国人股骨远端形态测量在全膝关节置换与假体设计中的意义

背景：详细了解国人的膝关节形态,从而实现国人个性化、性别差异化全膝关节置换,并设计研究符合国人特征的膝关节假体,已越来越受到业界关注。 目的：通过CT断层扫描及三维重建测量正常成年国人股骨远端的解剖形态并比较其性别差异。 方法：对70名正常成年国人双侧膝关节行CT扫描,男、女各35名,年龄21-60岁,通过三维重建或使用Picasa 3.0图像处理软件对其进行拼贴及重叠曝光等处理。在经过处理的图像上分别测量股骨远端前髁角、后髁角、滑车沟角的大小,股骨远端横径与外侧髁高度及两者之间的比值。 结果与结论：①国人股骨远端后髁角女性大于男性(P < 0.05);国人股骨远端前髁角男性大于女性(P < 0.05);国人滑车沟角性别间无明显差异。②国人男性的股骨远端横径、股骨远端外侧髁高度及股骨面率(横径/外上髁高度)均大于女性(P < 0.05)。结果可见国人股骨远端的形态与西方人种不同,存在性别差异。在全膝关节置换中假体的选择及其放置、股骨远端假体在设计时应体现出这些差异,使之与国人的膝关节形态相匹配。     

股骨远端解剖形态性别差异与假体形态设计的关系

目的：通过三维螺旋CT重建正常人膝关节，测量股骨远端相关解剖参数，探讨男女性股骨远端的解剖特点对于关节表面假体形态的不同要求。方法：80侧正常成人膝关节，男性、女性各40侧，年龄18～72岁，行三维螺旋CT扫描，在GE Advantage workstation工作站上进行0．625mm层厚重建，测量股骨经上髁轴线宽度、内外侧髁高度、髁间高度及内外侧滑车前突距离，行模拟截骨后，测量各截骨面高度，比较各测量值性别问的差异。结果：男女性髁间高度、经上髁轴线宽度、外侧髁高度及内侧髁高度均有显著性差异（P〈0．001），男性各值均大于女性。股骨远端横径与纵径的比值亦为男性大于女性（P〈0．001），男性股骨内、外侧滑车前突距离均大于女性，均值差分别为1．2mm和0．7mm，均有显著性差异（P〈0．001）。结论：男女性之间股骨髁形态存在一定差别，股骨远端关节面假体形态的设计应该性别差异化，使假体与截骨面更好的吻合。以提高全膝关节置换术的手术效果。     

股骨上段的测量与股骨假体设计

目的：为改进和设计适合国人的人工髋关节假体提供参数值。方法：１２９例成人股骨标本,分别于股骨颈垂直和平行平面拍Ｘ线平片,测量小转子及其上、下２ｃｍ平面处髓腔的宽度等。结果：小转子处髓腔宽为２．６±０．２ｃｍ,其上２ｃｍ处为４．３±０．５ｃｍ,其下２ｃｍ处为２．１±０．３ｃｍ。个体间变异很大。结论：股骨上段的解剖学资料,可为设计适合国人的人工股骨假体提供参数值     

股骨远端锁定钢板治疗股骨假体周围骨折

目的探讨应用股骨远端锁定钢板治疗Vncouver B1型股骨假体周围骨折的疗效。方．法对17例Vncouver B1型股骨假体周围骨折采用切开复位,股骨远端锁定钢板内固定,骨折远端应用双侧骨皮质锁定螺钉固定,髓内假体部分应用单侧骨皮质锁定螺钉固定,对于骨缺损较大者予以自体髂骨植骨处理。术后随访11～44个月,平均23．9个月,观察骨折愈合及假体稳定情况。结果根据症状、体征及影像学报告,17例患者均达到骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间3～7个月,平均4．8个月,未出现畸形愈合及骨不连,无假体松动,患者术前术后Harris评分无明显差别。结论应用股骨远端锁定钢板治疗Vncouver B1型股骨假体周围骨折简单有效,固定效果好,据骨缺损情况予以植骨,可获得良好临床效果,值得考虑和尝试。     

正常股骨近端CT测量及其临床意义

目的:通过CT测量正常国人股骨大体形态参数,为假体设计提供解剖学理论依据。方法:60例国人进行股骨近端CT扫描,利用医学图像处理软件对股骨头直径、offset、头位置、颈干角、皮质厚度及闪烁系数(canal flare index,CFI)等参数进行测量、比较。结果:①小转子区域,均可见到自后内侧股骨距部突出的皮质骨样板状结构,对于维持生物固定型假体的稳定起着十分重要的作用;②股骨参数与白种人相比较,在offset、股骨头中心位置及颈干角等参数间存在明显差异(P<0.01);③截骨平面股骨内径与股骨近端及峡部内径有很强的相关性;④年龄与皮质厚度有强的相关性(r=0.6601,P<0.01),随着年龄增长,髓腔内径逐渐增大;⑤干骺闪烁系数(metaphyseal canal flare index,MCFI)对于股骨近端形态变化的描述更为合理。结论:股骨形态复杂多样,有必要设计符合国人的假体,提出与假体相关的设计理念。     

肿瘤型假体置换治疗老年复杂股骨远端骨折及文献回顾

目的　探讨应用肿瘤型膝关节假体置换代替骨折复位、固定重建治疗老年股骨远端骨折伴有骨质疏松和膝关节炎疾患的临床效果。 方法　给1例61岁老年女性股骨远端粉碎性骨折患者,骨质疏松严重,既往膝关节有骨性关节炎僵直于15°伸直位,一期行左股骨远端粉碎性骨折切除,肿瘤性人工膝关节置换术。 结果 患者术后3个月时复查,左膝关节无明显疼痛,屈曲度较约80°左右,已经弃拐行走,步态稍有跛行。 结论 应用肿瘤型膝关节假体置换代替骨折复位、固定重建治疗老年股骨远端骨折患者常伴有骨质疏松和膝关节炎疾患,术后早期恢复关节活动、负重行走,同时也一期治疗了既往膝关节炎疾患,手术疗效满意。避免了骨折愈合、康复时间长给老年患者不能早期活动、负重行走所致的并发症的发生。     

肱骨远端的解剖观测与肱骨假体的设计

目的:为临床肱骨远端假体的设计与安放提供相关数据。方法:测量120块(男35对、女25对)成人干燥肱骨远端相关结构,对所测得结果用SPSS软件处理。结果:(1)肱骨远端前倾角和肱骨滑车外旋角,男女分别为(35.78±5.12)°、(36.33±5.06)°和(5.35±1.13)°、(5.55±1.22)°。(2)内上髁至外上髁最大宽度、滑车最内侧缘至小头最外侧缘宽度、肱骨滑车和肱骨小头宽度男女分别为(58.92±4.03)、(55.75±3.85);(45.34±3.15)、(42.18±3.01);(24.82±1.74)、(21.78±1.51)和(17.69±1.23)、(16.39±1.21)mm。(3)肱骨滑车和肱骨小头最大矢径男女分别为(23.35±2.06)、(23.13±2.15)和(19.47±1.38)、(19.13±2.19)mm。男女之间和左右之间各测量数据无显著性差异(P>0.05)。个体间有较大差异。结论:肱骨远端各项目的测量值,可供设计与安放肱骨假体提供解剖参数。     

肱骨远端解剖参数相关性分析与假体个体化设计

目的:为肱骨远端假体个体化设计提供解剖参数。方法:对69块成人干燥肱骨标本,内上髁至外上髁最大宽度、内上髁至肱骨滑车内侧缘后点宽度、肱骨滑车小头总宽度、肱骨滑车宽度和肱骨滑车、小头有关径值及其前倾角等测量参数进行处理及相关与回归分析。结果:(1)内上髁至外上髁最大宽度和肱骨滑车最大矢径为(57.48±3.18)mm、(23.83±1.83)mm;肱骨滑车、小头的前倾角为(63.07°±3.97°)、(40.16°±2.23°)。(2)内上髁至肱骨滑车内侧缘后点的宽度、肱骨滑车小头及滑车的宽度均与内上髁至外上髁最大宽度呈正相关;肱骨滑车沟径、次径、小头滑车间沟径和小头径均与肱骨滑车最大矢径呈正相关;肱骨小头和滑车的前倾角无明显相关性。结论:由内上髁至外上髁最大宽度和肱骨滑车最大矢径的测量参数可推算出肱骨假体个体化设计所需的解剖参数。     

基于MRI图像的股骨远端关节面几何形态测量

目的　探讨定量描述股骨远端关节面几何形态的方法,为进一步开发股骨远端关节软骨表面固定器及软骨修复提供关节面形态数据支持。 方法　选取2010年1月至2014年6月在我院行膝关节核磁共振扫描检查并且报告无异常的MRI图像130例,采用Mimics等软件对MRI图像进行处理,分别在矢状位和冠状位图像上测量出股骨内外侧髁远端及后髁关节面的半径和弧度,根据这些几何参数来确定股骨远端关节面近似的几何形态。 结果　在矢状位及冠状位图像上,内、外侧髁关节面均可用若干个半径不等的圆弧拟合,股骨内、外侧滑车关节面可用两个半径不等的球体拟合。 结论　通过测量若干个简单的几何参数可以定量描述复杂的股骨远端关节面三维几何形态,获得的数据可能用于股骨远端关节软骨表面固定器的设计及软骨修复。     

老年全膝关节置换术后股骨假体周围骨折的危险因素及预测模型

目的 探讨老年全膝关节置换术（TKA）后股骨假体周围骨折（PFF）的危险因素并构建预测模型,为临床术后PFF的预防提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2016年10月至2021年10月空军军医大学第一附属医院骨科收治的537例行TKA治疗的老年患者的临床资料。统计随访期间PFF的发生情况,收集临床资料。二元Logistic回归分析老年TKA后PFF的危险因素,基于危险因素构建老年TKA后PFF的预测模型。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线和Hosmer-Lemeshow(H-L)检验预测模型的区分度和校准度。结果 患者出院后随访12～72个月,中位时间47个月。随访期间31例（5.77%）患者发生PFF。年龄、骨质疏松、帕金森病、股骨前切迹（AFN）是老年TKA后PFF的危险因素（P<0.05）,假体十字固位、骨水泥固定是保护因素（P<0.05）。H-L检验结果显示,老年TKA后PFF的风险预测模型具有较好的校准度（P>0.05）;ROC曲线分析显示,老年TKA后PFF的风险预测模型具有较高的区分度（曲线下面积为0.858,95%CI:0.826～0.887）,敏感度为83.87%,...     

半环形外固定支架在膝关节结核关节融合术中的应用

目的　探讨应用半环形外固定支架行晚期全膝关节结核关节融合术的临床疗效及并发症。 方法　回顾性分析2007年2月～2009年1月在我院行半环形外固定支架膝关节融合术的8例晚期全膝关节结核病例,其中男性6例,女性2例,平均年龄 35.4 岁（28～40岁）,病程 3.1年（9月～5.1年）。8例患者均采用前正中切口,彻底清除结核病灶后使用半环形外固定支架加压融合,并使膝关节处于功能位,术后继续正规抗结核化疗18个月,以获得骨性融合为观察终点。 结果　本组8例晚期全膝关节结核患者术后全部获得骨性融合,平均融合时间为20.5周（16～24周）,患肢平均缩短4.9cm（3 cm～5 　cm）,膝关节外翻角度 5.2° (4°～7°),屈曲15.3°（10°～20°）,无病例发生明显的旋转畸形,无切口感染、不愈合及延迟愈合病例,无外固定支架失败病例,其中3例患者发生针道感染。 结论　半环形外固定支架膝关节融合术是治疗晚期全膝关节结核的一种有效方法。     

Deluxe-PS型与PFC Sigma RP型假体在膝关节置换中的比较

BACKGROUND: During artificial knee replacement for all kinds of severe knee disease or conservative treatment for end-stage knee disease, Deluxe-PS knee prosthesis and PFC Sigma RP knee prosthesis have their advantages. OBJECTIVE:To compare and analyze the matching of the Deluxe-PS and PFC Sigma RP knee prostheses with bone cross section. METHODS: According to the use of the knee prosthesis, 87 gonarthritis patients undergoing bilateral knee replacement were divided into two groups. 46 cases in the test group received Deluxe-PS knee prosthesis replacement. 41 cases in the control group received PFC Sigma RP knee prosthesis replacement. Operation time and intraoperative blood loss were compared between the two groups. American Knee Society score, knee score of American Special Surgical Hospital and knee joint range of motion were used to evaluate knee joint function before replacement, 3 months after replacement and during final follow-up. Anteroposterior X-ray films were obtained after replacement to measure valgus angle and flexion angle of femoral prosthesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Operation time and intraoperative blood loss were significantly better in the test group than in the control group (P < 0.05). (2) No significant difference in American Knee Society score, knee score of American Special Surgical Hospital and knee joint motion was detected between the two groups before replacement and 3 months after replacement (P > 0.05). Above indexes were significantly improved in both groups at 3 months after replacement and during final follow-up (P < 0.05). (3) No significant difference in valgus angle and flexion angle of femoral prosthesis was identified between test and control groups during final follow-up (P > 0.05). (4) These findings indicate that effect of Deluxe-PS type artificial knee prosthesis was identical to that of PFC Sigma RP knee prosthesis in knee osteoarthritis patients receiving bilateral knee joint replacement. Deluxe-PS type artificial knee prosthesis can perfectly realize high-accuracy combination of the prosthesis and the bone cross section, and enhance the fusion suitability of the prosthesis and the bone surface. Deluxe-PS type artificial knee prosthesis has the advantage of operation. This advantage is possibly because Deluxe-PS type artificial knee prosthesis is more in line with the anatomical structure of the knee joint of Chinese.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

Quasi-stiffness of the knee joint is influenced by walking on a destabilising terrain

BackgroundPredictive models have been devised to estimate the necessary quasi-stiffness that a transfemoral prosthesis should be set to aligning the body and gait parameters of the user. Current recommendations exist only for walking over level ground. This study aimed to ascertain whether walking across destabilising terrain influences the quasi-stiffness of the knee joint thus influencing prosthetic engineering.MethodsTen healthy males (age: 25.1 ± 2.5 years; mean ± sd, height: 1.78 ± 0.05 m, weight: 84.40 ± 11.02 kg) performed 14 gait trials. Seven trials were conducted over even ground and seven over 20 mm ballast. Three-dimensional motion capture and ground reaction force were collected. Paired samples t-tests and Wilcoxon signed ranked test compared variables including; quasi-stiffness, gait speed, stride length and stride width.ResultsQuasi-stiffness (d = 0.562, P = 0.001) and stride width (d = 0.909, P < 0.001) were significantly greater in the destabilising terrain condition. Gait speed (r = −0.731, P = 0.001) was significantly greater in the control condition. No significant difference was seen in stride length (d = 0.583, P = 0.016).ConclusionsAn increase in quasi-stiffness when walking across destabilising terrain was attributed to a magnified shock absorption mechanism, facilitating an increased flexion angle during the stance phase. This causes a lower centre of mass resulting in the musculoskeletal system having to produce a greater knee extensor moment to prevent the knee collapsing. Therefore, transfemoral prostheses should be tuned to apply increased extension moments if ambulation is to occur on a destabilising terrain.     

Comparison of knee joint functional laxity after total knee replacement with posterior cruciate-retaining and cruciate-substituting prostheses

The objective of this study was to measure three-dimensional knee motion or functional laxity with implants which either retained the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL+) in ten patients, or substituted for excised PCL with a posterior stabilized articulating surface (PCL-S) in ten patients. The intent was to identify the specific influence and significance of the presence of the PCL under active flexion and extension. Internal-external rotation (screw home movement) and anterior-posterior translation (femoral rollback phenomena) with active extension and flexion were chosen to characterize knee joint functional laxity, and were measured using an instrumented spatial linkage. Knees with a PCL+ implant exhibited both screw home movement and femoral rollback, while knees with a PCL-S design exhibited only femoral rollback. A knee with a PCL+ implant was more able to reproduce the normal kinematics of the screw home movement and femoral rollback, compared to a PCL-S design.     

新型国产膝关节假体用于全膝关节置换术的临床研究

目的 通过随机对照临床试验,验证新型国产膝关节假体临床应用的安全性和有效性.方法 本研究采用多中心、随机、单盲、阳性平行对照设计,自2017年3月至2019年3月在全国6家医院共招募72例受试者,试验组和对照组各36例.试验组使用新型国产膝关节假体,对照组使用成熟的膝关节假体.所有受试者在术前和术后3个月、6个月、1年...     

等速限弧运动对膝关节炎功能影响

目的　探讨股四头肌限弧等速运动角度对膝骨性关节炎患者的疗效。 方法　共78例右膝骨性关节炎患者纳入研究,按随机法赋值从大到小分成3组,每组26例。3组除常规运动训练外,进行不同角度的限弧等速运动训练。训练弧度分别为：A组膝屈90°→10°,B组膝屈60°→10°,C组膝屈30°→10°。每周3 次, 训练 8 周。在治疗前后分别采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评估疼痛改善程度,采用美国特种外科医院（HSS）指数评定膝关节功能情况,同时等速训练仪测定患膝峰力矩（peak torque,PT）、本体感觉误差均值。 结果　3组疼痛、HSS指数、PT较治疗前差异有显著性意义（P <0.05）,A组优于B组、C组（P <0.05）;治疗后各组本体感觉较治疗前略有改善,但3组改善程度无统计学差异（P> 0.05）。 结论　不同弧度等速运动可以改善膝关节功能,较大弧度的限弧等速运动获益更明显。     

Three-dimensional morphology of the distal femur based on surgical epicondylar axis in the normal elderly population

BackgroundWe aimed to analyze the surface morphology of the distal femur in three dimensions for the healthy elderly, based on the concept that the surgical epicondylar axis (SEA) is a better surrogate for the flexion–extension axis of the knee joint.MethodsWe studied 77 healthy elderly volunteers (40 males and 37 females; age, 68 ± 6 years). The medial and lateral contact lines were calculated three-dimensionally, using the highest points of the medial and lateral condyles in 201 cross-sectional planes around the SEA (every 1°, −60° (hyperextension) to 140° (flexion)). A piecewise fitting function consisting of two linear segments was applied to detect the inflection point of the constant radii in the sagittal plane. The main assessment parameters were knee flexion angle at the inflection point of the radius (inflection angle), mean radius from 0° to the inflection angle (constant radius), and coronal tilt angle of the contact line.ResultsThe inflection angles, constant radii, and coronal tilt angles were 78.2 ± 8.6°, 26.1 ± 2.3 mm, and −0.6 ± 3.2° and 65.6 ± 9.2°, 23.9 ± 2.2 mm, and 6.2 ± 3.2° in the medial and lateral condyles, respectively (all, P < 0.001). The coronal alignment was 88.7 ± 2.2°.ConclusionsThe medial and lateral femoral condyles showed asymmetrical morphologies with the almost ‘constant’ radius of sagittal curvature from 0° to around 80° and 65° of knee flexion, respectively.     

新疆哈萨克族、汉民族髋关节CEA值测量比较及其临床意义

测量与比较新疆地区哈萨克族、汉民族髋关节中心边缘角(CEA)值,为临床髋关节疾病诊疗、假体设计提供参考。 方法 随机抽取哈萨克族、汉民族成人骨盆前后位片114例、93例,在X线片上测量中心边缘角的大小。 结果　哈萨克族男性左、右髋关节中心边缘角为(35.68±3.80)°、(35.94±3.74)°;汉族男性左、右髋关节中心边缘角为(33.76±3.93)°、(33.77±3.93)°;哈萨克族女性左、右髋关节中心边缘角为(33.45±4.34)°、(33.41±4.64)°;汉族女性左、右髋关节中心边缘角为(31.41±3.57)°、(31.42±3.57)°。哈萨克族男性左右髋关节中心边缘角均大于汉族男性（P<0.05）;哈萨克族女性左右髋关节中心边缘角均大于汉族女性（P<0.05）。 结论　新疆哈萨克族男、女性髋关节中心边缘角均大于汉族男、女性。