电针刺激经Wnt / β-catenin 信号通路促进脊髓损伤大鼠移植骨髓间充质干细胞的存活及分化

目的:探讨电针(EA)刺激对移植骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)在脊髓损伤(SCI)大鼠局部存活和分化的影响,及其与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的关系。方法:体外分离和培养大鼠BMSCs,5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)进行标记用于移植。将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、模型组(SCI)、BMSCs移植组(BMSCs)、BMSCs移植+EA组(BMSCs+EA)和抑制剂IGC-001干预组(BMSCs+EA+IGC-001),每组12只。除sham组外,各组采用改良Allen′s打击法建立SCI模型,尾静脉注射被BrdU标记的BMSCs,并给予EA和IGC-001干预4周。移植后第1、7、14、21、28天采用BBB运动评定量表评估各组大鼠后肢运动功能;4周后,采用ELISA法检测损伤脊髓组织匀浆中神经营养素3(NT-3)的含量;免疫荧光实验检测损伤脊髓组织局部BrdU和神经元特异性核蛋白(NeuN)表达,评估BMSCs移植后的存活及分化情况;Western blot检测损伤脊髓组织β-catenin、c-Myc和cyclin D1等蛋白表达水平。结果:BMSCs组大鼠BBB评分、损伤脊髓组织中NT-3含量及β-catenin、c-Myc、cyclin D1等蛋白表达水平均较SCI组显著升高(P0.05);BMSCs+EA组大鼠BBB评分,损伤脊髓组织中NT-3含量和β-catenin、c-Myc、cyclin D1等蛋白表达水平及移植后BMSCs存活数量和BMSCs分化的神经元样细胞数量均较BMSCs组显著增加(P0.05)。IGC-001干预可显著逆转EA刺激作用。结论:EA刺激可促进SCI大鼠移植BMSCs存活及向神经元样细胞分化,其机制可能与激活Wnt/β-catenin通路介导的NT-3表达有关。     

NT-3基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞移植对七氟醚诱导老龄小鼠认知功能障碍的保护作用

目的 探究NT-3基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对七氟醚诱导老龄小鼠认知功能障碍的保护作用及机制。方法 分离培养小鼠BMSCs,病毒转染建立NT-3基因修饰的BMSCs, Western blot检测BMSCs NT-3蛋白表达,CCK-8检测BMSCs增殖能力,免疫荧光染色方法检测BMSCs神经元标志物NeuN表达。将40只12月龄C57BL/6老年小鼠随机分为对照组、七氟醚组、骨髓间充质干细胞组和NT-3基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞组,每组10只。TUNEL实验检测小鼠海马组织细胞凋亡;免疫荧光检测小鼠海马组织神经元标志物TH; Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠学习和记忆能力;Western blot检测小鼠海马组织β-catenin和p-GSK-3β蛋白表达水平。结果 成功建立NT-3基因修饰的BMSCs, NT-3基因修饰增加BMSCs增殖能力,上调BMSCs NeuN表达。NT-3基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞移植抑制七氟醚麻醉的小鼠海马组织细胞凋亡,促进小鼠海马组织神经元存活,增加小鼠学习和记忆能力,上调小鼠脑组织β-catenin和p-GSK-3β蛋白表达水平。结论 NT...     

白三烯受体拮抗剂对脊髓损伤大鼠氧化应激及细胞凋亡的影响及可能机制

目的 探讨白三烯受体拮抗剂对脊髓损伤大鼠氧化应激及细胞凋亡的影响,探究Wnt5a/FZD2信号通路对氧化应激及细胞凋亡的调节机制。方法 将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（Sham组）、脊髓损伤模型组（SCI组）和白三烯受体拮抗剂组（MK组）,参照Allen's方法建立脊髓损伤的大鼠模型。对大鼠运动功能进行BBB评分;HE染色观察脊髓损伤病理变化;免疫荧光法检测活性氧ROS的表达;ELISA方法检测血清中SOD、MDA、NSE的含量;TUNEL方法检测细胞凋亡情况;Western blot方法检测Wnt5a、FZD2、β-catenin、cyclinD1的表达水平。结果 白三烯受体拮抗剂减轻SCI大鼠病理损伤,抑制ROS的释放,抑制MDA、NSE的分泌,促进SOD的释放,下调Wnt5a、FZD2的表达,上调β-catenin、cyclinD1的表达。结论 白三烯受体拮抗剂抑制SCI大鼠氧化应激改善细胞凋亡,其机制与调控Wnt5a/FZD2信号通路有关。     

丙戊酸联合骨髓间充质干细胞修复大鼠急性脊髓损伤可行性及其机制研究

目的 探讨丙戊酸(VPA)联合骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)促进大鼠急性脊髓损伤(SCI)修复的可行性及其作用机制。方法 选取3～4周龄健康雄性SD幼鼠5只,在无菌条件下取出双侧干骺端完整的胫骨及股骨,截除干骺骨端,暴露骨髓腔,收集骨髓细胞体外分离培养BMSCs,对第3代BMSCs进行流式细胞仪检测鉴定,并调配成浓度为1×10⁶/mL的BMSCs细胞悬液脊髓移植备用。选取8周龄SD大鼠60只,按随机数字表法分为对照组、SCI模型组、VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组5组,每组12只。每组又按照术后取材时间不同随机分为第7、14天2个亚组,每个亚组6只。对照组12只大鼠仅显露T₁₁脊髓背侧面不作SCI模型,其他4组(48只)大鼠采用改良Allen法制备脊髓损伤模型。模型制备成功后,对照组、SCI模型组在相应脊髓损伤节段一次性注入0.9% 氯化钠注射液1 mL,同时300 mg/kg皮下注射0.9% 氯化钠注射液,每12 h 1次,直至取材;VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组除在脊髓损伤节段一次性注入0.9% 氯化钠注射液1 mL外,分别给予皮下注射300 mg/kg VPA和1×10⁶/mL的BMSCs细胞悬液1 mL,每12 h 1次,直至取材; VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组在脊髓损伤节段一次性注入1×10⁶/mL的BMSCs细胞悬液1 mL,同时给予皮下注射300 mg/kg VPA,每12 h 1次,直至取材。术后第12 h、7天、14天各组大鼠采用BBB评分法对下肢运动功能进行评定比较。第7天、14天BBB评分后,切取损伤脊髓节段脊髓组织制备切片,进行HE染色,光学显微镜下测量对比各组脊髓空洞的面积;免疫组织化学染色,观察对比术后第14天各组凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3的表达情况;TUNEL染色观察对比术后第14天各组脊髓神经细胞凋亡情况,并计算对比脊髓神经细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果 (1)显微镜下观察显示,第 3 代BMSCs细胞形态均一,呈长梭形;流式细胞仪检测显示,BMSCs特异性表面标志物CD34阳性率为0.83%,CD44阳性率为99.4%,提示BMSCs。(2)组内比较:与损伤前比较,对照组损伤后BBB评分差异无统计学意义;SCI模型组、VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组损伤后不同时间点BBB评分均明显降低,但随着时间延长BBB评分逐渐升高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。组间比较:在损伤后的不同时间点,SCI模型组、VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组BBB评分均明显低于对照组,VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组的BBB评分均高于SCI模型组,VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组BBB评分均高于VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。(3)对照组脊髓组织学形态正常;VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组脊髓空洞面积均小于SCI模型组,VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组脊髓空洞面积小于VPA治疗组和BMSCs移植组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。(4)在损伤后不同时间点对照组偶见Caspase-3表达,SCI模型组、VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组Caspase-3表达明显高于对照组,VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组Caspase-3表达明显低于SCI模型组,VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组Caspase-3表达明显低于VPA治疗组和BMSCs移植组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。(5)TUNEL染色检测脊髓细胞凋亡结果显示:SCI模型组、VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组脊髓细胞凋亡指数均大于对照组,VPA治疗组、BMSCs移植组、VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组脊髓细胞凋亡指数均小于SCI模型组,VPA+BMSCs联合治疗组脊髓细胞凋亡指数均明显低于VPA治疗组和BMSCs移植组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。结论VPA 联合BMSCs移植可促进大鼠SCI修复,特别在减少脊髓空洞的形成、下调Caspase-3的表达、抑制神经细胞凋亡以及促进运动神经功能恢复等方面具有协同作用。     

低频电磁场促进骨髓间充质干细胞移植修复大鼠脊髓损伤的实验研究

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤被视为一种有前途的治疗方法,如何更有效地促进骨髓间充质干细胞在脊髓损伤区存活,加速脊髓损伤肢体运动功能的恢复是目前研究的重点。前期研究发现,低频电磁场能够促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖分化,低频电磁场是否可应用于骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤还需进一步研究。 目的：探讨低频电磁场对移植骨髓间充质干细胞脊髓损伤大鼠后肢运动功能恢复的影响。 方法：采用脊髓压迫法制备64只T10不完全性脊髓损伤大鼠模型,随机等分为对照组、骨髓间充质干细胞组、电磁场组和电磁场+骨髓间充质干细胞组。造模成功后,骨髓间充质干细胞组和电磁场+骨髓间充质干细胞组大鼠脊髓损伤原部位注射大鼠全贴壁法分离培养BrdU标记的骨髓间充质干细胞,对照组和电磁场组注射a-MEM培养液。造模术后24 h,电磁场组和电磁场+骨髓间充质干细胞组予60 min/d的低频电磁场刺激(频率50 Hz、强度5 mT)。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞移植后第21天,电磁场+骨髓间充质干细胞组BBB评分与其他组相比,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),与其他各组比较,电磁场+骨髓间充质干细胞组移植细胞后,大鼠BrdU阳性细胞在脊髓损伤区域生长并与脊髓组织融合,存活细胞数量较其他组多;空洞面积小;损伤区胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达更少,而基质金属蛋白2表达更多;脊髓损伤大鼠下肢运动功能恢复最快(P < 0.05)。提示低频电磁场促进了移植骨髓间充质干细胞脊髓损伤大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复,可能与低频电磁场有利于损伤区移植骨髓间充质干细胞的存活,上调基质金属蛋白2的表达并减少胶质瘢痕的形成有关。     

BMSC修复大鼠脊髓损伤的效果的实验研究

目的 研究骨髓间质干细胞(Bone marrow stromal cells,BMSCs)用于修复大鼠脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)的效果. 方法 30只成年SD大鼠按改良Tuszynsl法建立大鼠脊髓完全横断伤模型,损伤水平位于T9,损伤24 h后随机分为对照组、实验组,实验组经尾静脉注射BMSCs,对照组经静脉注射PBS.利用BBB(Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan)评分法进行后肢运动功能评价,并进行斜板实验. 结果 实验组运动功能改善,实验组与对照组的BBB评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组的神经功能恢复较快.其中实验组大鼠在注射BMSCs 后35 d时后肢能支撑身体站立行走.斜板实验结果2组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05). 结论 骨髓间质干细胞移植组大鼠脊髓功能恢复优于对照组,说明骨髓间质干细胞用于修复大鼠SCI作用显著.     

骨髓基质干细胞移植治疗大鼠脊髓挫伤中碱性成纤维生长因子的变化

探讨骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)对脊髓损伤修复的可能作用及其对bFGF表达的影响,为BMSCs修复脊髓损伤提供实验依据。采用改良的Allen的WD法建立脊髓(T12节段)损伤模型,将66只SD大鼠随机分为正常组(A组)、损伤后未移植的对照组(B组)和BMSCs移植治疗组(C组)。通过BBB行为学评分记录两组动物后肢恢复功能,免疫组织化学方法检测bFGF的表达。结果显示:BMSCs移植组BBB评分高于对照组;bFGF在各组大鼠脊髓中均呈阳性表达,损伤后对照组与BMSCs移植组各个时点的表达量仍高于正常组(P<0.05),7d最高,后渐下降,但21d表达仍高于正常。其中BMSCs移植组与对照组各个时点的bFGF表达量均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结果提示:BMSCs移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤模型有助于其功能的恢复。     

bFGF和骨髓间充质干细胞联合移植对脊髓半横断损伤后神经再生的影响

目的:探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)联合移植对脊髓半横断损伤后神经再生的影响。方法:利用血清培养技术获得SD大鼠BMSCs行CM-DiI标记。80只大鼠随机分为4组:正常组、损伤组、BMSCs移植组、bFGF+BMSCs移植组,每组各20只。建立脊髓半横断损伤模型,移植组采用明胶海绵和细胞悬液填充。分别于术后3、7、14、21 d用BBB评分法观察大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况,免疫荧光组织化学染色法检测损伤区CM-DiI、GFAP和GAP-43的表达变化,并对其进行相关性分析。结果:bFGF+BMSCs移植组和BMSCs移植组大鼠的左后肢运动功能较损伤组有明显改善(P0.05),且bFGF+BMSCs移植组与BMSC移植组相比亦有显著性差异(P0.05);损伤组GAP-43的表达量极少,BMSCs移植组则有少量表达,而bFGF+BMSCs移植组呈高表达;bFGF+BMSCs移植组术后早期GFAP高表达,BMSCs移植组次之,损伤组最少,但14d后,GFAP表达刚好相反。结论:bFGF+BMSCs移植较BMSCs移植能更好地促进脊髓损伤后神经的再生。     

存储条件对骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性和修复脊髓损伤效能的影响

目的探讨0.9%生理盐水(Saline)、0.01M磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)对骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow stem cells,BMSCs)存活、增殖等生物学特性以及对修复脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)模型大鼠损伤效能的影响。方法体外,分离培养C57BL/6小鼠BMSCs,进行生理盐水、PBS及增殖培养基(PCM)处理不同时间,通过台盼蓝染色法检测各组细胞的活力,通过Brd U法检查各组细胞增殖情况。体内,通过LFB染色法检测各移植组SCI大鼠脊髓组织髓鞘再生情况;通过BBB运动功能评分检测大鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果存储液处理的BMSCs呈现出时间依赖的存活与增殖能力下降,PBS-BMSCs组存活率下降程度小于Saline-BMSCs组。移植组大鼠运动功能和损伤脊髓横断面髓鞘化程度显著恢复,并且PBS-BMSCs治疗组优于Saline-BMSCs治疗组。结论存储液处理BMSCs对SCI有治疗作用。     

过表达胶质细胞神经营养因子基因转染骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤

文题释义： 胶质细胞源性神经营养因子：作为轴突再生的一种重要神经营养因子,可诱导间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化并对中枢神经系统退行性疾病、脊髓损伤后神经功能恢复起到重要作用。 突触素：作为突触的特异性蛋白是突触形成过程中最重要的标志物,主要位于神经元胞体及轴突,可调节神经元轴突延伸,参与突触囊泡的介导转运、神经递质释放,对促进脊髓损伤后神经功能恢复起到重要作用。 背景：胶质细胞神经营养因子(glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)在诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)体外定向分化及促进脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能恢复过程中起到重要作用。 目的：观察过表达GDNF基因的BMSCs分化情况及其促进脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能恢复的潜在分子机制。 方法：①以重组目的基因腺病毒转染BMSCs并分为Ad-GDNF-GFP转染组、Ad-GFP转染组、未转染组,免疫荧光鉴定各组细胞神经元特异性烯醇化酶及微管相关蛋白2的表达,Western blot检测各组细胞GDNF、Wnt3a、Wnt7a蛋白表达。②以改良Allen法制备大鼠脊髓损伤模型,将造模成功的45只SD大鼠随机分为3组,分别以过表达GDNF基因BMSCs(GDNF-BMSCs)、BMSCs、PBS移植至脊髓损伤局部。移植后4周采用BBB评分法评估大鼠运动功能恢复情况,苏木精-伊红染色观察脊髓形态变化,免疫组化检测损伤局部神经元特异性烯醇化酶、突触素Ⅰ及胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达,Western blot检测损伤局部Bcl-2、肿瘤坏死因子α蛋白表达。 结果与结论：①Ad-GDNF-GFP转染组BMSCs可向神经元样细胞形态转变并表达神经元特异性烯醇化酶、微管相关蛋白2;Wnt3a、Wnt7a蛋白表达量显著高于Ad-GFP转染组、未转染组;②移植后4周,GDNF-BMSCs移植组大鼠BBB评分明显提高、脊髓空洞面积显著缩小。GDNF-BMSCs移植组脊髓损伤局部胶质纤维酸性蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α表达量显著低于BMSCs移植组及PBS移植组,而神经元特异性烯醇化酶、突触素Ⅰ及Bcl-2表达量显著高于BMSCs移植组、PBS移植组;③结果表明,Wnt信号通路参与过表达GDNF基因 BMSCs向成熟神经元分化过程,移植后通过降低脊髓损伤局部炎症反应、减少细胞凋亡及胶质瘢痕形成、促进轴突再生,提高BMSCs移植治疗脊髓损伤的疗效。 ORCID: 0000-0001-6467-730X(黄成) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

Improved bronchodilation with levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol in patients with asthma

Background: Racemic albuterol is an equal mixture of (R)-albuterol (levalbuterol), which is responsible for the bronchodilator effect, and (S)-albuterol, which provides no benefit and may be detrimental. Objective: We sought to compare 2 doses of a single enantiomer, levalbuterol (0.63 mg and 1.25 mg), and equivalent amounts of levalbuterol administered as racemic albuterol with placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Three hundred sixty-two patients 12 years of age or older were treated with study drug administered by means of nebulization 3 times daily for 28 days. The primary endpoint was peak change in FEV₁ after 4 weeks. Results: The change in peak FEV₁ response to the first dose in the combined levalbuterol group was significantly greater compared with the combined racemic albuterol group (0.92 and 0.82 L, respectively; P = .03), with similar but nonsignificant results after 4 weeks (0.84 and 0.74 L, respectively). Improvement in FEV₁ was similar for levalbuterol 0.63 mg and racemic albuterol 2.5 mg and greatest for levalbuterol 1.25 mg. Racemic albuterol 1.25 mg demonstrated the weakest bronchodilator effect, particularly after chronic dosing. The greatest increase in FEV₁ was seen after levalbuterol 1.25 mg, especially in subjects with severe asthma. All active treatments were well tolerated, and β-adrenergic side effects after administration of levalbuterol 0.63 mg were reduced relative to levalbuterol 1.25 mg or racemic albuterol 2.5 mg. At week 4, the predose FEV₁ value was greatest in patients who received levalbuterol or placebo when compared with those who received racemic albuterol. The difference was more evident and was statistically significant in patients who were not receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Conclusion: Levalbuterol appears to provide a better therapeutic index than the standard dose of racemic albuterol. These results support the concept that (S)-albuterol may have detrimental effects on pulmonary function. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:943-52.)     

Infectious diseases and immunological markers associated with patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with rituximab

Background: The use of rituximab (RTX) is increasing, even in developing countries. It has become the first-line therapy or adjuvant to chemotherapy (CHOP; cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin and prednisone) for various diseases, including B cell lymphoma and autoimmune diseases.

Aim: We describe the infectious diseases and immunological markers associated with RTX treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

Methods: Serum immunoglobulins were determined before and after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) administration. Pneumo-23IgG-specific anti-pneumococcal antibodies were evaluated before and after vaccination. Immunophenotyping and lymphocyte proliferation were determined in the course of the treatment.

Results: Seven patients were followed and median age was 56.0?±?5.0?years (range, 41.9–71.6?years). At baseline, the mean level of IgG was 333.7?±?40.8?and IgM 40.9?±?11.3?mg/dL, respectively; immunoglobulin A and E (IgA and IgE) were under the limit of detection. Two patients had reduced or absent B cells and T cell subsets were at normal levels in five patients. All patients failed to mount an efficient post-vaccination immune response against hepatitis B virus, tetanus, diphtheria and against the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. During RTX/CHOP treatment, human-IgG-immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy was introduced in six patients after recurrent infections, including community-acquired pneumonia (85.7%), chronic sinusitis (85.7%) and gastroenteritis (42.9%).

Conclusion: Poor response against pneumococcal vaccines increases the susceptibility of respiratory diseases in these patients. In patients with NHL treated with RTX, the benefits achieved with IVIg replacement for the control of recurrent infectious diseases is of paramount importance. Clinicians dealing with monoclonal antibodies against cancer therapy, especially RTX, should be aware of the increasing risks for symptomatic induced hypogammaglobulinemia and respiratory infections.     

Establishing Safety with Patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder

Abstract

The incidence of self-mutilation and suicidality among patients with dissociative disorders is quite high. It is necessary for clinicians working with this population to be adept at dealing with safety problems. This article presents a sequence of basic steps that can be used when helping dissociative patients establish safety, a discussion of the functions of self-destructiveness, and an overview of specific experiences and thinking patterns that contribute to self-destructiveness among dissociative patients.     

Gynecomastia with marked cellular atypia associated with chemotherapy

Gynecomastia is a common benign male breast disease, which may exhibit mild cellular atypia in cytology specimens. However, marked cytologic atypia can be seen in gynecomastia superimposed by chemotherapy. The case described in this report demonstrated severe cytologic atypia of gynecomastia mimicking carcinoma in a patient treated with chemotherapy for acute leukemia. A distinct cytologic feature helpful in avoiding the diagnostic error is described, namely, atypical cells admixed with bland ductal cells and appearing at a different plane. The importance of applying strict diagnostic criteria in breast cytology and clinical correlation is also emphasized.     

Intervention with epinephrine in hypotension associated with mastocytosis

The occurrence of the episodes of vasodilatory hypotension can be a life-threatening manifestation of systemic mastocytosis. This article describes the reversal by epinephrine of episodes of severe hypotension in two hospitalized patients with mastocytosis. Recognition of the efficacy of epinephrine in hypotension associated with mastocytosis can be important when other methods fail to restore hemodynamic stability.     

Satellite RNA associated with bamboo mosaic potexvirus shares similarity with satellites associated with sobemoviruses

Summary A putative nonstructural protein encoded by a satellite RNA associated with bamboo mosaic potexvirus shares 46% identity with the capsid protein of satellite virus of panicum mosaic sobemovirus. The sequence similarity among satellite plant viruses which have no apparent relationship implies a common origin.