建立小鼠成骨与破骨细胞相互作用的共育新体系

背景：众所周知,骨重建是骨组织中重要的生物学反应过程,其中成骨细胞与破骨细胞发挥了关键作用。但目前,关于骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞间信号传递的深层机制还不清楚。 目的：利用transwell技术,在体外建立一种成骨与破骨细胞的新型共育体系,为深入研究骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞的相互作用提供成熟的实验模型。 方法：采用MC3T3-E1成骨样细胞株与RAW264.7破骨前体细胞株,进行体外成骨与破骨细胞的诱导分化,并利用Transwell共培养板(0.4 µm聚酯膜)建立成骨与破骨细胞的共育体系。共培养6 d后,通过测定细胞活性和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活力分析成骨细胞的增殖和分化活性,利用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色、甲苯胺蓝(TB)染色、TRAP活性测定及扫描电镜技术观察破骨细胞的分化及骨吸收功能。 结果与结论：共培养体系中成骨样细胞的无限增殖能力减弱,而分化活性明显增强,同时破骨前体细胞被诱导分化为成熟的破骨细胞,并具有一定的骨吸收功能。因此,该共培养体系可用于骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞间信号通路的深层研究。     

白细胞介素33介导的骨免疫

背景：骨免疫学是近年来骨代谢疾病机制研究的热点。白细胞介素33是骨免疫学中的一个重要的新型细胞因子,在类风湿关节炎、骨质疏松等多种骨代谢疾病进展中发挥重要作用,其传导通路可能成为临床治疗的潜在靶点。目的：综述白细胞介素33在骨代谢过程中的骨免疫调节作用及其研究进展。方法：检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网及万方数据库从建库至2022年6月收录的白细胞介素33和骨代谢及骨免疫学研究相关文献,最终纳入67篇文献进行总结。结果与结论：(1)白细胞介素33介导骨免疫对骨代谢具有调节作用。(2)白细胞介素33对骨代谢的调节可通过降低硬化蛋白的表达,进而激活成骨细胞Wnt/β-catenin通路,该途径通过多种机制增加骨量,包括干细胞更新、刺激成骨细胞前复制、诱导成骨细胞生成、抑制成骨细胞和骨细胞凋亡。白细胞介素33可通过刺激Bcl6、MafB、Irf-8等抗破骨细胞基因的表达,下调破骨细胞活性T细胞核因子c1的表达,进而抑制破骨细胞的形成,并且可诱导凋亡分子的表达,促进破骨细胞凋亡。(3)白细胞介素33可下调2型天然淋巴细胞RANKL的表达,促进白细胞介素13、白细胞介素4...     

下调骨细胞TGF-β/Smad4信号可抑制小鼠BMSCs成骨及破骨分化

目的检测骨细胞TGF-β/Smad4信号通路对骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)成骨和破骨分化的作用,并初步探讨其相关机制。方法用条件性基因敲减Cre/loxp技术特异性敲减骨细胞Smad4,获得下调骨细胞TGF-β/Smad4信号通路的小鼠;体外分离骨细胞并与野生型小鼠骨髓间充质细胞(BMSCs)共培养;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色、茜素红(alizarin red)染色检测早期成骨分化和晚期钙盐沉积,酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色检测破骨细胞;real-time PCR检测成骨分化特异标志物Runx2、Osterix(OSX)、ALP、osteocalcin和破骨分化特异标志物RANKL和OPG的mRNA表达水平。Western blot检测成骨分化特异标志物Runx2和osteocalcin和破骨分化特异标志物RANK蛋白表达水平。结果下调骨细胞TGF-β/Smad4信号能够抑制BMSCs成骨转录因子Runx2、Osterix(P0.01)、成骨分化特异标志物ALP和osteocalcin(P0.01)以及破骨分化特异标志物RANK(P0.01)的表达;增加破骨分化抑制物OPG的表达(P0.05);而RANKL的表达无明显变化;最终下调了RANKL/OPG的比值(P0.05)。结论终末分化的骨细胞调控骨的代谢,下调其TGF-β/Smad4信号可抑制BMSCs成骨和破骨细胞的分化。     

破骨细胞骨吸收上清液对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化的影响

目的研究破骨细胞骨吸收活动中的分泌产物对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖、分化的影响。方法诱导小鼠脾脏细胞为破骨细胞,用抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色。破骨细胞与牛骨磨片共培养,扫描电镜观察骨吸收陷窝。收集骨吸收实验破骨细胞培养上清液作用于小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC),MTT法检测BMSC生长曲线;成骨诱导后钙化结节茜素红染色法检测BMSC成骨能力;成脂诱导后油红O染色检测BMSC成脂能力;Western blot法检测小鼠BMSC成骨相关蛋白RUNX2、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)及成脂相关蛋白过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)的表达。结果 TRAP染色、扫描电镜显示脾脏细胞可诱导分化为具有骨吸收能力的破骨细胞;与对照组相比,加入破骨细胞培养上清液,BMSC的增殖受到抑制,成骨分化增强,成脂分化减弱(P0.05)。结论破骨细胞骨吸收上清液具有使BMSC增殖能力降低,成骨分化增强,成脂分化减弱的作用。     

纳米淡水珍珠粉对成骨相关基因表达的影响

背景:珍珠中高含量的钙离子可以促进钙盐沉积,抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收活性,促进骨再生,且其含有的水溶性蛋白具有骨诱导作用,可促进成骨细胞的分化.目的:观察纳米淡水珍珠粉对成骨细胞成骨相关基因表达的影响.方法:取第3代小鼠成骨细胞MC3T3-E1细胞,分别与纳米淡水珍珠粉(实验组)、纳米羟基磷灰石(对照组)共培养,以单独培养...     

从细胞水平研究龟鹿二仙含药血清在治疗骨质疏松中的作用

从细胞水平研究龟鹿二仙含药血清在治疗骨质疏松中的作用.(1)用酶消化法获得新生大鼠的成骨细胞.碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色进行鉴定,通过对成骨细胞增殖、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)分泌的检测来考察成骨细胞功能.(2)用1,25(OH)2D3诱导骨髓单核细胞获得破骨细胞,抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定破骨细胞.电镜扫描观察破骨细胞形成的骨凹陷情况;同时检测TRAP( )细胞数和破骨细胞TRAP活性.(3)用血清药理学方法制备龟鹿二仙含药血清,分别加入不同剂量组10%含药血清进行干预,观察该中药血清对上述成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能指标的影响.龟鹿二仙高剂量组血清可促进成骨细胞增殖,增加IGF-1的分泌量.而中剂量组血清可明显抑制骨髓细胞向破骨细胞的转化,抑制骨凹陷形成,降低细胞内TRAP的活性.本研究表明龟鹿二仙具有显著的抗骨质疏松作用.     

蛇床子素对TCP颗粒诱导小鼠颅骨溶解的影响

 目的: 观察蛇床子素对磷酸三钙(tricalcium phosphate,TCP)颗粒诱导小鼠颅骨溶解的影响。方法: 采用TCP颗粒诱导小鼠颅骨溶解模型,于术后第2天颅顶局部注射蛇床子素(osthole)20 mg/kg,每周3次,持续干预2周。干预结束后处死动物取材,应用HE染色和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase,TRACP)染色观察假体周围破骨细胞生成和骨溶解程度;ELISA法检测血清和骨组织中骨转换标志物骨钙素(osteocalcin)水平、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)和TRACP活性以及骨膜中肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)水平。Western blot法检测颅骨组织葡萄糖调节蛋白 78(glucose-regulated protein 78,GRP78)和CAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CAAT/ enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)的表达变化。结果: 蛇床子素可明显抑制TCP颗粒诱导的破骨细胞生成,减少骨溶解面积,显著增加ALP和osteoclacin水平,降低TRAP活性并阻断炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β释放。此外,蛇床子素干预能明显减弱TCP颗粒激活的内质网应激反应。结论: 蛇床子素可抑制TCP颗粒诱导的小鼠颅骨溶解,其机制可能与抑制TCP颗粒诱导的内质网应激反应有关。     

汉防己甲素诱导自噬抑制破骨细胞的分化

背景：已有研究表明汉防己甲素可以通过激活AMPK信号通路诱导细胞自噬从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,但目前汉防己甲素诱导破骨细胞自噬和分化的相关研究甚少。目的：探究汉防己甲素在不同浓度下对破骨细胞分化和自噬的影响,并分析诱导破骨细胞自噬能否起到抑制其分化的作用。方法：(1)第一部分：使用重组小鼠巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和核因子κB受体活化因子配体两种细胞因子对小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞进行诱导,使其向破骨细胞转化。细胞诱导及药物干预分组如下：空白对照组(完全培养基),阳性对照组(含两种细胞因子),低、中、高剂量汉防己甲素干预组(阳性对照组分别添加0.1,0.5,1.0μmol/L汉防己甲素)。抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色法观察成熟破骨细胞数量变化;Western blot法检测组织蛋白酶K(CTSK)、自噬微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅱ)和自噬底物泛素结合蛋白(p62)的蛋白相对表达量;RT-PCR检测CTSK、LC3-Ⅱ和p62的mRNA相对表达量;丹酰尸胺(MDC)染色观察诱导过程中破骨细胞中自噬小体的数量变化。(2)第二部分：选取抑制破骨细分化效果最明显的汉防己甲素浓度(1.0μmol/L)...     

1, 25二羟基胆钙化醇诱导大鼠骨髓单核细胞向破骨细胞转化的机制

目的:探讨1,25二羟基胆钙化醇(1,25(OH)2D3)诱导大鼠骨髓单核细胞向破骨细胞转化时明胶酶表达及其参与骨陷窝形成机制。方法:分离乳鼠骨髓内细胞,诱导生成破骨样细胞。姬姆莎、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定。扫描电镜观察诱导出的细胞贴附于骨片上形成的骨陷窝,明胶酶谱检测细胞培养液中明胶酶表达水平。结果:单核细胞经1,25(OH)2D3诱导,第9日生成大量的破骨样细胞。姬姆莎染色显示出多核(≥3个),TRAP染色阳性,扫描电镜观察破骨细胞在骨片上培养时产生骨陷窝。1,25(OH)2D3组基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)表达水平增加显著。结论:1,25(OH)2D3诱导单核细胞产生大量破骨细胞。参与骨陷窝形成的明胶酶是MMP-2。这可能是破骨细胞通过某些机制,促进其他非破骨细胞分泌有活性的MMP-2参与噬骨。     

双膦酸盐对破骨细胞分化及抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶的影响

背景:抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶是破骨细胞分化及骨吸收功能的特异性标志酶,是破骨细胞分化成熟的标志。目的:观察双膦酸盐对破骨细胞分化及骨吸收功能相关因子抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶的影响。方法:小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7诱导培养破骨细胞。实验分2组:对照组开始时加入质量浓度100μg/L核因子kB受体活化因子配体进行诱导至收获细胞,双膦酸盐组在对照组的基础上加入10-7 mol/L阿仑膦酸盐处理至收获细胞。培养第7天检测各组破骨细胞生成和骨吸收功能,免疫荧光检测两组抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶表达的差异,Western blot检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶蛋白表达情况。结果与结论:各组细胞均有抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶阳性多核破骨细胞生成,并在牙本质磨片上形成吸收陷窝;但对照组抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶阳性多核细胞数目、吸收陷窝数目及陷窝面积均大于双膦酸盐组(P0.01)。免疫荧光检测显示,对照组抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶表达均强于双膦酸盐组(P0.01)。Western blot检测显示,双膦酸盐组抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶蛋白的表达低于对照组(P0.01)。说明双膦酸盐通过抑制抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶蛋白的表达,阻碍破骨细胞分化生成及骨吸收功能。     

Preferential degradation of osteoclasts by titanium tetrachloride

Although titanium alloys are known to be biocompatible with bone tissue after implantation in human beings, the effect of titanium on osteoclasts remains to be studied. We examined the effect of titanium salt on the formation and survival of osteoclasts in cell culture. The addition of 10 microM titanium tetrachloride caused a decrease in the cell number of osteoclast-like cells induced in bone marrow cell cultures taken from mice. The addition of 10 microM titanium tetrachloride caused degradation of the disaggregated osteoclasts taken from neonatal rats and a decrease in bone resorption. Along with the increase in the degradation of osteoclasts, the number of apoptotic cells increased. Titanium tetrachloride dose-dependently decreased the cell number and alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblastic cell cultures taken from rat calvaria. However, these concentrations were 30-40 times higher than those in the case of osteoclast-like cell formation. These results showed that titanium ions caused a preferential degradation of osteoclasts rather than osteoblasts, most likely by apoptosis.     

miR-455-3p靶向HIPK2调控高糖环境下成骨细胞的增殖和凋亡

文题释义： 糖尿病性骨病：糖尿病可导致骨代谢发生改变,表现为骨形成缺陷、成骨细胞数量减少、骨基质形成不足。高糖环境下以成骨细胞功能改变最为显著,高糖诱导成骨细胞是研究糖尿病性骨病的常用细胞模型。 成骨作用：指成骨细胞移至将要合成骨组织的部位,分泌、合成骨胶原及骨蛋白纤维,将钙、磷吸收到纤维孔隙中进行沉淀结晶,形成骨组织的过程。 背景：以往研究表明多种miRNA在骨形成中发挥作用,miR-335-5p可保护成骨细胞免受氧化应激,对枸橼酸铁铵诱导的成骨细胞具有保护作用,但miR-335-5p对高糖环境下成骨细胞增殖和凋亡的影响尚未可知。 目的：探讨miR-455-3p靶向HIPK2对高糖环境下成骨细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。 方法：双荧光素酶报告基因分析法验证miR-455-3p对HIPK2的靶向作用。体外用高糖诱导MC3T3-E1细胞,分为空白组、高糖组、高糖+miR-control组、高糖+miR-455-3p组、高糖+si-control组、高糖+si-HIPK2组、高糖+miR-455-3p+pcDNA组和高糖+miR-455-3p+pcDNA-HIPK2组。qRT-PCR检测miR-455-3p和HIPK2 mRNA的表达,MTT法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞检测细胞凋亡,Western blot检测HIPK2、p-STAT3和STAT3蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：①HIPK2是miR-455-3p的靶基因,miR-455-3p可负性调控HIPK2的表达;②高糖处理可抑制miR-455-3p的表达,促进HIPK2的表达;③过表达miR-455-3p或抑制HIPK2表达均可促进高糖条件下MC3T3-E1细胞的存活和抑制凋亡;④过表达HIPK2可部分逆转miR-455-3p对高糖条件下成骨细胞的存活促进和凋亡抑制作用;⑤miR-455-3p通过调控HIPK2抑制成骨细胞中p-STAT3的表达;⑥结果表明,miR-455-3p通过靶向下调HIPK2抑制高糖诱导的成骨细胞凋亡,促进成骨细胞增殖,这可能与抑制STAT3信号通路有关。 ORCID: 0000-0001-7129-8455(匡嘉兵) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Osteoblasts Subjected to Mechanical Strain Inhibit Osteoclastic Differentiation and Bone Resorption in a Co-Culture System

Bone remodeling is strictly mediated by the coupled activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively. Although many papers have been published on the mechanical responses of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, little is known about their communication during mechanical loading. In this study, a novel co-culture system was first established using Transwell culture inserts; MC3T3-E1 cells were embedded in the lower compartment of the inserts, and RAW264.7 cells were co-cultured in the upper compartment. The MC3T3-E1 cells were subjected to a mechanical strain of 2500 με at 0.5 Hz to investigate the effect of strain-loaded osteoblasts on co-cultured osteoclasts. The results showed that osteoblast-like cells were activated with an increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. The strain-conditioned medium caused decreased activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and reduced the number of mature multinucleated osteoclasts, which subsequently resulted in the suppressed formation of resorption pits. The expression levels of cathepsin-K and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were also depressed by the strain-conditioned medium. In addition, we found that the expression ratio between osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand in osteoblasts was significantly up-regulated due to the enhanced levels of OPG. In summary, we conclude that the strain-stimulated osteoblasts inhibited the differentiation and bone resorption of osteoclasts and that the mechanism was associated with the increased secretion of OPG in osteoblasts.     

miR-34b对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响及相关机制

目的：探讨miRNA-34b在骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化过程中的表达及其可能的作用靶点和作用机制。方法：采用密度梯度离心和全骨髓贴壁相结合的方法分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,hBMSCs),并在体外诱导成骨分化。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,检测hBMSCs成骨分化过程中的miR-34b的表达水平;然后过表达miR-34b,进一步观察其对hBMSCs成骨分化的影响。同时检测过表达miR-34b对成骨分化的关键信号通路之一Notch信号通路的活性影响,初步探讨其可能涉及的作用机制。结果：成功分离出hBMSCs,并构建了hBMSCs体外诱导成骨分化模型;且随着成骨诱导培养时间的延长,miRNA-34b表达水平逐渐降低。ALP活性检测、茜素红染色检测结果显示过表达miRNA-34b后,ALP活性显著降低,且茜素红染色的钙盐结节明显减少;同时Western blot实验结果显示过表达miRNA-34b后,成骨特异性标记分子Runx2的蛋白表达水平显著下降(P<0.05)。此外,过表达miRNA-34b后,Notch信号通路的活性显著降低。结论：miRNA-34b能够负向调控人骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化;其作用机制可能与抑制Notch信号通路的活性有关,提示miRNA-34b可以作为诊断和靶向治疗慢性炎症性骨疾病的潜在作用靶点。     

Serum leptin levels,bone mineral density and osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity in elderly men and women

Although primarily secreted by adipose cells, leptin, a polypeptide hormone that influences body weight, satiety and lipid metabolism, and its receptor are also expressed in human osteoblasts. Leptin plays a role in the central, hypothalamic modulation of bone formation, as well as locally within the skeleton by enhancing differentiation of bone marrow stroma into osteoblasts and inhibiting its differentiation into osteoclasts and adipocytes. The purpose of this investigation was to compare serum leptin values in 100 postmenopausal women (age 62-97) and 31 men (age 72-92) to bone mineral density (BMD) measurements made by dual X-ray absorptiometry and additionally to biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation, including crosslinked collagen N-telopeptides (NTx), aminoterminal extension procollagen propeptides (PINP) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP). The circulating level of leptin directly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r=0.61-0.78, P<0.001) and was modestly, but significantly and positively associated with bAP activity (r=0.24-0.33, P<0.01) in the sera of men and women after adjustment for BMD, age and BMI. The association of circulating leptin levels with bAP, a specific marker of osteoblast activity suggests that leptin levels influence osteoblast activity in vivo in elderly women and men.     

Effect of lentivirus-mediated miR-182 targeting FGF9 on hallux valgus

The pathogenesis of hallux valgus is not clearly understood. However, genetics research about hallux valgus is rare. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the pathogeny of hallux valgus from the perspective of genetics. Human samples were collected from normal bone tissue and hallux valgus region bone tissue. The bone samples were studied using real time-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemical. Lentivirus-mediated miR-182 transfected osteoblasts and tested the expression of FGF9 mRNA with real time-PCR. To test alkaline phosphatase activity, number of calcium nodules and proliferation of osteoblast with enzymatic activity analysis, calcium nodules stained and MTT assay. We found that (1) FGF9 expressed in hallux valgus region bone tissue was significantly higher than normal bone tissue. (2) miR-182 expression levels in hallux valgus region bone tissue were notably lower than those of normal bone tissue. (3) miR-182 could negatively regulate the expression of FGF9 in osteoblasts. (4) FGF9 may enhance osteoblasts proliferation. We have demonstrated that miR-182 promotes the formation of bone by targeting FGF9, implicating an essential role of miR-182 in the etiology of hallux valgus. Moreover, miR-182 might potentially be a therapeutic target for hallux valgus treatment.     

Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor �� in alveolar bone cells of estradiol-treated female rats: possible direct action of estrogen on osteoclast life span

The role of estrogen in bone resorption has been specifically related to the effect of estrogen on the signalling pathway that inhibits the formation of osteoclasts. However, osteoclast apoptosis and a significant reduction in the number of these cells have been observed in the alveolar bone of female rats treated with estradiol. In the present study, the expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in the cells of alveolar bone was evaluated in estradiol‐treated and ‐untreated female rats. In order to test the possible direct action of estrogen on osteoclasts, the relationship between apoptosis and ERβ expression in these cells was also analysed. The animals received estradiol for 14 days and the alveolar bone fragments were embedded in paraffin for the quantification of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive osteoclasts. The expression of ERβ and apoptosis in the osteoclasts were evaluated by ERβ immunohistochemistry and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP Nick‐End Labelling (TUNEL) methods, respectively. To confirm osteoclast death by apoptosis, these cells were analysed under transmission electron microscopy. Some osteoclasts from estradiol‐treated animals were found to be undergoing apoptosis and the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive osteoclasts was significantly reduced. ERβ immunolabelling was observed in the cytoplasm and nuclei of active osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts in both groups, suggesting a direct participation of estrogen on alveolar bone cells. However, following estradiol treatment, a strong ERβ immunolabelling was often observed in the TUNEL‐positive osteoclasts. Therefore, these results indicate that, in addition to the other signalling pathway, the reduction of alveolar bone resorption is also related to a direct action of estrogen on osteoclasts, promoting apoptosis in these cells, via ERβ.