenty year surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Nottingham: serogroups responsible and implications for immunisation.

AIMS: To evaluate the incidence, spectrum of clinical manifestations, and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children. To determine the major serogroups of Streptococcus pneumoniae responsible for invasive disease and the potential coverage by the new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. METHODS: Analysis of prospectively recorded information of all children admitted to two teaching hospitals in Nottingham with IPD between January 1980 and December 1999. RESULTS: A total of 266 episodes of IPD in children were identified; 103 (39%) were aged <1 year and 160 (60%) <2 years. Major clinical presentations were meningitis in 86 (32%), pneumonia in 82 (31%), and bacteraemia without an obvious focus in 80 (30%). The age specific mean annual incidence rates of IPD overall among children aged <1, <2, and <5 years were 47.1, 37.8, and 20 per 100 000 population, respectively. Mortality rates for children with meningitis and non-meningitic infection were 20% and 7%, respectively. Neurological sequelae following meningitis were documented in 16 (26%) of the 61 survivors assessed. The potential coverage rates in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years are 84% by the 7-valent, 91% by the 9-valent, and 95% by the 11-valent conjugate vaccines. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that inclusion of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the primary immunisation programme in the UK would have a considerable effect on the mortality and morbidity associated with IPD.     

Twenty year surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Nottingham: serogroups responsible and implications for immunisation

Aims: To evaluate the incidence, spectrum of clinical manifestations, and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children. To determine the major serogroups of Streptococcus pneumoniae responsible for invasive disease and the potential coverage by the new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Methods: Analysis of prospectively recorded information of all children admitted to two teaching hospitals in Nottingham with IPD between January 1980 and December 1999. Results: A total of 266 episodes of IPD in children were identified; 103 (39%) were aged <1 year and 160 (60%) <2 years. Major clinical presentations were meningitis in 86 (32%), pneumonia in 82 (31%), and bacteraemia without an obvious focus in 80 (30%). The age specific mean annual incidence rates of IPD overall among children aged <1, <2, and <5 years were 47.1, 37.8, and 20 per 100 000 population, respectively. Mortality rates for children with meningitis and non-meningitic infection were 20% and 7%, respectively. Neurological sequelae following meningitis were documented in 16 (26%) of the 61 survivors assessed. The potential coverage rates in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years are 84% by the 7-valent, 91% by the 9-valent, and 95% by the 11-valent conjugate vaccines. Conclusion: This study indicates that inclusion of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the primary immunisation programme in the UK would have a considerable effect on the mortality and morbidity associated with IPD.     

儿科病房常见病与儿童疾病综合管理关系的探讨

目的　探讨 5岁以内儿科住院病例常见病与儿童疾病综合管理 (IMCI)的关系。方法　分析该院1995～ 2 0 0 0年住院的 1周至 5岁的肺炎、腹泻病、营养不良、麻疹和疟疾 346 8例次。结果　①肺炎和腹泻病分别占 5种疾病的 6 2 .1%和 34.1% ;5种疾病并发症中营养不良最常见 (6 2 .1% )。② 1周至 2月住院患儿中前 3位死因依次为 :肺炎 (32 .1% )、晚期新生儿高胆红素血症 (2 5 .0 % )和维生素K缺乏症 (2 3.2 % ) ,常见病则以晚期新生儿高胆红素血症最多见 (43.8% ) ;2月至 5岁住院患儿中前 3位死因依次为肺炎 (2 5 .4 % )、颅内感染 (2 3.6 % )和败血症 (10 .9% ) ,常见病则以肺炎 (2 0 .2 % )、急性上呼吸道炎 (16 .8% )和腹泻病 (10 .5 % )多见。③ 5种疾病患儿占儿内科和传染科同期住院人数的 2 1.0 %和 2 .1% ,儿内科住院病例占同期门、急诊人数的 1.2 %。结论　除肺炎、腹泻病和营养不良外 ,该地区的IMCI中 ,1周至 2月的患儿应包括晚期新生儿高胆红素血症和维生素K缺乏症 ,2月至 5岁患儿应包括急性上呼吸道炎和颅内感染。应加强门、急诊工作和儿内科与传染科的合作     

儿科病房常见病与儿童疾病综合管理关系的探讨

目的：探讨5岁以内儿科住院病例常见病与儿童疾病综合管理(IMCI)的关系。方法：分析该院1995～2000年住院的1周至5岁的肺炎、腹泻病、营养不良、麻疹和疟疾3 468例次。结果：①肺炎和腹泻病分别占5种疾病的 62.1%和 34.1%；5种疾病并发症中营养不良最常见(62.1%)。②1周至2月住院患儿中前3位死因依次为：肺炎(32.1%)、晚期新生儿高胆红素血症(25.0%)和维生素K缺乏症(23.2%)，常见病则以晚期新生儿高胆红素血症最多见(43.8%)；2月至5岁住院患儿中前3位死因依次为肺炎(25.4%)、颅内感染(23.6%)和败血症(10.9%)，常见病则以肺炎(20.2%)、急性上呼吸道炎(16.8%)和腹泻病(10.5%)多见。③5种疾病患儿占儿内科和传染科同期住院人数的 21.0%和 2.1%，儿内科住院病例占同期门、急诊人数的 1.2%。结论：除肺炎、腹泻病和营养不良外，该地区的IMCI中，1周至2月的患儿应包括晚期新生儿高胆红素血症和维生素K缺乏症，2月至5岁患儿应包括急性上呼吸道炎和颅内感染。应加强门、急诊工作和儿内科与传染科的合作。