骨科手术并发急性肺栓塞的抢救配合及护理

急性肺动脉栓塞症（急性肺栓塞）是内源性或外源性栓子堵塞肺动脉或其分支引起肺循环障碍的l临床和病理生理综合征。据文献报道骨科大手术后易发生深静脉血栓形成，而深静脉血栓又易导致急性肺栓塞，少数可造成致死性肺栓塞导致死亡。骨科手术中又以人工关节置换、髋膝部矫形术后的肺栓塞发生率为最高。2004年5月至2006年6月，笔者所在医院遇到3例骨科术后发生急性肺栓塞的患者。其中1例死亡，2例治愈出院。现将抢救配合及护理体会报告如下。     

老年人急性肠梗阻的病因及其处理

目的：分析老年人急性肠梗阻的病因及其处理。方法：总结1990年5月至2000年10月收治的180例经手术证实的60岁以上的急性肠梗阻患者。结果：病因中肿瘤88例，占48．9％，肠粘连32例，占17．8％，腹外疝21例，占11．7％，肠扭转18例，占10％。术后并发症41例，占22．8％。死亡12例，占6．67％。结论：①老年人急性肠梗阻的主要病因为肿瘤，肠扭转为不可忽视的重要因素；②加强围手术期处理可减少术后死亡率；③一经结肠灌洗后再行肠吻合可有效降低吻合口瘘的发生，同时改善患者术后生活质量。     

急性胃扩张的诊治

目的探讨急性胃扩张的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析9年间因急性胃扩张住院治疗的16例患者的临床资料,总结该病典型的临床表现及治疗方法。结果手术治疗6例,非手术治疗10例。结论急性胃扩张临床少见,临床表现较典型。如果行胃肠减压不见好转或有明确的腹膜炎体征时应积极手术治疗。     

老年人重症急性胰腺炎的临床特点

目的：总结老年重症急性胰腺炎的临床特点及治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析26例老年重症急性胰腺炎的临床资料,并与同期收治的56例非老年重症急性胰腺炎患者作比较。结果：胆源性和特发性胰腺炎是老年患者最常见病因;老年患者住院时间长,APACHEⅡ评分以及合并症和并发症的发生率均高于非老年患者,老年患者更易出现器官衰竭。结论：老年重症急性胰腺炎患者早期症状不典型,合并症比较多,病情复杂,宜早期积极预防和治疗并发症。     

妊娠合并急性胰腺炎32例临床诊治分析

妊娠合并急性胰腺炎（acute pancreatitis in pregnancy，APIP）是一种严重的妊娠期合并症，严重威胁着母婴的生存。如何提高APIP的诊治水平，是目前临床医生迫切需要解决的问题。我院2009年2月至2013年5月收治32例APIP患者，现对其病因、诊断和治疗等方面进行探讨。     

急性胃扩张的误诊原因及预防

急性胃扩张是各种原因引起的胃和十二指肠急性极度膨胀,胃腔内潴留大量液体,引起严重脱水、电解质紊乱和酸碱失衡以及循环衰竭。若胃内压持续升高,导致胃壁血液循环障碍,抢救不及时,严重时可引起胃壁坏死穿孔,甚至危及生命。近年本病的发病率明显降低,但临床上容易误诊。2006年我院收治1例右下肺叶切除术后急性胃扩张伴发胃穿孔病人,结合近年文献,就急性胃扩张的病因、误诊原因及预防措施进行讨论。     

中西医结合治疗急性胃扩张7例

中西医结合治疗急性胃扩张７例陈启铎我院１９８８年１月至１９９６年１１月共收治７例急性胃扩张患者，均经中西医结合非手术疗法治愈。报告如下。１临床资料本组男性５例，女性７例，年龄２８～７４岁。继发于暴饮暴食者４例，继发于精神创伤、直肠癌根治术后第４日及胆...     

结肠癌根治术后急性胃扩张

结肠癌根治术后急性胃扩张浙江省温州市第三医院（温州３２５０００）项志民本文报道一例横结肠癌根治术后并发急性胃扩张，初期误诊误治，后改用中西医结合治疗而愈的体会。并讨论了复方大承气汤、西沙比利治疗急性胃扩张的机制。１临床资料患者男，７０岁，因血便三月行...     

老年性急性肠梗阻53例诊治分析

目的探讨老年性急性肠梗阻的临床表现及治疗特点。方法对1995年1月～2005年12月收治的53例老年性急性肠梗阻患者的临床表现及治疗过程进行回顾分析。结果53例患者中误诊15例，误诊率为28．3％：恶性梗阻28例，占52馏％；并发1种或1种以上合并症38例；死亡3例，占5．7％。结论老年性急性肠梗阻病人以恶性梗阻多见，误诊率高，合并症多见，病死率高，早期诊断、早期手术是治疗的关键。     

不同年龄上消化道出血的病因及临床特征比较研究

目的:分析不同年龄上消化道出血患者的病因及临床特征。方法:回顾性分析482例上消化道出血患者的临床资料,按年龄分为老、中、青3组,对其病因及临床特征进行统计研究分析。结果:3组病因中,消化性溃疡均占首位,第2、第3位的病因中,老年组为消化道肿瘤、急性胃黏膜病变;中年组为肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂、消化道肿瘤;青年组为急性胃黏膜病变、食管贲门黏膜撕裂综合征。结论:上消化道出血的发生与年龄呈正相关,老年人更容易出现大出血、严重合并症及死亡,其原因可能与老年人特殊的身体机能有关。     

Estenosis de la anastomosis gastroyeyunal en el bypass gástrico laparoscópico. Experiencia en una serie de 280 casos en 8 años

ObjetiveGastrojejunal stricture (GYS), not only is a common complication after laparoscopic gastric bypass, but its frequency is about 15% according to bibliography. Our aim is to present our experience after 280 laparoscopic gastric bypass.Patients and methodFrom January 2004 to December 2012, 280 patients underwent a laparoscopic Roux en Y gastric bypass with creation of the gastrojejunal anastomosis is performed with circular stapler type CEAA No 21 in 265 patients and with a linear stapler in 15 patients. In all patients with persistent feeding intolerance were performed barium transit and/or gastroscopy. When gastrojejunal stricture showed proceeded to endoscopic pneumatic dilation.ResultsTwenty cases (7.1%) developed a gastrojejunal stricture, in 4 of these cases the initial diagnosis was made by barium transit and all case were confirmed by endoscopy. Five patients had a history of digestive bleeding that required endoscopic sclerosis of the bleeding lesion. All cases were resolved by endoscopic dilatation. One patient suffered a perforation and a re-intervention. At follow-up has not been detected re-stricture.ConclusionStructure at the gastrojejunal anastomosis after gastric bypass is the commonest complication early after surgery. Endoscopic balloon dilatation is a safe and effective therapy.     

Complications after Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding for Morbid Obesity: Experience with 1,000 Patients over 7 Years

Background: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is considered the least invasive surgical option for morbid obesity. It is less efficient than gastric bypass in weight loss, but has the advantage of being potentially reversible and can improve the quality of life if mortality and morbidity are low. Methods: Between 1996 and 2003, 1,000 patients underwent LAGB. There were 896 women and 104 men with mean age 40.4 years (16.3-66.3). Preoperative mean BMI was 44.3 kg/m². Results: There were no deaths. Cumulative rate of complications was 192 (19.2%). 12 were life-threatening (1.2%): gastric perforation (n=4), acute respiratory distress (n=2), pulmonary embolism (n=2), migration (n=3), and gastric necrosis (n=1). 111 patients required an abdominal reoperation (11.1%) for perforation (n=2), slippage (n=78), migration (n=3), necrosis (n=1), esophageal dilatation (n=2), incisional hernias (n=4) and port problems (n=21). Before October 2000, we used the perigastric technique, and the slippage rate was 24% (91 / 378 ).Then, we changed to the pars flaccida approach and the slippage rate fell to 2% (13 / 622). The pars flaccida approach demonstrated safety in relation to both risks of perforation and slippage. Conclusion: The cumulative complication rate increased to 3-4 years, and then decreased with experience and technical improvement. Concerns of long-term follow-up should be migration and esophageal dilatation, which seem to be rare at 3 years.     

Splenic infarction – A rare cause of acute abdominal pain following gastric surgery: A case series

IntroductionThe dissection of splenic hilar lymph nodes in gastric cancer surgery is indispensable for treating gastric cancers located in the proximal third of the stomach. Splenic vascular injury is a matter of debate resulting on time or delayed splenectomy. We aimed to share our experience and plausible mechanisms causing this complication in two case reports.Case presentationsTwo male patients with gastric cancer were diagnosed with acute splenic infarction following gastric surgery in the early postoperative period. Both underwent emergent exploratory laparotomy. Splenectomy was performed due to splenic infarction.DiscussionBecause we observed this rare complication in recent patients whose surgery was performed using vessel-sealing device for splenic hilar dissection, we suggested that extensive mobilization of the surrounding tissues of splenic vascular structures hilum using the vessel sealer could be the reason.ConclusionIn case of acute abdominal pain radiating to left shoulder, splenic complications should be taken into consideration in gastric cancer patients performed radical gastrectomy. Meticulous dissection of splenic hilar lymph nodes should be carried out to avoid any splenic vascular injury.     

Outcomes of orthopaedic trauma patients undergoing surgery during the peak period of COVID-19 infection at a UK major trauma centre

BackgroundTo review the clinical outcomes of all patients undergoing emergency orthopaedic trauma surgery at a UK major trauma centre during the first 6 weeks of the COVID-19 related lockdown.MethodsA retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent emergency orthopaedic trauma surgery at a single urban major trauma centre over the first six-week period of national lockdown. Demographics, co-morbidities, injuries, injury severity scores, surgery, COVID-19 status, complications and mortalities were analysed.ResultsA total of 76 patients were included for review who underwent multiple procedures. Significant co-morbidity was present in 72%. The overall COVID-19 infection rate of the study population at any time was 22%. Sub-group analysis indicated 13% had active COVID-19 at the time of surgery. Only 4% of patients developed COVID-19 post surgery with no mortalities in this sub-group. The overall mortality rate was 4%. The overall complication rate was 14%. However mortality and complications rates were higher if the patients had active COVID-19 at surgery, if they were over 70 years and had sustained life-threatening injuries.ConclusionThe overall survival rate for patients undergoing emergency orthopaedic trauma surgery during the COVID-19 peak was 96%. The rate of any complication was more significant in those presenting with active COVID-19 infections who had sustained potentially life threatening injuries and were over 70 years of age. Conversely those without active COVID-19 infection and who lacked significant co-morbidities experienced a lower complication and mortality rate.     

Gastric conduit obstruction due to gastroduodenal compression: a new complication post-Ivor–Lewis oesophagectomy

Introduction: Oesophagectomy for oesophageal carcinoma carries a high risk of significant morbidity and mortality. Delayed gastric emptying is a relatively common complication following this procedure. A variety of medical, surgical and endoscopic strategies have been described to manage it. The vast majority of cases are related to post-operative pyloric dysfunction and are amenable to conventional management strategies.

Patients and methods: We present a new case of a patient with a duodenal hiatus hernia resulting in extrinsic gastroduodenal compression by the massively distended gastric conduit as a cause of gastric outlet obstruction following laparoscopic-assisted Ivor–Lewis oesophagectomy 2 years previously.

Results and conclusions: Surgical repair of the hiatus hernia restored the post-oesophagectomy anatomy and resolved this patient’s symptoms where conventional management of post-oesophagectomy gastric outlet obstruction had failed on multiple occasions. Most cases of delayed gastric emptying post-oesophagectomy occur as a result of pyloric dysfunction and can be managed using a combination of prokinetics, surgical intervention or more commonly, endoscopic dilatation. Other potential causes and therefore investigative and management strategies should be considered in patients who repeatedly fail conventional management. We offer an alternative diagnosis that may be considered in these patients and present a novel approach to their investigation and management.     

Elective laparoscopy for herald symptoms of mesenteric/internal hernia after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

BackgroundMesenteric internal hernia (MIH) is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction (SBO) after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Because MIH is a potentially life-threatening complication, we hypothesized that elective repair of MIH before developing acute SBO could decrease morbidity in this population.MethodsThe records of 702 consecutive patients undergoing primary laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass from January 2002 and August 2007 were retrospectively reviewed to determine the incidence and etiology of SBO. During the last 9 months of the study, we offered elective laparoscopy to any patient who presented to us with symptoms of intermittent SBO.ResultsOf the 702 patients, 27 (3.8%) developed acute SBO. Of these 27 patients, 15 (55%) had obstruction related to an MIH. Nearly all patients had a typical history of intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating before developing acute SBO. Elective laparoscopy was offered to 11 patients with symptoms of intermittent SBO. Two patients who refused subsequently underwent operations for acute SBO. MIH was found at elective laparoscopic exploration in all cases. Of the 9 patients undergoing elective surgery, 3 (33%) had small bowel volvulus.ConclusionSBO due to MIH after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is typically preceded by symptoms of intermittent obstruction. Patients who have these herald symptoms should promptly be offered elective laparoscopic exploration. Elective repair of MIH can be performed safely and expeditiously.     

急性胃扩张的诊治：附19例报告

目的:探讨急性胃扩张的诊断和治疗方法:回顾性分析35年间因急性胃扩张住院治疗的19例患者的临床资料，总结该病典型临床表现及治疗对策。结果:19例中11例（57.9%）误诊。手术治疗15例，包括胃切开减压、胃造口术（6例），胃切开减压后再缝合创口（3例），胃切开减压、胃造口、空肠造口术（1例），胃底部分切除术（2例），十二指肠空肠吻合术（1例），空肠造口术（1例），开腹探查术未切开胃壁（1例），死亡4例(26.7%)。非手术治疗4例，主要措施为持续胃肠减压和液体复苏,死亡1例(25.0%)。结论:急性胃扩张少见，临床表现不典型，误诊率高。如果行胃肠减压不见好转或有明确的腹膜炎体征应积极手术治疗。     

How many acute orthopaedic injuries are preventable?

PurposeInjury prevention is important. Injury as a result of an accident carries with it huge cost to the individual and society including health services costs. Understanding the mechanism of injury is important to identify those injuries that are preventable. The aim of this study was to assess how many acute orthopaedic injuries were preventable should reasonable human interventions have been takenMethodsThis prospective study was performed in a UK district general hospital that serves a population of 500,000 people. All patients referred to the Orthopaedic department over 4 weeks between 16th November and 14th December 2020 were reviewed. Data was collected about the mechanism of injury, patient demographics, injury type, injury location, treatment and length of stay in hospital. The mechanisms of injury were analysed thematically.ResultsWe assessed 605 patient attendances. 502 patients sustained 516 acute traumatic injuries. Preventable injuries were common, accounting for 23.9% of all referrals. The upper limb was most commonly injured with the hand and forearm being injured 33% of the time. Of the preventable injuries 35% were treated operatively. Thematic analysis identified common mechanisms of: occupational related, stairs, RTA, cycling, alcohol related, trampoline, DIY and assault.ConclusionThis study identifies that a large proportion of acute orthopaedic injuries are potentially preventable meaning this is an important area for further study. Occupation injuries were identified as an area in which there is the greatest scope to reduce the number of preventable accidents.     

血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞:5例报告

目的 观察血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞的效果。方法 对肝移植后3例门静脉狭窄及2例闭塞患者行血管内介入治疗,观察治疗效果。结果 对3例门静脉狭窄、1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张及支架植入术,术后造影示狭窄消失,血流通畅;对1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张并置管溶栓术,术后3天造影示门静脉通畅,血栓减少。1例术中发生肋间动脉出血,未见门静脉治疗相关并发症。术后4例症状逐渐消失、肝功能逐步恢复,随访期间门静脉通畅,1例支架内见少许附壁血栓;1例术后胆总管狭窄,植入胆道支架后,因重症肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒性休克死亡。结论 血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞效果良好;对移植后急性血栓形成可行球囊扩张术联合置管溶栓。