公共场所室内空气质量指数综合评价最佳模式探讨

目的探讨公共场所室内空气质量综合评价的最佳模式。方法采用公共场所卫生指数综合评价方法（WS／T199—2001）推荐的模式P=√Iav（Iav＋ks）及其“修改模式”Px=√0＋Iav（Iav＋ks）（增加表示超标分指数个数的参数0）对6份公共场所客房空气的监测数据（含一氧化碳、二氧化碳、可吸入颗粒物、甲醛、细菌总数）进行综合评价，并对其进行效能比较和发生分辨失效的原因分析。结果推荐模式的综合指数结果显示：6份公共场所客房点1、2、3、4、5和6空气综合指数分别为0．59、0．63、0．71、1．72、1．78和1．85，而“修改模式”结果显示6个点对应的空气综合指数分别为0．59、0．63、1．23、1．99、2．27和2．33；推荐模式与“修改模式”评价结果不一表现在：点3空气质量等级分别为合格与较差，点5、6空气质量等级分别为较差与很差；其余3个点的2种模式的评价结果一致。结论“修改模式”计算出来的综合指数较推荐模式的综合指数具有更强的分辨效能、警示作用，同时更符合客观实际和卫生学要求，是目前公共场所室内空气卫生质量综合评价比较理想的模式。     

公共场所卫生指数综合评价法推荐模式和修改模式的对比及探讨

目的对比应用指数综合评价法推荐模式和修改模式在公共场所卫生质量综合评价中的实际应用情况,探索一种科学、实用的公共场所卫生质量综合评价方法。方法采用公共场所卫生指数综合评价"修改模式",对WS/T199-2001《公共场所卫生综合评价方法》中太原市五家普通旅店、招待所客房监测数据进行评价,并与采用指数综合评价法推荐模式对同一数据开展评价的结果进行比较分析。结果 "修改模式"评价结果显示:5家旅店A、B、C、D、E的卫生质量综合指数分别为0.92、0.95、1.87、2.34、2.40;而推荐模式评价结果显示:5家旅店卫生质量综合指数分别为0.59、0.70、1.08、1.18、1.41。对于旅店C、D、E卫生质量,"修改模式"评价结果分别为较差、很差、很差,而推荐模式评价结果均为较差;其余2家两种模式评价结果一致。结论 "修改模式"计算所得综合指数比推荐模式的综合指数具有更强的分辨效能、警示作用,同时更符合客观实际和卫生学要求。     

军事坑道内空气质量综合评价方法的建立

目的在自然或机械通风状态下,探索一种地下坑道空气质量综合评价方法。方法查阅军事坑道现场试验资料,进行地下建筑现场空气污染调查,等效采用我军的屯兵坑道内空气污染物限值（GJB 3768-1999）和人防工程环境卫生标准（GB／T1 7216-1998）,参考公共场所卫生指数综合评价模式（WS／T 199-2001）。结果所建立的军事坑道空气卫生综合评价模式为P=√O＋Iav（Iav＋KS）（O-超标分指数个数;Iav-平均分指数;S分指数标准差;系数K=1．645√（n-1）n,其中n为分指数个数）;提出6项参评指标的限值（CO2≤0．15％、CO≤10mg／L、甲醛40．12mg／L、氨〈2mg／L、耗氧量≤8mg／L和细菌总数≤50cfu／皿,以及P值的4级卫生判定标准（合格、临界、较差、很差）。利用该评价方法对某高层建筑11个地下室空气现场调查资料分析评价,表明采样点超标项目越多,或超标倍数越多,综合指数P值就越大,判定结果符合空气卫生的实际状况。结论通过现场调查资料的实际应用验证,综合评价方法判定结果基本符合实际状况。此法简便,实用,准确。     

秩和比法在劳动卫生环境质量综合评价中的应用

本文试用秩和比法 (ＲａｎｋＳｕｍＲａｔｉｏ ,ＲＳＲ) 〔1〕,对淄博市近六年来企业劳动卫生环境质量进行综合评判 ,以探讨评价企业劳动卫生环境质量的指标和方法 ,为控制职业有害因素提供依据。资料与方法1 方法　秩和比法2 资料来源〔2〕　淄博市近六年来区 (县 )属以上企业工业生产事故报告表及职业危害因素监测结果报表的数据。3 评价指标　伤亡事故指标中千人死亡率、千人重伤率、亿元产值经济损失及尘毒危害指标中散毒点超标率、扬尘点超标率等。结果与分析1 五个评价指标均为低优指标 ,故指标值从大到小排序 ,计算ＲＳＲ值 ,并由大…     

TOPSIS法用于放射卫生监督工作质量的多指标综合评价

综合评价方法在医疗卫生管理中已得到应用。为了更好地开展放射卫生监督工作 ,本文引进系统工程中的逼近理想解排序方法 (ＴＯＰＳＩＳ法 ) ,评价我市 1995～ 1999年放射卫生监督的工作质量 ,得出良好的可比性评价排序结果。现将评价结果报告如下。1　资料与方法本文资料来源于通州市 1995～ 1999年放射卫生监督监测年报表 ,对日常监督监测资料及年底总结中选择能反映放射卫生监督工作质量的九项指标 (见表 1)进行综合评价。表 1　通州市 1995～ 1999年放射卫生监督情况　 ( % )年度监督覆盖率监测合格率预防性卫生监督合格率经常性卫生监督…     

深圳市公共场所空气中甲醛污染状况的调查

目的　了解公共场所室内空气中甲醛污染状况。方法　用甲醛分析仪对深圳市 2 6 4间公共场所室内空气甲醛含量进行测定。结果　公共场所甲醛的总超标率为 18 83%。装修后开业第1～ 3个月公共场所室内空气中甲醛浓度的超标率为 4 4 97% ,1年以后的超标率为 7 2 5 % (P <0 0 1)。使用中央空调的公共场所甲醛超标率 (2 3 84 % )高于使用普通空调的场所 (11 2 7% ) (P <0 0 1)。结论　新装饰开业的公共场所室内空气中甲醛污染较严重。应加强室内通风换气及装饰材料的卫生。     

指数综合评价法在评价公共场所卫生质量中的应用

目的:应用指数综合评价法对开封市某文化娱乐场所室内空气质量进行综合评价,以确定其卫生质量等级。方法:指数综合评价法。结果:计算结果得P=1.23,1≤P<1.5,空气质量等级为3级(较差)。温度、湿度、风速、噪声等指标的等级分指数较低,均属1级或2级范围;而CO2浓度、细菌总数、新风量等指标等级分指数较高,均属3级或4级范围。结论:应加强公共场所的卫生监督和对从业人员的卫生知识宣传教育。     

美容理发店环境卫生状况的质量评价

目的 了解垦利县美容理发店环境卫生状况。方法 试用卫生质量指数对当地乡(镇)直42家美容理发店7项卫生监测指标进行评价。结果 除温度、湿度的卫生质量指数P值大于警戒值(P＝e^-1＝0．3679)，2项指标的卫生状况较好外，其他5项指标(风速、照度、噪声、CO和空气菌落总数)的卫生质量指数均低于警戒值，5项指标的卫生状况均较差，尤其是空气菌落总数其P值仅为0．0838。结论 基层美容理发店环境的卫生状况不容忽视，应切实加强卫生监督监测管理。     

水质卫生指数的计算及评价初探

水质卫生指数把水质各指标水体负荷与体内负荷及生物效应联系起来,计算出其水质分指数(KI),分指数的最大值(Kimax)、均值(X)、标准差的延伸值(S)的权重值之和,就是水质卫生指数的综合指数(KI)〔KI=0.8×Kimax+0.2×(X+S)〕。它不但能够分辨水质的优劣,对不同时、空的水质进行比较,而且能定出水质的安全程度。     

应用密切值法评价公共场所卫生工作质量

密切值法是综合评价分析和多目标决策的优选方法之一 ,国内已在多学科中得到广泛应用 [1 ,2 ]。本文试用密切值法对盐城市 1995～ 1999年市直管公共场所单位的卫生工作质量进行综合评价 ,分析结果表明 ,该方法简便、适用 ,评价结果与实际情况相符 ,有较高的实用价值。1　资料来源根据 1995～ 1999年盐城市公共场所卫生监督监测年报表 ,选择能反映公共场所卫生工作质量的卫生许可证发证率、从业人员体检率、“五病”检出率、卫生知识培训率、监督频率、监测合格率及行政处罚户次等主要指标供综合评价分析。2　方法与结果先将评价指标转化为规…     

空调列车不同载员情况下车厢内空气质量的调查

[目的]调查空调旅客列车不同载员情况下的空气质量及其影响因素,为空调旅客列车的技术改造和卫生管理提供依据。[方法]参照相关的标准和规定,对空调旅客列车运行时车厢内微小气候和空气质量等进行全程连续监测,结果采用空气质量指数法进行评价。[结果]空调列车欠员时空气质量指数为Ⅱ级,属尚清洁;超员时空气质量指数为Ⅲ级,属轻度污染。从最大质量分指数看CiO2为首要污染物。欠员和超员时CO2超标率均达100％,超员时温度和相对湿度的超标率高于欠员（P〈0．01）,分别为40％和27．8％。CO2浓度随着客流量增长而增加,CO浓度降低,温度也随着降低,Spearman秩相关系数分别为0．549,-0．449,-0．349,（P〈0．01）。[结论]空调旅客列车硬座车厢超员时空气质量下降。     

Indoor air quality index for preoccupancy assessment

The purpose of this study is to document the potential impacts on indoor air quality associated with different types of building materials (wall and floor finishes) through the development of an Indoor Air Quality index. The study first identifies pollutant sources and their corresponding health impacts due to short-term and long-term exposures. The study also quantifies levels of certain pollutants within a steady-state controlled environment, comparing the results of this study with previous studies conducted in different regions. It also proposes an IAQ index as an assessment tool which can be utilized preoccupancy. The field studies were conducted in residential buildings during January and February in Cairo to monitor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO), ammonia (NH₃), radon gas, and particulate matter (PM). The indoor air was monitored in nine locations: four during the construction process and five following completion of construction. For this investigation, three rooms under construction within a Cairene building site were utilized to test the finishing materials. Chemical analysis and direct reading devices were used for air sampling and monitoring. The results revealed that the concentration of some pollutants decreased within the first year of construction, while others remained above target limits. The results of this study offer recommendations for engineers regarding the selection of appropriate materials through the implementation of source control strategies and an IAQ index which can be used as an assessment tool to ensure that the Indoor Air Quality meets recommended standards. Based on the conclusions and limitations of this study, recommendations for future work are documented such as the screening of materials and monitoring of Indoor Air Quality.     

寒区部队居室空气卫生调查

于冬夏两季监测了哈尔滨、长春、锦西部队新旧营房共18个居室空气内SO_2、CO、NOx、CO_2、总悬浮颗粒物和苯并(α)芘浓度。结果表明,三市上述六项指标夏季大多在标准以内;冬季CO、NOx、CO_2、总悬浮颗粒物均超过标准,苯并(α)芘冬季高于夏季,室内高于室外,旧营房高于新营房;以沈阳大气质量指数评价夏季哈尔滨新营房属“清洁”,余为轻污染,冬季哈尔滨新营房为轻污染,其余新营房为中污染,长春与锦西旧营房为极重污染。     

德阳机关工作人员室内环境污染认知、态度及相关健康问题调查

目的了解德阳市民对室内环境污染的认知、态度及室内环境污染引起的健康问题。方法采取整群抽样方式,抽取德阳市15个行政事业单位中的1523名工作人员进行现场自填问卷调查。结果德阳市机关工作人员对室内环境污染和装饰装修会造成室内环境污染的知晓率分别为82.55%、81.14%,知晓率的高低与文化程度和家庭、办公室近年是否进行过装修有关;对室内环境污染物的种类、来源知晓率不高;对室内装修在健康安全方面的需求大于其对装修档次、品质和个性等方面的要求;对解决室内环境污染的方法的选择依次为:通风换气、绿色植物、空气净化器、专业机构净化处理;家庭或办公室3年内进行过装修的“室内环境污染十二大症状”发生率为81.93%,未进行过装修的症状发生率为45.76%。结论德阳市机关工作人员对室内环境污染的认知和防范意识在逐步提高;装饰装修引起的室内环境污染会对人体健康带来危害。     

Indoor air quality and occupational exposures at a bus terminal

This article presents an assessment of indoor air quality at a bus terminal. For this purpose, field surveys were conducted, and air samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of selected indoor air quality indicators. Mathematical modeling was performed to simulate bus emission rates, occupational exposure, and ventilation requirements to maintain acceptable indoor air quality. A sensitivity analysis based on literature-derived emission rates estimates was conducted to evaluate the effect of seasonal temperature changes within the terminal. Control measures to improve indoor air quality at the terminal are also outlined. While carbon monoxide concentrations were below the corresponding American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' (ACGIH) standards under normal operating conditions, they exceeded the 8-hr recommended average standard at peak hours and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard at all times. Total suspended particulates levels, on the other hand, were above the 24-hr American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers' (ASHRAE) standard. Carbon monoxide emission rates that were estimated using the transient mass balance model correlated relatively well with those reported in the literature. Modeling results showed that the natural ventilation rate should be at least doubled for acceptable indoor air quality. While pollutant exposure levels depended on the individual activity patterns and the pollutant concentration, pollutant emissions rates within the terminal were affected mostly by the temperature with a 20-25 percent variation in carbon monoxide levels due to changes in seasonal temperatures.     

Microwaves in the cold war: the Moscow embassy study and its interpretation. Review of a retrospective cohort study

Background

Sealants and other building materials sold in the U.S. from 1958 - 1971 were commonly manufactured with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at percent quantities by weight. Volatilization of PCBs from construction materials has been reported to produce PCB levels in indoor air that exceed health protective guideline values. The discovery of PCBs in indoor air of schools can produce numerous complications including disruption of normal operations and potential risks to health. Understanding the dynamics of building-related PCBs in indoor air is needed to identify effective strategies for managing potential exposures and risks. This paper reports on the efficacy of selected engineering controls implemented to mitigate concentrations of PCBs in indoor air.

Methods

Three interventions (ventilation, contact encapsulation, and physical barriers) were evaluated in an elementary school with PCB-containing caulk and elevated PCB concentrations in indoor air. Fluorescent light ballasts did not contain PCBs. Following implementation of the final intervention, measurements obtained over 14 months were used to assess the efficacy of the mitigation methods over time as well as temporal variability of PCBs in indoor air.

Results

Controlling for air exchange rates and temperature, the interventions produced statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions in concentrations of PCBs in indoor air of the school. The mitigation measures remained effective over the course of the entire follow-up period. After all interventions were implemented, PCB levels in indoor air were associated with indoor temperature. In a "broken-stick" regression model with a node at 20°C, temperature explained 79% of the variability of indoor PCB concentrations over time (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Increasing outdoor air ventilation, encapsulating caulk, and constructing a physical barrier over the encapsulated material were shown to be effective at reducing exposure concentrations of PCBs in indoor air of a school and also preventing direct contact with PCB caulk. In-place management methods such as these avoid the disruption and higher costs of demolition, disposal and reconstruction required when PCB-containing building materials are removed from a school. Because of the influence of temperature on indoor air PCB levels, risk assessment results based on short-term measurements, e.g., a single day or season, may be erroneous and could lead to sub-optimal allocation of resources.     

宁波市新开业宾馆室内空气的卫生学状况

目的 了解宾馆开业时室内空气质量及对从业人员健康的影响。方法 选择4家2～4星级新建并已装修的宾馆于开业后1～4周进行室内空气质量卫生学调查,同时进行从业人员健康影响调查。结果 宾馆内温度、相对湿度、CO、CO2和空气细菌总数与室外对照差异无显著性。甲醛和可吸入颗粒物与室外对照差异有显著性（P<0.05）,其中客房内分别高达（0.42±0.23）mg/m3和（0.13± 0.08）mg/m3。从业人员眼、鼻和咽刺激症状、失眠、头晕和头痛症状阳性率均高于开业5年以上宾馆内从业人员,其中咽、眼刺激症状阳性率高达70.0％和50.0％。结论 新开业宾馆甲醛污染主要来自装饰材料及室内通风换气不足。     

冬季取暖及燃煤对农村不同类型住宅室内空气质量影响的研究

对使用不同燃料且不同类型的住宅进行了室内空气质量状况的调查，结果表明：采暖期室内空气污染物浓度高于非采暖期；各污染物中ＳＯ２、ＣＯ、ＩＰ等超标严重；燃煤且分散式取暖住宅室内空气污染较燃气且集中式采暖住宅严重；非彩暖期，燃煤住宅室内空气污染较燃气住宅严重；室内污染较室外严重。     

青岛市某学校室内空气质量卫生学评价

目的了解学校教室、实验室、阅览室、体育馆、餐厅的室内空气质量,为保护学生身体健康、改善室内环境质量提供依据。方法对青岛市某学校学生日常活动场所的室内温度、湿度、风速、CO、CO2、甲醛、PM10、空气细菌总数共8项指标进行检测和分析。结果该学校室内污染较严重的是甲醛、可吸入颗粒物,场所的超标率分别为80%和50%;污染较轻微的是CO2和空气细菌总数,场所的超标率分别为20%和10%。室内甲醛浓度和CO2浓度、室内PM10浓度与室外PM10浓度、空气细菌总数与室内风速指标间的相关性具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学校应采取定时通风、安装智能室内通风系统、使用符合卫生要求的课桌椅和装修材料以及绿化校园等有针对性的措施改善教室空气质量。