眶部病变的显微手术入路应用进展

正眶是一个窄小的解剖空间,内含许多重要结构,特别是眶内有丰富、疏松的脂肪组织,对手术野是一个干扰。眶尖部神经、血管和肌肉密集,解剖层次复杂;而且眶又被副鼻窦、脑和眼球等器官围绕,位置深,使眶部手术更具困难性~([1])。眶尖区是指由视神经管、眶上裂及眶下裂所围成的解剖区域。它是沟通眶颅的重要解剖结构,又是前、中颅窝底相邻结构。此区空间狭小,结构复杂,神经血管密集,汇集了经此出入颅的重要血管神经和其他的组织结构。该区病变常向眶内和     

眶经颅手术入路显微解剖学研究

目的研究经颅至眶部手术入路的显微解剖学及解剖参数,为临床手术入路提供形态学依据。方法应用10例成人头颅湿标本,在放大5-20倍显微镜下,对眶内手术入路进行显微解剖分析及测量。结果内侧入路是经上斜肌与提上睑肌之间的间隙,经此入路可切除眶尖区内侧病变。中央入路是经提上睑肌与上直肌之间的间隙,根据额神经牵向内侧还是牵向外侧分为两种术式;经此入路可行眶内段视神经中段病变的切除。外侧入路是经上直肌与外直肌之间的间隙,根据眼上静脉牵向内侧还是外侧也分为两种术式,经此入路可切除眶尖区上、下、外侧部及眶上裂区病变。结论3种手术入路为经颅至眶部手术避免损伤神经血管提供了显微解剖依据。     

眶上裂区及其穿经结构的薄层冠状断层解剖学

目的：探讨眶上裂区及其穿经结构的薄层冠状断层解剖,为临床眶上裂区疾病的影像诊断提供形态学依据。方法：采用火棉胶切片技术对5例(10侧)成人眶上裂区标本进行连续薄层冠状断层解剖学观察。结果：眶上裂被Zinn腱环分为外侧区、中央区和内侧区,内有第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ_1、Ⅵ对脑神经及其分支和眼上静脉通过,未见眼下静脉。视神经由颅内的横椭圆形逐渐变为眶内的圆形;眼动脉在视神经管颅口、中部和眶口处分别位于视神经的内下方、正下方和外下方。结论：冠状断层对于眶上裂区及其穿经结构显示效果良好,应作为该区影像诊断的基本层面。火棉胶包埋结合滑动式切片机薄层连续切片技术是研究眶上裂区断层解剖学的一种简便适用、定位准确的方法。     

眶上裂区显微外科解剖学

眶上裂为位于眶尖部和海绵窦前部之间的一个重要骨性裂隙 ,内侧与视神经管毗邻。眶上裂区范围小 ,结构多 ,是颅底穿行神经最多、最复杂的区域。支配眼球运动的颅神经均经此入眶 ,损伤后可引起“眶上裂综合征”。尽管有关海绵窦及眼眶的显微解剖学研究已有许多报道[1～ 6] ,但作为两者交通的眶上裂区显微解剖学研究却很少[7～ 8] 。Ｍｏｒａｒｄ等[7] 称眶上裂区为颅底显微解剖研究中的一块“无人大陆” ,并于 1 994年首先对眶上裂区显微解剖进行了报道。近年来 ,随着学科渗透和显微外科技术的发展 ,使临床医师逐渐地涉足这一领域而施行眶上…     

眼静脉与海绵窦前间隙的显微外科解剖学

目的：为临床治疗眶上裂区域的肿瘤和颈内动脉海绵窦瘘提供显微外科解剖学依据。方法：应用成人头颅湿标本在16倍显微镜下，观测海绵窦前间隙、眶内引流静脉及相互之间的关系，和胎儿眶上裂区血管铸型标本。结果：眼上静脉在眶内分为3段，各段直径平均为(2．13～2．57)mm，眼上、下静脉在眶内汇合形成长约(4．35～4．97)mm的眼静脉总干，眼静脉总干从海绵窦前间隙前方或前下方与海绵窦前间隙相连，眼静脉总干呈纺锤型。结论：本文结果为临床选择该区域适当的手术入路打下基础，经眼上静脉治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘是可行的。     

眶上裂区的显微外科解剖学研究

目的:为眶上裂(superior orbital fissure,SOF)区手术提供显微解剖学基础。方法:①观测30例(60侧)成人头颅干标本SOF骨性结构;②在手术显微镜下观测15例(30侧)成人头颅湿标本SOF区穿行神经、血管位置及毗邻关系。结果:①sOF外侧壁上、下半边夹角144.27°±20.03°;②泪腺神经距SOF外侧端(4.17±1.70)mm;③动眼神经上支至SOF内侧壁(1.83±0.62)mm;④滑车神经紧贴Zinn腱环外侧人SOF;⑤眼上静脉海绵窦段具有静脉窦结构。结论:SOF区穿行神经、血管位置的观测,对临床开展SOF区手术有参考意义。     

经上颌窦手术入路的应用解剖

目的 研究上颌窦区域的解剖特点,为经上颌入路至颅底中央区提供相关解剖学资料.方法 8例10%福尔马林固定的成人头部标本,显微镜下解剖上颌窦,观察上颌窦各壁有关解剖结构的毗邻关系.结果 上颌窦有5个壁,重要解剖标志有眶下孔、尖牙窝、颧上颌点、眶下血管神经束、上颌窦窦口和筛上颌板等,上颌窦后外壁呈三角形,打开其内侧部是翼腭窝,眶下血管神经束走行于外侧壁与上壁交界处.筛上颌板位于上颌窦内上壁的后部与后筛窦之间.结论 熟悉上颌窦区域的解剖特点,在颅底手术入路中可以减少有关解剖结构的损伤.     

人颈静脉孔区显微解剖研究

目的研究人颈静脉孔区显微解剖,为手术入路的选择提供形态学资料。方法手术显微镜(15倍)下对15个头颅标本,30侧颈静脉孔进行显微解剖和观察。结果颈静脉孔分为三部,即岩部、神经部、乙状部。岩部为接收岩下窦、舌下神经管静脉、岩斜裂静脉和椎静脉丛分支的静脉窦;神经部由位于结缔组织鞘中的舌咽、迷走、副神经所组成,行于颈静脉球上方的内侧,舌咽神经位于最前方,神经间被纤维或骨性结构隔开;乙状部接收乙状窦血流。结论颈静脉孔区结构复杂,熟悉颈静脉孔区的显微解剖有利于手术中保护重要的神经和血管。     

内镜下经鼻眶内手术入路的解剖

目的 观察内镜经鼻眶内手术的关键解剖标志并探讨其临床应用。方法 3例（6侧）新鲜尸头,颈总动脉、椎动脉以及颈内静脉硅胶灌注后,采用STORZ 内镜系统和内镜手术器械,行内镜经鼻入路眶内区的入路解剖,并应用Storz Image 1系统采集高清图像。选择两例患者采取此径路进行手术。结果 内镜经鼻入路可以暴露眶内侧壁和部分眶下壁骨质,以及深层的眶骨膜、肌锥外脂肪。并能深入暴露内直肌、上斜肌和下直肌。经内直肌和下直肌之间的潜在间隙进入肌锥内,去除眶脂体显露重要的血管神经结构：眼动脉及其分支下内侧肌干、视神经和动眼神经的分支。临床上采用内镜经鼻入路处理眶内病变,选择眶内肌锥内球后金属异物和累及翼腭窝和颞下窝的眶尖海绵状血管瘤,手术均顺利,达到了预期手术目的,术后恢复良好,无手术并发症。结论 深入把握眶内关键解剖结构,选择恰当病例进行内镜下经鼻入路治疗,具有安全、有效及微创性。     

眶内眼神经的断层解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为影像检查和眶内手术提供断层解剖学资料。方法：应用50侧成人头颅湿标本制成0．5mm的火棉胶连续切片，对额神经、鼻睫神经、泪腺神经的位置、走行和毗邻进行观测。结果：眼神经的分支额神经、鼻睫神经和泪腺神经均经眶上裂人眶。额神经发出滑车上神经和眶上神经内外支，鼻睫神经与眼动脉伴行，泪腺神经在外直肌上方前行。结论：火棉胶连续切片能够准确显示眶内眼神经的分支、走行，对影像诊断和避免手术损伤均有重要参考价值。     

Microsurgical anatomy of the superior orbital fissure

The microanatomy of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) was studied in 96 sides of cadaver specimens. The SOF is a narrow bony cleft that lies at the apex of the orbit between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid. Through this fissure, many important structures enter the orbit from the middle cranial fossa including the third, fourth, sixth cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic branch of the fifth nerve. In addition, the superior opthalmamic vein exits the orbit to drain into the cavernous sinus via the SOF. The fissure can be divided into three anatomical regions by the annulus of Zinn (common annular tendon): the lateral, central, and inferior regions. The lateral wall of the SOF can also be divided between the upper and lower segments, and the angle between them was measured to be 144.27 degrees +/- 20.03 degrees . Defining these regions is useful in describing the course and placement of the nerves and vasculature in the SOF. Managing lesions at the orbital apex requires an extensive knowledge of the cranial base and the intracranial and extracranial relationships of the anatomical structures coursing through the SOF. The goal of this study was to describe the microanatomy of the SOF region in detail and to provide a reference for surgical procedures involving the orbital apex.     

内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路的解剖学研究

目的 探索内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路暴露颅底中线区域的解剖结构,为临床该术式切除颅底中线区域肿瘤提供解剖学基础。 方法 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路解剖5具成人尸头标本,观察该入路暴露的颅底中线区域脑组织、血管及神经。 结果 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路可充分暴露前床突及其内侧前颅底硬脑膜、嗅沟及嗅神经;蝶鞍区可显露视神经、视交叉、视交叉前间隙、垂体上动脉、眼动脉、颈内动脉及其周围间隙;上斜坡区域可显露鞍背硬脑膜、乳头体、基底动脉末端、小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉、后交通动脉、动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经、面神经、前庭蜗神经及脑桥腹侧。 结论 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路切除颅底中线区域肿瘤在解剖学上可行,临床上可作为常规显微镜手术及经鼻内镜入路手术的有效补充。     

Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve

The aim of this study is to demonstrate and review the detailed microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve and surrounding structures along its entire course and to provide its topographic measurements. Ten cadaveric heads were examined using ×3 to ×40 magnification after the arteries and veins were injected with colored silicone. Both sides of each cadaveric head were dissected using different skull base approaches to demonstrate the entire course of the abducens nerve from the pontomedullary sulcus to the lateral rectus muscle. The anatomy of the petroclival area and the cavernous sinus through which the abducens nerve passes are complex due to the high density of critically important neural and vascular structures. The abducens nerve has angulations and fixation points along its course that put the nerve at risk in many clinical situations. From a surgical viewpoint, the petrous tubercle of the petrous apex is an intraoperative landmark to avoid damage to the abducens nerve. The abducens nerve is quite different from the other nerves. No other cranial nerve has a long intradural path with angulations and fixations such as the abducens nerve in petroclival venous confluence. A precise knowledge of the relationship between the abducens nerve and surrounding structures has allowed neurosurgeon to approach the clivus, petroclival area, cavernous sinus, and superior orbital fissure without surgical complications. Clin. Anat. 25:1030–1042, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

枕下乙状窦后锁孔经岩裂-桥脑裂入路的显微解剖学

[摘要]目的:通过对枕下乙状窦后锁孔经岩裂-桥脑裂入路的各段结构进行显微解剖学研究,为临床应用提供解剖学资料;方法：对15具30侧正常成人湿头颅标本进行解剖：模拟手术状态下该入路操作,将尸头侧卧位固定在头架上,乳突后横（纵）切口,开2.5cm-3cm骨窗,切开硬脑膜,测量分开岩裂-桥脑裂前后时手术野显露范围变化,以及三叉、面听、舌咽神经入脑干处暴露情况;显微镜下解剖岩裂和小脑桥脑裂上、下支;对岩裂、桥脑裂上、下支、岩静脉、小脑动脉、三叉、面听、舌咽神经入脑干处等相关研究对象进行测量、照相。结果：该入路可显露的解剖结构上至天幕前侧缘,下到枕骨大孔颈静脉结节,内侧到桥脑和中脑的侧方。可显露桥小脑角区包括岩静脉、小脑上中下三个神经血管复合体。岩裂-桥脑裂分离前后距离在统计学具有差异性。结论：该入路是对经典乙状窦后入路的补充和扩大,具有切口小、脑损伤小,充分利用小脑的自然间隙,不牵拉或少牵拉小脑的情况下增加了操作空间;该入路在微血管减压治疗颅神经疾病方面在解剖学上具有可操作性;该入路在同等条件下使后颅窝相关区域的组织结构显露更大,为桥小脑角区占位性病变的切除提供了解剖学空间。     

Occipital foramina development involves localised regulation of mesenchyme proliferation and is independent of apoptosis

Cranial foramina are holes within the skull, formed during development, allowing entry and exit of blood vessels and nerves. Once formed they must remain open, due to the vital structures they contain, i.e. optic nerves, jugular vein, carotid artery, and other cranial nerves and blood vessels. Understanding cranial foramina development is essential as cranial malformations lead to the stenosis or complete closure of these structures, resulting in blindness, deafness, facial paralysis, raised intracranial pressure and lethality. Here we focus on describing early events in the formation of the jugular, carotid and hypoglossal cranial foramina that form in the mesoderm‐derived, endochondral occipital bones at the base of the embryonic chick skull. Whole‐mount skeletal staining of skulls indicates the appearance of these foramina from HH32/D7.5 onwards. Haematoxylin & eosin staining of sections shows that the intimately associated mesenchyme, neighbouring the contents of these cranial foramina, is initially very dense and gradually becomes sparser as development proceeds. Histological examination also revealed that these foramina initially contain relatively large‐diameter nerves, which later become refined, and are closely associated with the blood vessel, which they also innervate within the confines of the foramina. Interestingly cranial foramina in the base of the skull contain blood vessels lacking smooth muscle actin, which suggests these blood vessels belong to glomus body structures within the foramina. The blood vessel shape also appears to dictate the overall shape of the resulting foramina. We initially hypothesised that cranial foramina development could involve targeted proliferation and local apoptosis to cause ‘mesenchymal clearing’ and the creation of cavities in a mechanism similar to joint cavitation. We find that this is not the case, and propose that a mechanism reliant upon local nerve/blood vessel‐derived restriction of ossification may contribute to foramina formation during cranial development.     

Neuro-arterial relations in the region of the optic canal

In this paper, we present the results of our investigations on the neuro-arterial relations in the region of the optic canal. A thorough knowledge of the microanatomic features of the ophthalmic artery, optic canal and optic nerve is very important for surgeons approaching lesions of this area. We aimed to extend our present knowledge of the origin of the ophthalmic artery and microsurgical anatomy of the optic canal with exposure of the optic nerve. The optic canal walls and width and height of the orbital and cranial apertures, and thickness of the bony roof of the optic canal were measured on the right and left sides of 57 sphenoid bones, 102 skull bases and 58 fixed adult cadaver heads. The ophthalmic artery originated from the rostromedial circumference of the internal carotid artery in 51.8%, from the medial circumference in 26.2% and the laterobasal circumference in 22% of the specimens. The outer diameter of the ophthalmic artery at its origin was 1.81 ± 0.36 mm on the right and 1.75 ± 0.37 mm on the left side.     

Metoptic canal, duplication of the optic canal and Warwick’s foramen in human orbits

The region of the optic strut is sometimes traversed by some minor canals whose incidence and general characteristics have never been studied. As such canals could be the route for vessels that could interfere in the surgery of the orbital apex, we undertook a detailed anatomical study on a vast collection of dry skulls. The examination of 943 dry adult skulls and 360 foetal skulls was carried out to precise the anatomy of canals in the optic strut area, their development and relationships with the optic canal. A canal traversing the optic strut was present in 8.54 % of the orbits. Based on diameter, position within the optic strut, and thickness of the bony plate separating it from the optic canal or from the superior orbital fissure, the canals piercing the optic strut were classified into four types, which include the well-known duplication of the optic canal, different aspects of the metoptic canal and a type of canal that to our knowledge has never been reported. Warwick’s foramen was found in 0.74 % of orbits. The area of the optic strut is the frequent site of canals joining the orbit with the middle cranial fossa. Some of them can host the ophthalmic artery; others could be run by minor vessels which, however, could be the source of annoying bleedings in surgical procedures.     

中国人侧颅底区可视化研究

目的建立中国人体侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型，为该区疾病的影像学诊断及外科手术治疗提供数字形态学依据。方法应用我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集，采用体绘制及面绘制重建方法，分别在P4微机和SGI工作站上对侧颅底区重要结构进行计算机三维重建及立体显示。结果侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型能够清晰显示侧颅底各重要结构。本研究着重显示了侧颅底神经血管区、颞骨内结构、颈内动脉及其毗邻结构与侧颅底骨性组织的三维解剖关系。三维重建结构可以单独或联合显示，重建结构的任意径线及角度均可进行适时三维测量。结论我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集能够较好地重建侧颅底区可视化解剖模型，反映该区域重要解剖结构及其空间毗邻关系，该结果可应用于侧颅底外科手术辅助教学以及手术入路的辅助设计等。     

眶尖区的断层解剖学研究及临床意义

目的　为眶尖区影像诊断提供断层解剖学资料。方法　应用 5 0侧成人头颅湿标本制成 0 5mm的火棉胶连续切片 ,用计算机图像分析系统对 3 6侧冠状位标本上的眶尖结构进行测量。结果　视神经管眶口处面积最小 ,管内段视神经从颅端到眶端逐渐变细 ,眼动脉进入神经经管从视神经内下方向外下方走行 ,眶上裂被Zinn腱环分为外侧区、中央区、下区 3部分。结论　冠状位是观测眶尖结构的理想层面 ,对眶尖部病变的诊断具有重要意义。