广西民族地区医学生的腹部脂肪分布和体型特征

目的:检测广西民族地区医学生的身体成分,探讨广西民族地区医学生的腹部脂肪分布特点和体型特征,为学校对医学生的卫生保健提供科学依据。方法:利用MC-180身体成分测试仪对1 049名(男生400名,女生649名)广西民族地区医学生的体成分进行检测,根据体成分检测结果对民族地区医学生的营养状况、腹部肥胖类型和体型特点进行分析。结果:男、女生脂肪过低分别占38.5%、26.35%,男、女生脂肪过高和肥胖分别占11.5%、3.08%;男生的腹部内脏脂肪含量明显高于女生,皮下脂肪含量则明显低于女生;男生以标准型、偏瘦肌肉型、偏瘦型、运动不足型、肥胖型和偏胖型体型为主,女生则以标准型、偏瘦肌肉型、运动不足型和偏瘦型体型为主。结论:广西民族地区男性和女性医学生脂肪过低的人数偏多,应根据体型特点,合理调整饮食结构,增强腹部锻炼,防止向肥胖和脂肪过低两极分化,达到身体健康和形体美的目的。     

深圳市龙岗区中小学生超重、肥胖状况调查分析

目的分析深圳市龙岗区中小学生超重与肥胖状况。方法采用多级分层整群抽样法对深圳市龙岗区7所中小学校7～18岁的学生进行体格检查和问卷调查。应用＂中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体质指数分类标准＂筛查出各年龄组男女生超重与肥胖人数,分析比较各年龄组男女生超重与肥胖检出率。结果深圳市龙岗区中小学生男生超重、肥胖率分别为12.27%和7.65%,女生超重、肥胖率分别为8.71%和5.25%,男女生超重率均高于肥胖率。小学男、女生超重检出率分别为14.43%和10.20%（χ2=24.901,P〈0.01）,小学男、女生肥胖检出率分别为10.65%和7.19%（χ2=22.130,P〈0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。中学男、女生超重检出率分别为10.10%和7.16%（χ2=16.148,P〈0.01）,中学男、女生肥胖检出率分别为4.62%和3.24%（χ2=24.990,P〈0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。结论深圳市龙岗区中小学生超重与肥胖问题严重,尤其是小学男生。各学校、社区、家庭及有关管理部门应进一步加强中小学生的健康卫生教育工作,防止中小学生超重、肥胖进一步蔓延。     

北京市顺义区学龄儿童少年体重指数与体脂百分比关系的研究

目的 分析北京市顺义区儿童少年体重指数（BMI）和体脂百分比（PBF）的关系。方法 采用整群抽样法抽取顺义区小学生1477人,其中男生804人,平均年龄8.3岁,女生673人,平均年龄8.2岁;初中生1996人,其中男生1028人,平均年龄13.7岁,女生968人,平均年龄13.6岁,使用人体成分分析仪H-Key350测定PBF,并计算BMI,比较两者判定超重、肥胖的一致性。结果 北京市顺义区中小学生BMI与PBF两者呈正相关,小学生总体、男生、女生BMI与PBF均呈高度正相关,相关系数分别为0.907、0.919和0.904;初中生总体、男生、女生BMI与PBF的相关系数分别为0.694、0.833和0.845;与BMI标准判定超重相比,PBF判定的超重有较高特异度,小学和初中分别为84.71%和80.47%;而灵敏度差为14.42%和20.24%;与BMI标准判定肥胖相比,PBF判定的肥胖有较高灵敏度,小学和初中分别为99.86%和91.93%,而特异度差,只有73.56%和61.27%。结论 用PBF判断超重标准对于确定顺义区初中生和小学生超重和肥胖分别有较高特异度和灵敏度,可以使用PBF对学龄儿童开展超重和肥胖的筛查。     

南阳地区回族青少年Heath-Carter体型特征

目的 探讨南阳地区回族青少年体型发育特征及其规律。 方法 应用Heath-Carter体型法对1357名南阳地区回族学生体型进行评价。 结果 7～18岁青少年身高、体质量随年龄的增加而增长;体脂肪率除8岁组外,其他各年龄组女生>男生。南阳地区回族男生的平均体型为偏中胚层的内胚层型（5.3~4.0~3.4）,女生为偏外胚层的内胚层型（5.0~2.5~3.3）;男生和女生的体型均以内胚层系体型为主（男40.0%、女29.0%）;内因子值除17岁组外,其他各年龄组男生>女生;中因子值各年龄组男生>女生;外因子值7～13岁各组女生>男生,14～18岁各组男生>女生。 结论 南阳地区回族女生较男生瘦削,皮下脂肪量较少。回族男生较女生身体的线形程度高,充实度增加。南阳地区回族青少年体脂较多,可能与其不合理饮食和生活习惯有关。     

广西罗城仫佬族中小学生营养状况分析

目的:了解广西罗城仫佬族中小学生营养现状。方法:用身高标准体质量法对罗城仫佬族1 075名7~16岁中小学生检测并分析他们的营养状况。结果:学生营养良好率67.16%,营养不良率27.35%,超重肥胖率5.49%;营养不良率女生明显高于男生,初中生明显高于小学生。结论:广西罗城仫佬族中小学生仍存在营养不良和超重肥胖现象。营养不良和超重肥胖率存在性别、年龄的差异。中小学生营养干预的重点应在青春发育中晚期。     

鲁中地区汉族小学生的体成分及体表面积

目的:了解鲁中地区汉族7~11岁小学生的体成分及体表面积现状,分析其年龄、性别差异,并与我国其他地区、其他民族小学生做对比分析。方法:对600名小学生进行体成分和体表面积的测量,并进行性别、年龄方面的差异分析。结果:随年龄增长,鲁中地区汉族小学生身体的各成分指标逐步增加,但体型差别不明显,总体上男生去脂体质量、肌肉量大于女生,而女生的脂肪百分比高于男生。鲁中地区汉族小学生的体表面积明显大于浙西南山区汉族、浙西南山区畲族、湖南省白族、武陵山区土家族、湘黔地区苗族、广东省瑶族、皖东农村汉族、沈阳市锡伯族等同龄学生(除了8岁女生),差异均有统计学意义,而与沈阳市汉族学生体表面积无差异(除了10岁女生)。除年龄和肥胖度无相关关系外,鲁中地区汉族小学生的体表面积和体成分主要指标之间均呈正相关。结论:鲁中地区汉族小学生的身体形态特点是体型高壮、体表面积大,肥胖率高于全国水平。     

广西侗族中小学生体成分分布

目的:调查广西侗族中小学生的体成分分布情况,分析其体成分年龄变化趋势及性别差异。方法:利用生物电阻抗法对广西侗族中小学生750人(男383人,女367人)进行体成分的测量。结果:随着年龄的增长,广西侗族中小学男女生的体质量、去脂体质量、肌肉量、身体水分比率、骨含量、蛋白质含量、身体水分、细胞内液、细胞外液等指标升高。体质量、去脂体质量、脂肪量、肌肉量、体脂率、身体水分比率、骨含量、蛋白质含量、身体水分、细胞内液、细胞外液等11项指标均有性别间差异。体质量在11~14岁,骨含量在9~13岁,脂肪量及体脂率在9~15岁均表现为女生大于男生,其余年龄组表现为男生大于女生。9~11岁广西侗族中小学生体质量、去脂体质量、脂肪量、肌肉量、蛋白质含量、身体水分、细胞内液、细胞外液均低于同年龄鲁中地区汉族中小学生。结论:广西侗族中小学生体成分各项指标随着年龄增长而增加,而且存在性别及民族差异。     

定量超声法和生物电阻抗法测定青春发育后期学生肌肉量、肌力与 跟骨超声传导速度的相互关系

背景：查阅国内外研究文献发现研究青春发育后期学生体成分与骨密度的文章很少。 目的：探讨处于青春后期的学生体质、体成分与跟骨超声传导速度的相互关系。 方法：采用定量超声法和生物电阻抗法对在校的1 004名17~20周岁的学生进行了测试。 结果与结论：男生的体质和体成分明显好于女生;肥胖度不同的学生,体质具有明显的层次变化,脂肪百分比越高则体质越差;脂肪百分比、肌肉量和肌力与跟骨超声传导速度具有显著的线性关系。结果可见体质和体成分具有明显的性别差异,但跟骨超声传导速度没有性别差异;肥胖度不同的学生体质具有明显的差异性,脂肪百分比处在正常范围之内的学生身体素质最好;脂肪百分比与跟骨超声传导速度呈负相关,脂肪百分比越高则骨密度越低,对骨密度大小起决定作用的是肌力和肌肉量。     

南阳地区回族小学生体成分测定

目的:调查南阳地区回族小学生的体成分数据,了解其体成分年龄变化特点及规律。方法:利用生物电阻抗法对南阳地区回族小学生进行体成分检测。结果:南阳市回族小学男女生体质量、身高、肌肉量和去脂体质量随着年龄的增长而呈增高趋势,9岁时增长变化比较明显,且10岁以前男生高于女生。10岁以后女生身高和体质量超过男生。男生体脂率9岁时达到最高值,而女生体脂率则整体呈上升趋势,且体脂率女生高于男生、城市高于农村。小学生营养问题发生率高,体质量过轻发生率女生高于男生、农村高于城市,超重的发生率男生高于女生、城市高于农村。男女生骨含量均随着年龄增长而增加,9岁前男生高于女生,9岁后女生高于男生,且城市一直高于农村。结论:南阳地区回族小学生身体成分的年龄变化既有性别差异又有城乡差异;目前在校小学生的营养不足与超重、肥胖情况仍比较突出;骨含量的性别差异及地区差异并不明显。     

中小学生欺侮行为方式与特点研究

目的　了解中小学生欺侮行为的方式与特点。方法　采用自编的欺侮问卷对 1 1～ 1 6岁 6 88名学生进行调查。结果　 1 1～ 1 6岁学生主要以直接欺侮尤其是直接言语欺侮为主 ,间接欺侮的方式应用较少 ;教室、上学与回家途中等地点极易发生欺侮行为 ;男生欺侮女生较多地采用直接身体欺侮的方式 ;而女生欺侮男生较多地采用直接言语欺侮的方式 ;随着年龄增长 ,受欺侮和欺侮他人的比例呈现下降的趋势 ,小学比初中要高 ,卷入欺侮行为的程度也更严重。男生卷入欺侮他人的程度比女生严重 ,而在受欺侮程度上 ,男生和女生间未见显著性差异。结论　欺侮行为在中小学生中具有普遍性 ,应引起教育工作者足够的重视。     

Somatotype related to centripetal fat patterning of 8- to 19-year-old Basque boys and girls

The association between fat distribution and Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotypes was studied in a sample of Basque children and youth aged 8–19 years. About mid-adolescence, mean somatotype of Basque males changed, diminishing in endomorphy and mesomorphy, and increasing slightly in ectomorphy. For the same period, reduced mesomorphy was the most striking change in the female mean somatotype; meanwhile, there was an increase in endomorphy and a decrease in ectomorphy. Two groups of fat distribution were identified: centripetal and peripheral. Centripetal fat increased with age in both sexes. Fat distribution groups showed the following characteristics: a) mean somatotypes of centripetal and peripheral subjects were significantly different; b) centripetal boys and girls were extreme endomorphs prior to adolescent somatotype change; c) centripetal girls showed high ratings of endomorphy after adolescence; d) mesomorphy was related to a centripetal fat distribution pattern in both sexes; e) using the BMI as a criterion of obesity, only 16.3% of centripetal males and 21.8% of centripetal females were classified as obese; f) obesity was absent among subjects with a peripheral pattern, except for one male showing an endomorphic-mesomorph somatotype; h) the obese showed extreme somatotypes with high endomorphy and mesomorphy, and minimal ectomorphy. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Age and constitutional features in the forming of posture in children 7 to 14 years of age

Longitudinal study of forming of the posture was performed in 138 healthy pupils of Moscow school No. 710 aged from 6.5 to 14 of both sexes. Simultaneously children were examined anthropometrically and their constitution was determined after Schtefko. The posture was examined visually. It was established that posture forms within observation terms depending on sex, age and somatotype. Peak age for the risk of posture disturbance is 9-11 for girls and 10-12 for boys. Digestive and muscular somatotypes provide favourable prognosis respective to posture (in girls), while astenoid somatotype is the worst. Special type of posture defect is characteristic for each somatotype. In children with digestive and muscular somatotype primary posture defects disappear by 12-14. In children with astenoid and thoracal somatotype their number, in contrary, grows.     

How to estimate overweight in pubescent asthmatics?

PurposeThe purpose of our research was to compare the body mass index (BMI) and selected anthropometric parameters in asthmatic and non-asthmatic pubescents.Material and MethodsThe study group consisted of 64 asthmatic boys and 45 girls; the control group consisted of 68 non-asthmatic boys and 48 non-asthmatic girls. All the children were 12–14 years old.We measured anthropometric parameters by a standardized method and the percentage of fat using the simple 2-site skinfold method. Additionally, we calculated the percentage of body composition (Matiegka) and the components of somatotype (Heath-Carter). Statistical significance was estimated at the level of p<0.05 by ANOVA test.ResultsThe asthmatic boys were significantly shorter than the non-asthmatic (p=0.015), however, we did not find any significant differences in weight and/or BMI in boys nor girls. The asthmatic boys had significantly higher fat mass % than the non-asthmatic ones (p<0.001). Moreover, they had significantly lower muscle mass % (p<0.001) as well as the bone mass % (p<0.001). The asthmatic girls had higher fat mass % than the non-asthmatic ones (p=0.028) and lower muscle mass % (p<0.001). The simple 2-site skinfold method also showed higher fat % in the asthmatic boys (p<0.001) but not in the girls. Examining the Heath-Carter somatotype components, the higher endomorphy was the only significant difference in asthmatic boys (p<0.001) and near significant in asthmatic girls (p=0.053).ConclusionExamination of the BMI alone is not sufficient in asthmatic children because of their high percentage of fat. That is why additionally testing fat % is recommended.     

畲族中小学生体质测量的研究(之三)

目的 为了解畲族中小学生身体发育状况及体质特征,为促进畲族中小学生健康成长提供科学依据.方法 按人体测量要求,对身高、体重、胸围、腰围、臀围、体脂百分率和马氏躯干腿长进行测量,计算出体重、胸围、腰围、臀围、马氏躯干长腿的标准指数.结果 畲族中小学生男生14岁、女生13岁,身高、体重生长速度较快,16岁后生长速度缓慢;男女生8～18岁期间身高、体重生长出现两个生长高峰期.畲族中小学生马氏躯干腿长指数分型中,以“超短腿型和短腿型”为主,而“中腿型”极少.结论 畲族中小学生身高、马氏躯干腿长随着年龄增长发生明显变化.     

Stability of somatotypes in 4 to 10 year-old rural South African girls

In 1996, a mixed Ellisras longitudinal study (ELS) was initiated to assess the stability of somatotypes in 408 girls who comprised 99 pre-school and 309 primary school children in Ellisras rural area in the Northern Province of South Africa. The children's somatotype was assessed using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. Anthropometric dimensions were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The most stable pre-school and primary school girl had migratory distances (MDs) of 2.6 and 3.4, respectively, while the least stable pre-school and primary school girl had MDs of 17.9 and 24.4, respectively. The mean somatotype of the pre-school children was mesomorph-ectomorph throughout the complete age range, while the mean somatotype of primary school girls was mesomorph-ectomorph for all the age groups except for the 9.5 years group at which it was in the balanced ectomorph. The inter-age partial correlations for endomorphy and ectomorphy were high and significant, but insignificant with regard to mesomorphy.     

Stability of somatotypes in 4 to 10 year-old rural South African girls

In 1996, a mixed Ellisras longitudinal study (ELS) was initiated to assess the stability of somatotypes in 408 girls who comprised 99 pre-school and 309 primary school children in Ellisras rural area in the Northern Province of South Africa. The children's somatotype was assessed using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. Anthropometric dimensions were taken according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The most stable pre-school and primary school girl had migratory distances (MDs) of 2.6 and 3.4, respectively, while the least stable pre-school and primary school girl had MDs of 17.9 and 24.4, respectively. The mean somatotype of the pre-school children was mesomorph-ectomorph throughout the complete age range, while the mean somatotype of primary school girls was mesomorph-ectomorph for all the age groups except for the 9.5 years group at which it was in the balanced ectomorph. The inter-age partial correlations for endomorphy and ectomorphy were high and significant, but insignificant with regard to mesomorphy.     

Changes in somatotype during growth in Chinese youth 7–18 years of age

Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotypes were calculated for 7,710 Chinese youths (4,434 boys and 3,276 girls), 7–18 years of age in the context of sex and age differences in distributions during adolescence. Age-specific trends are characterized by a consistent increase in endomorphy in girls and generally stable mesomorphy in boys. Somatotypes are consistently dominant in mesomorphy in boys and in endomorphy in girls across all ages. Somatotype distributions in the 13 somatotype categories of Heath-Carter somatochart appear to be broader in girls than in boys, and is more influenced by age in girls than in boys. Comparisons with other Asian samples and with Canadian youth suggest racial/ethnic variation in somatotype. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Anthropometric somatotype of Bod girls: A comparison of high and low altitude populations

The high altitude environment is known to influence the morphophysiology of man in a variety of ways. Its possible impact on somatotype of adolescent girls has not been investigated so far. For this purpose 348 female Bods, from 10 to 18 years old, have been somatotyped from high altitude (n = 176) of Ladakh (3,534 m) and low altitude (n = 172) of Kullu Valley (1,500–2,200 m). The results of the study reveal greater mesomorphy and ectomorphy in the high altitude Bod girls than in ethnically similar low altitude Bod girls of comparable age. The study has accorded the differences in the somatotypes to the high altitude stresses. Striking similarities in boys and girls in terms of higher mesomorphy and ectomorphy in the highlander Bods than the coeval lowlanders confirm the hypothesis that the high altitude environment influences the somatotype components.