近代中西解剖学著作特点述略

西方解剖学经由几个世纪的发展日臻成熟,形成了诸多解剖学著作.西学东渐之时,传教士纷至沓来,参与编译西方解剖学著作.编译的解剖学著作带有浓厚的西学色彩,被中国少数先进分子接纳,此后的中国解剖学著作呈现"中西汇通"的特点,另外在编译过程中对解剖名词进行了统一,在某种程度助推了中国近代解剖学的发生.     

大体解剖学研究概况与展望

解剖学是一门古老的形态学科,随着科学技术的进步,相关学科的渗透,研究技术和方法的更新,各个研究领域不断地深入,学科也随之分野,发展成为一门多学科性的科学,即解剖科学(Anatomical Scien ce)。目前我国的解剖科学已发展成拥有细胞学、组织学、胚胎学、神经解剖学、大体解剖学、比较解剖学和人类学等7个分支学科。当代医学科学的发展趋势,一方面是高度综合,另一方面又是高度分化。在解剖科学范围内也不例外。根据学科发展和开展国际信息交流,在中国解剖学会原有的四个专业委员会(大体解剖学、组织学和胚胎学、神经解剖学、人类学)的基础上,1988年又将成立“细胞化学和组织化学学组”及     

临床胶片库在影像解剖学与断层解剖学教学中的实践与研究

影像解剖学与断层解剖学是医学院校影像专业的一门专业基础课,在其教学中我们使用了临床胶片库(X线、CT及MRI胶片)辅助教学,提高了学生的学习兴趣和考试成绩,取得了良好的教学效果,丰富了此门课程的教学工具。     

颞骨显微外科解剖学研究现状与展望

1 开展颞骨显微解剖学研究的临床意义 　　50年代初Wullstein介绍了Zeiss手术显微镜,60年代高速金钢石钻以及连续冲洗吸引管等手术器械的开发与应用,促进了颞骨外科解剖学的研究及现代耳外科学的发展.50年代后期,William F House在颞骨显微外科解剖学研究的基础上,开发并创用了很多颞骨区域的外科手术径路.如在慢性中耳炎手术中的面神经隐窝径路和外耳道完壁式,改良的听神经瘤手术径路,使听神经瘤的手术死亡率从4%降至1%以下.……     

正常人体解剖学实验教学改革与研究

<正>正常人体解剖学是医学科学中一门重要的基础课,也是形态科学重要的一门课程。如何使医学生最有效地理解、掌握知识要点是教学活动的关键所     

与面瘫修复有关的解剖学研究

本文用23侧成人和初生儿材料,以直视和手术显微镜下解剖与分离方法,对面神经、副神经和舌下神经颅外段各分支在各神经干内的定位提供了显微解剖学方面的新资料,并对进一步改进面瘫手术提出建议。     

斜坡区断层与显微解剖学研究

目的 :探讨斜坡区各结构的形态及相互间的毗邻关系 ,为斜坡区相关的手术入路提供解剖基础。方法 :①使用大脑切片机 ,对 4个尸头标本切制 0 .5～ 1 .0mm显微断层切片 ,对斜坡区及周围结构进行观测 ;②对 30个颅底斜坡区进行显微解剖观测。结果 :斜坡区与脑桥、延髓腹侧及第Ⅴ～Ⅻ对脑神经关系密切 ,两侧毗邻破裂孔、颈内动脉、内耳门及颈静脉孔。斜坡长 40 .5mm ,可分为上、中、下斜坡三部。两破裂孔、两颈内动脉、两内耳门、两颈静脉孔间最小间距分别为 2 0 .2、1 4 .0、30 .5和 2 3 .3mm。结论 :了解斜破区各结构的形态及相互间的毗邻关系 ,可提高该区相关手术时的安全度和成功率     

解剖学实验教学改革的探索与研究

人体解剖学是一门重要的医学基础课程,属形态学范畴。解剖学实验作为解剖学教学的重要组成部分,是学生对人体结构获得感性认识的重要手段,长期以来,由于受传统教学理念的影响,解剖学实验教学只注重教师的主导作用,忽视了学生应用能力的培养,严重影响了学生学习的积极性、主动性和创造性。因此,适应现代医学教育的需要,转变教学观念,加强解剖学实验教学改革,以培养实用型医学人才,是一个亟待解决的课题。1转变实验教学理念,加强学生素质教育解剖学是临床学科和医学其它基础学科的基础课程,是医学生认识人体的开始,解剖学实验具有较强的实践性…     

儿童解剖学研究简况

<正>儿童解剖学是人体解剖学中生长(或年龄)解剖学的一个部分,专门研究人体在出生以后至成年以前形态结构的特征、变化规律、以及它们的功能意义和临床意义.是儿童生理学、儿童心理学、儿童病理学和儿科学的重要基础,也是从事儿童卫生、保健和教育事业人员必备的基础知识.新生儿的形态结构与较大婴儿或成年人都有较大区别,无论在基础医学还是临床医学都把它作为一个特殊阶段进行研究,因此,新生儿解剖学是儿童解剖学中的重要内容.青春期是儿童发育最后的和变化较大的阶段,青春期医学已成为一门     

Pericardiocentesis: A clinical anatomy review

The safe and successful performance of pericardiocentesis demands a working and specific knowledge of anatomy. Misunderstanding of anatomy may result in failure or serious complications. This review attempts to aid understanding of the anatomical framework, pitfalls, and complications of pericardiocentesis. Pericardiocentesis is carried out for aspiration of blood from the pericardial cavity in cases of cardiac tamponade and symptomatic pericardial effusion. In addition, this technique may be used for the diagnosis of neoplastic effusions, purulent pericarditis, and introduction of cytotoxic agents into the pericardial space. Most complications of the procedure are due to the needle penetrating the heart and surrounding structures such a coronary arteries, lungs, stomach, colon, and liver. These complications, if severe, may result in pneumothorax, hemothorax, arrhythmias, infections or arterial bleeding. Therefore, the more fluid or blood there is between the myocardium and pericardium—within the pericardial cavity— the less chance of complications. With a thorough knowledge of the complications, regional anatomy and rationale of the technique, and adequate experience, a pericardiocentesis can be carried out safely and successfully. Clin. Anat. 25:872–881, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A review of the clinical anatomy of hypertension

Hypertension is defined as the persistent elevation of blood pressure above normal limits. It can be classified according to whether the contributing factors are genetics and environmental (primary hypertension) or underlying medical conditions and medications (secondary hypertension). The goal of this review is to increase recognition of the various anatomical etiologies of hypertension. Clin. Anat. 32:678–681, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Clinical anatomy of the peritoneal mesothelium: A review

This paper reviews the structure, function, and clinical significance of peritoneal mesothelium, once thought to be a passive membrane, but now known to play an active role in exchanges between the peritoneal cavity and the blood. The advent of continuous ambulatory peritoneal analysis (CAPD) has revived interest in the peritoneum, whose ultrastructure is much changed by CAPD. Studies of the healing of mesothelium have shown that the new mesothelium develops from subperitoneal perivascular connective tissue cells, and not by a process of centripetal growth from the wound margins as in the healing of other epithelial surfaces. Peritoneal mesothelial cells possess fibrinolytic properties, which may be important in preventing fibrinous adhesions from being converted to permanent fibrous adhesions, which may cause intestinal obstruction. Mesothelium also produces prostacyclin. These properties have led to the use of mesothelium as a substitute for endothelium, both for coating prosthetic vascular grafts, and also in peritoneal tube grafts for replacing segments of vein. The resurgence of interest in the peritoneal mesothelium provides a stimulus for clinician and anatomist to cooperate in further exploration of its clinical potential.     

A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins

The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be aware of when performing adrenalectomies. The adrenal veins originate during the formation of the prerenal inferior vena cava (IVC) and are remnants of the caudal portion of the subcardinal veins, cranial to the subcardinal sinus in the embryo. The many communications between the posterior cardinal, supracardinal, and subcardinal veins of the primordial venous system provide an explanation for the variable anatomy. Most commonly, one central vein drains each adrenal gland. The long left adrenal vein joins the inferior phrenic vein and drains into the left renal vein, while the short right adrenal vein drains immediately into the IVC. Multiple variations exist bilaterally and may pose the risk of surgical complications. Due to the potential for collaterals and accessory adrenal vessels, great caution must be taken during an adrenalectomy. Adrenal venous sampling, the gold standard in diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism, also requires the clinician to have a thorough knowledge of the adrenal vein anatomy to avoid iatrogenic injury. The adrenal vein acts as an important conduit in portosystemic shunts, thus the nature of the anatomy and hypercoagulable states pose the risk of thrombosis. Clin. Anat. 27:1253–1263, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Clinical anatomy of the coccyx: A systematic review

The coccyx has been relatively neglected in anatomical research which is surprising given the population prevalence of coccydynia and our inadequate understanding of its etiology. This systematic review analyzes available information on the clinical anatomy of the coccyx. A literature search using five electronic databases and standard anatomy reference texts was conducted yielding 61 primary and 7 secondary English-language sources. This was supplemented by a manual search of selected historical foreign language articles. The coccygeal vertebrae, associated joints, ligaments and muscles, coccygeal movements, nerves, and blood supply were analyzed in detail. Although the musculoskeletal aspects of the coccyx are reasonably well described, the precise anatomy of the coccygeal plexus and its distribution, the function of the coccygeal body, and the anatomy of the sacrococcygeal zygapophyseal joints are poorly documented. Further research into the anatomy of the coccyx may clarify the etiopathogenesis of coccydynia which remains uncertain in one-third of affected patients.     

Electromyography— dynamic gross anatomy: A review

“Electromyography: Dynamic Gross Anatomy” is the first in a series of invited review articles by leaders in fields of current interest. Students often ask if anything really “new” has been discovered in gross anatomy in the last fifty years. The answer is an unqualified “yes,” and electromyography probably has provided more of this new information than any other technique. Not since the pioneering work of Duchenne in 1867 has any one man contributed so much to our knowledge of the function of the musculoskeletal system as Dr. John V. Basmajian, Professor of Medicine and Associate in Anatomy at McMaster University and Director of Rehabilitation and Continuing Care Centres of Chedoke-McMaster Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Since his initial publication in 1952, he has written over 200 scientific papers on electromyography. He is the author of Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography, now in its fourth edition, and the author or co-author of numerous other books on gross anatomy, kinesiology, therapeutic exercise and clinical electro-neurography. In 1965, Dr. Basmajian was one of the founders of the International Society of Electromyographic Kinesiology (now the International Society of Electrophysiologic Kinesiology), and he served as its first president. In recognition of his many contributions to the discipline, ISEK dedicated its Sixth International Congress to him. Universally recognized as the undisputed leader in the field, Professor Basmajian is the ideal person to summarize the “state of the art” for the readers of The American Journal of Anatomy.     

The anatomy of concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A comprehensive review

Concussion is defined as a complex pathophysiological process that affects the brain as a result of traumatic biomechanical forces. Repeated unrecovered concussions can result in chronic brain injury syndrome which is referred to in the literature today as chronic traumatic encephalopathy.” There is an exponential increase in public and political interest in this condition in the recent times resulting in a significant investment in research to improve the current understanding of the disease, ways to decrease its incidence and determine its prognosis. Broadly the research involves three main disciplines of medicine including neuropathology, neuroradiology and biological markers. Although progress has been made, to date there is no definite pathological, radiological or neurobiological marker which has shown consistent promise to make the diagnosis and prognosticate the disease. Possible reasons are multiple such as inconsistencies in the methods studies have used, different time periods in which the tests were conducted, the small numbers of subjects included in the studies, and inconsistencies in the definitions of concussion or mild traumatic brain injury. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the current literature on this topic. Positron emission tomography scans with radioactive ligands such as T807 as an imaging biomarker, and neurofilament light and ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase as serum biomarkers have shown some promise lately in diagnosing concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy and also determining their prognosis. Clin. Anat. 32:310–318, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Clinical and surgical anatomy of the liver: A review for clinicians

The liver is the largest gland in the body occupying 2.5% of total body weight and providing a host of functions necessary for maintaining normal physiological homeostasis. Despite the complexity of its functions, the liver has a homogenous appearance, making hepatic anatomy a challenging topic of discussion. To address this issue, scholars have devoted time to establishing a framework for describing hepatic anatomy to aid clinicians. Work by the anatomist Sir James Cantlie provided the first accurate division between the right and left liver in 1897. The French surgeon and anatomist Claude Couinaud provided additional insight by introducing the Couinaud segments on the basis of hepatic vasculature. These fundamental studies provided a framework for medical and surgical discussions of hepatic anatomy and were essential for the advancement of modern medicine. In this article, the authors review the normal anatomy and physiology of the liver with a view to enhancing the clinician's knowledge base. They also provide a convenient model to assist with understanding and discussion of liver anatomy. Clin. Anat. 27:764–769, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Cricothyroidotomy: a clinical anatomy review

The safe and successful performance of a cricothyroidotomy demands a working and yet specific knowledge of anatomy. An ignorance or misunderstanding of anatomy may result in failure or complications. The Educational Affairs Committee of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists has highlighted the importance of clinical anatomy for several invasive procedures. This review is building on their work and contribute further to the understanding of the anatomical framework, particularly the pitfalls and complications related to performing a cricothyroidotomy.