Relationship of maternal body weight and gestational diabetes mellitus with large-for-gestational-age babies at birth in Taiwan: The TMICS cohort

ObjectiveTo determine if both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and maternal overweight/obesity are independently associated with delivery of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) babies in Taiwan.Materials and methodsAnthropometric parameters were measured and 75-g oral glucose-tolerance tests were administered to a cohort of 1428 pregnant women at 24–28 weeks gestation at nine hospitals in Taiwan. GDM was diagnosed based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Reported pre-pregnancy BMI and measured BMI during pregnancy were recorded at the late stage of the second trimester and the third trimester. Neonatal anthropometrics were measured at delivery. Primary outcome was LGA, defined in this study as having a birth weight ≥90th percentile for gestational age defined by WHO or a Chinese growth reference, taking into consideration the racial/ethnic and environmental differences in growth around the world. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations of GDM and maternal overweight/obesity with outcomes.ResultsBased on WHO growth reference definition of LGA, subjects with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥24 and pregnancy BMI >28.4 were found to be 2.46 times (0.76–7.97) and 3.28 times (1.01–10.60), respectively, more likely to deliver LGA babies than subjects with normal pre-pregnancy and pregnancy BMIs. Compared to those without GDM, subjects with GDM were 7.55 (1.62–35.25) times more likely to deliver LGA babies. The odds ratios for delivering a baby with a birth weight ≥90th percentile were 11.40 (1.65–78.75) for those with GDM alone, 4.10 (1.07–15.65) for those with overweight/obesity alone and 15.75 (1.30–190.40) for those with both GDM and overweight/obesity, compared to those with no GDM and no overweightness. Women with both pre-pregnancy and pregnancy overweightness/obesity were 3.64 (1.07–12.34) times more likely to deliver LGA. The above results remained similar when analyzing data based on Chinese growth reference definition of LGA.ConclusionMaternal overweightness/obesity and GDM are independently associated with LGA. Their combination had a greater impact than either one alone.     

The association between serum ghrelin levels and large-for-gestational-age fetuses in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

We aimed to determine the relationship between serum ghrelin levels and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) fetuses in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A case-control study was conducted in 32 women with GDM and LGA fetuses (GDM?+?LGA group), 35 women with GDM and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) fetuses (GDM?+?AGA group), 32 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and LGA fetuses (NGT?+?LGA group), and 31 women with NGT and AGA fetuses (NGT?+?AGA group). All participants were recruited at the time of GDM diagnosis between 24 and 30 weeks of pregnancy. Participants also underwent ultrasonographic examinations. Serum ghrelin levels were significantly higher in GDM?+?LGA and GDM?+?AGA groups than in the NGT?+?AGA group. In the univariate model, biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference (AC), femur length and ghrelin values were significant predictors of LGA fetuses. In the multivariate model, only AC remained as a predictor of LGA fetuses.     

Abnormal results on a second testing and risk of gestational diabetes in women with normal baseline glucose levels.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the rate of women with normal initial results to glucose tolerance tests who have abnormal results to subsequent testing, and estimate the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in these women. METHODS: Baseline plasma glucose levels were classified as normal if they were less than 120 mg/dL (group 1) or between 120 and 139 mg/dL (group 2) by the 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT); as abnormal if they were found abnormal by the 50-g GCT but normal by the 100-g glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (group 3); and as abnormal if 1 of the four 100-g OGTT values was abnormal (group 4). A second testing session with the 50-g GCT and 100-g OGTT was performed between the 24th and 28th weeks of pregnancy for 900 women at risk whose initial test results were normal. RESULTS: Of the 823 women with normal baseline results who completed the study, 41.4% had abnormal results to the second 50-g GCT, and gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed by the 100-g OGTT in 7.0% of these 823 women. Compared with group 1, the women in groups 2, 3, and 4 were at a significantly increased risk of having an abnormal result to the second 50-g GCT. They were also at a significantly increased risk for GDM. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 3.0 for group 2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-7.2), 4.9 for group 3 (95% CI, 2.2-11.0), and 11.3 for group 4 (95% CI, 3.9-32.6). CONCLUSION: The risk of developing GDM significantly increased with increasing baseline plasma glucose levels by the 50-g GCT.     

Plasma visfatin levels in pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance,gestational diabetes and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective.?Visfatin, an adipocytokine, is a peptide predominantly expressed in and secreted from visceral adipose. In this study, we aimed to compare visfatin levels in gestational (GDM) and pre-gestational diabetic (pre-GDM) women with healthy pregnant women. We also sought to determine whether there was a correlation between visfatin levels and serum glucose levels at 1?h after the 50-g oral glucose challenge test in pregnant women with GDM and normal glucose tolerance.

Methods.?The study consisted of 65 pregnant women: 21 patients with GDM (Group 1), 20 patients with pre-GDM (Group 2) and 24 gestational age and BMI-matched healthy pregnant women (Group 3) were enrolled.

Results.?Plasma visfatin levels in Groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than in Group 3 (P?<?0.001). Plasma visfatin levels in Groups 1 and 2 were similar (P?>?0.05). There was no significant correlation between visfatin levels and serum glucose levels at 1?h after the glucose tolerance test in both Groups 1 and 3 (P?>?0.05).

Conclusions.?Our results support the literature indicating higher visfatin levels in women with GDM compared to women with normal glucose tolerance. Interestingly, we found similarly high visfatin levels in women with pre-GDM.     

Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: Adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific protein that has been found to be associated with insulin sensitivity and obesity. Because gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity and decreased insulin sensitivity, we have analyzed plasma adiponectin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 21 unaffected women were included in the study. Plasma adiponectin levels were analyzed with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus were significantly older (34.3 years vs 29.4 years; P < .001) than unaffected women. Adiponectin plasma levels were significantly lower in women with gestational diabetes mellitus when compared with women without gestational diabetes mellitus (5827 +/- 1988 ng/mL vs 8085 +/- 3816 ng/mL; P = .02). Adiponectin plasma levels were correlated negatively with plasma glucose concentrations of the oral glucose tolerance test ( r > -0.38; P < .04) and correlated positively with gestational age ( r = 0.36; P = .03). CONCLUSION: Our data show that decreased plasma adiponectin levels were found in women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with unaffected women.     

Twin pregnancy outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with glucose tolerant women

OBJECTIVE: To examine pregnancy outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and a twin pregnancy compared with glucose tolerant women with a twin pregnancy. DESIGN: Comparison of selected pregnancy outcomes. SETTING: Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. POPULATION: Women with GDM seen over a 10-year period by an endocrinologist, and women from a selected year of an obstetric database including Wollongong and Shellharbour Hospitals. METHODS: Examination of pregnancy outcome data from the two sources. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fetal birthweights and method of delivery. RESULTS: There were 28 GDM women with a twin pregnancy from 1229 consecutive referrals (2.3%) of women with GDM for medical management. For comparison there were 29 glucose tolerant women with twin pregnancies evaluable who had delivered over a 1-year period. For the women with GDM and a twin pregnancy there were no significant differences in demographics or outcomes except for a higher rate of elective Caesarean section. CONCLUSION: The higher rate of Caesarean section appeared to be related to the combination of a twin pregnancy and GDM rather than the twin pregnancy or the GDM independently.     

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women evaluated by National Diabetes Data Group and Carpenter and Coustan criteria

Objective

To determine the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) using National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG), and Carpenter and Coustan (CC) criteria.

Method

Retrospective study of the prevalence of GDM and GIGT in 21 531 pregnant women screened for GDM between 2005 and 2007 using NDDG and CC criteria. Linear trends in prevalence of GDM and GIGT by age were calculated using logistic regression.

Results

Mean prevalence rates for GDM were 3.17% (95% CI, 3.05-3.29; n = 683) and 4.48% (95% CI, 4.36-4.6; n = 964) according to NDDG and CC criteria, respectively. Mean prevalence rates for GIGT were 1.97% (95% CI, 1.85-2.09; n = 426) and 2.46% (95% CI, 2.34-2.58; n = 529) according to NDDG and CC criteria, respectively. Prevalence of GDM and GIGT increased with increasing age with both criteria (P < 0.001). The prevalence of GDM increased by 41.1% and GIGT increased by 24.2% using the CC criteria compared with the NDDG criteria.

Conclusion

The prevalence of GDM and GIGT was higher when CC criteria were used compared with NDDG criteria, particularly in younger age groups. The prevalence of both GIGT and GDM increased with increasing age with both criteria.     

Elevated second trimester serum homocysteine levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective Our aim was to investigate the association between total serum homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), glucose intolerance and compare them with those of glucose tolerant pregnant women.Materials and methods Serum homocysteine, vitamin B12 and serum folate levels were prospectively measured in a total of 223 pregnant women who were grouped according to their status of glucose tolerance as gestational diabetes (abnormal 1-h and 3-h glucose tolerance test; n = 30), glucose intolerant (abnormal 1-h, but normal 3-h glucose tolerance test; n = 46) or normal controls (normal 1-h glucose test; n = 147). Results Mean serum homocysteine concentration of women in gestational diabetes, glucose intolerants and normal controls at 24–28 weeks of gestation was 9.0 ± 3.1, 8.1 ± 2.5 and 7.4 ± 1.6 μmol/l, respectively. The only statistically difference in homocysteine levels was observed between women with gestational diabetes and normal controls (P < 0.01). However, no difference was observed for vitamin B12 and folate levels.Conclusion Second trimester serum homocysteine concentrations are higher among women with GDM, as compared to normal controls.     

Decreased perinatal mortality among women with diet-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective

To examine pregnancy outcomes associated with diet-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM A1).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study compared pregnancy characteristics of women with and without GDM A1 at a center where GDM A1 patients are routinely induced at 40 weeks.

Results

Higher rates of complications such as shoulder dystocia, congenital malformation, and macrosomia were observed in GDM A1 patients. A lower incidence of perinatal mortality was present in GDM A1 women compared with women without GDM A1. This association lost its significance when controlled for maternal age, ethnicity, induction, cesarean delivery, and birth weight in a multivariate model. Although the stillbirth rate before 40 weeks of gestation was identical among all participants, after 40 weeks it was significantly higher in women without GDM A1.

Conclusion

Induction of women with GDM A1 at 40 weeks may play a role in lowering perinatal mortality to below that of the general population.     

Serum YKL-40 levels in gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: Serum YKL-40 levels are elevated in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. However, the correlation between YKL-40 and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unknown. The present study compared serum YKL-40 levels in pregnant women with GDM and those with normal glucose tolerance and evaluated the relationship between YKL-40 and insulin-resistant syndrome.

Methods: Thirty-five patients with GDM and 43 age-matched healthy pregnant women at 24–28 weeks of gestation were studied. In addition to anthropometric assessments, serum glucose, insulin, YKL-40, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and glycated hemoglobin were measured in all subjects. All subjects underwent a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Body mass index (BMI) and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated.

Results: Fasting and 2?h serum YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in pregnant women with GDM compared with controls (77.3?±?29.3 versus 50.9?±?16.7 ng/mL, p?<?0.001, fasting concentrations; 63.5?±?20.1 versus 40.6?±?10.7 ng/mL, p?=?0.009, 2?h concentrations). OGTT had no effect on YKL-40 levels in either group (p?>?0.05). There were significant correlations between YKL-40 and glycated hemoglobin (β?=?0.37, p?=?0.006), fasting insulin (β?=?0.49, p?=?0.001) and HOMA-IR (β?=?0.18, p?=?0.015) in the GDM group.

Conclusions: Serum YKL-40 levels are elevated in patients with GDM but are unaffected by OGTT. YKL-40 levels are related to glycated hemoglobin, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. These results suggest that YKL-40 may be a major contributor to GDM.     

妊娠期糖尿病产后糖代谢异常的危险因素

目的通过对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者进行产后随访,回顾性分析影响GDM患者产后糖代谢变化的高危因素。方法收集2009年1月至2011年6月在河北省沧州市中心医院门诊产前检查并分娩的GDM患者236例,产后42d回访者158例,记录其孕前和孕期信息,包括:孕期年龄、身高、孕前体重、有否糖尿病家族史、孕期使用胰岛素情况、孕期并发症及合并症情况、新生儿出生时情况;并按OGTT试验结果分为研究组和对照组,进行高危因素筛查。结果研究组为60例糖耐量异常者,包括39例IGT/IFG患者和21例DM患者;对照组为98例糖耐量正常者,比较两组患者孕前、孕期和妊娠结局情况,结果可见高龄、糖尿病家族史、孕期应用胰岛素、合并子痫前期、早产是产后发生糖代谢异常的高危因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论存在高危因素的GDM患者产后糖代谢异常发生率较高,应针对性地对GDM患者进行产后临床筛查和随访。     

Comparison of serum concentrations of humanin in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Humanin (MT-RNR2) is an endogenous polypeptide that is involved in many diseases, including T2DM. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as hyperglycemia during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum humanin levels in women with or without GDM and to elucidate possible correlations with anthropometric parameters, metabolic parameters and the incidence of GDM. Eighty-four women with GDM and 73 control women were enrolled in this study. The clinical and biochemical parameters of all subjects were determined. Serum humanin levels were measured by an ELISA. Serum humanin levels were significantly lower in women with GDM than in control women. Moreover, humanin levels were significantly negatively correlated with the presence of GDM, body weight, BMI at 24?weeks of gestation, TG, FPG, 1 hPG, 2 hPG, FINS, and HOMA-IR. In contrast, humanin levels were significantly positively correlated with FT3 and FT4. A binary logistic analysis showed that humanin levels were associated with the incidence of GDM. Additional follow-up studies are needed to highlight whether and how decreased humanin levels play an important role in GDM.     

妊娠期糖尿病75g OGTT不同时点血糖异常孕妇的临床特点与妊娠结局分析

目的:分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)75g葡萄糖耐量试验(75g OGTT)不同时点血糖异常孕妇的临床特点与妊娠结局。方法:选取2013年1月至2015年3月在华北理工大学附属医院行产前检查并住院分娩的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇150例,孕24~28周均直接行75g OGTT,检测结果中仅其中1项时点血糖异常为GDMⅠ组、2项时点血糖异常为GDMⅡ组、3项时点血糖均异常为GDMⅢ组。结果:(1)GDMⅢ组的孕前体重指数(BMI)高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)GDMⅢ组的胰岛素使用率高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组(P0.05),GDMⅡ组与GDMⅠ组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。GDMⅢ组使用胰岛素的风险是GDMⅠ组的23.05倍(OR=23.05,95%CI 2.61~203.18);(3)GDMⅢ组的OGTT结果 3项时点血糖水平、FINS和胰岛素抵抗指数均高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)GDMⅢ组的巨大儿发生率高于GDMⅡ组和GDMⅠ组(P0.05),GDMⅡ组与GDMⅠ组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。GDMⅢ组发生巨大儿的风险是GDMⅠ组的5.029倍(OR=5.029,95%CI 1.789~14.132)。结论:OGTT结果 3项时点均异常的GDM孕妇的孕前体重指数、胰岛素使用率、胰岛素抵抗水平均明显升高,也是发生巨大儿的高危人群。此类高危GDM孕妇临床应高度重视并积极干预。     

妊娠期糖尿病的筛查

目的 对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)筛查的必要性、适宜时间、临界值及巨大儿的发生进行探讨。方法 回顾性分析1997年10月至1999年9月在北京协和医院行产前检查及分娩的1935例初产妇,孕1～4次。结果 妊娠期糖耐量低减(IGT)及GDM的发生率在孕24周以后无差异。OGT异常者分娩巨大儿较葡萄糖负荷试验(OGT)正常者高。50g糖筛查值在7.8～8.3mmol/L(140～149 mg/dl)的159例孕妇,只有2例诊为IGT,无一例为GDM。结论 在孕24周以后尽可能早地对孕妇进行50g糖筛查是必要的。对于OGT异常者应予以重视,对IGT及GDM者应积极控制血糖。对于高危人群必要时重复筛查。     

Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in adolescent pregnancies

Objective: Our purpose was to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in an adolescent population and to determine the cost of screening. Study Design: A retrospective review of 509 adolescent pregnancies was performed. The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus was determined and the cost of screening analyzed. Results: Five hundred nine adolescent pregnancies were screened for gestational diabetes mellitus with a 1-hour, 50 gm oral glucose challenge test. Twenty-three of the screens (4.5%) had positive results at a plasma glucose level of ≥140 mg/dl. Three-hour 100 gm oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on screen-positive women, six of whom were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus, for an incidence of 1.18%. The cost per case diagnosed was $2733. Conclusions: The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in an adolescent population is low. The cost of universal screening may be prohibitive in this population. Large prospective studies are needed to better analyze outcome data and efficacy of screening in adolescent pregnancies. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1251-6.)     

妊娠糖尿病胰岛素治疗与围生儿预后

目的 探讨在妊娠糖尿病（GDM）治疗中胰岛素、饮食以及开始治疗时间早晚对围生儿预后的影响。方法 选择诊断为妊娠糖尿病者109例，其中采用饮食加胰岛素治疗22例，单纯饮食控制组低于应用胰岛素组，差异显著（P＜0.05）。围生儿结局显示：巨大儿发生率、红细胞增多症发生率三组为34周后饮食控制组＞34周前饮食控制组＞胰岛素治疗组。结论 GDM要早诊断、早治疗，尤其是应用胰岛素正规治疗对降低围生儿病率、巨大发生率以及控制孕妇血糖水平有重要意义。     

应用基因重组人胰岛素治疗妊娠期糖尿病32例分析

目的　观察妊娠期糖尿病应用基因重组人胰岛素 (RI)治疗前后其血糖变化及对母儿预后的影响。方法　 3 2 2例妊娠期血糖异常者均经饮食控制 ,其中 2 84例 ( 88 2 0 % )经饮食治疗有效 ,6例 ( 1 86% )加用运动锻炼 ,3 2例 ( 9 94 % )需加用胰岛素治疗 ,其胰岛素用量按BMI正常者于妊娠中期 0 3～ 0 5U×DBW (理想体重 ) ,妊娠晚期 0 5～ 0 7U×DBW ,根据治疗后血糖情况及相关病情将此 3 2例患者分为A、B两组 ;其中A组 17例经胰岛素治疗血糖控制满意 ,B组 15例因胰岛素应用较晚或治疗不规范致血糖控制不满意。结果　胰岛素治疗前后血糖水平变化均极显著 (P <0 0 0 1)。在胰岛素治疗过程中 ,2例发生一过性血糖偏低 ,无其他副反应发生。B组因孕期血糖控制不良 ,母儿并发症明显增高 ,尤其是巨大儿发生率高达 4 0 % (P <0 0 5 ) ,因头盆不称而行剖宫产 ,两组相比亦有显著差异 ( P <0 0 5 )。结论　妊娠期糖尿病凡具有胰岛素治疗指征者 ,应及时合理的使用人胰岛素治疗 ,使血糖维持正常化 ,以减少母儿并发症     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇与正常孕妇血清铬含量的研究

目的　通过对血清铬含量的测定 ,探讨妊娠期糖尿病孕妇是否缺铬。方法　 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年 ,选择妊娠期糖尿病孕妇 5 0例 ,正常孕妇 4 7例 ,以电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法 (ICP AES)测定两组孕妇血清铬含量。结果　妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血清铬含量较正常孕妇明显降低 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　建议妊娠期糖尿病孕妇适量补铬     

Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: glyburide compared to subcutaneous insulin therapy and associated perinatal outcomes

Objective.?To examine perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with glyburide compared to insulin injections.

Study design.?This is a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) who required pharmaceutical therapy and were enrolled in the Sweet Success California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program between 2001 and 2004, a California state-wide program. Women managed with glyburide were compared to women treated with insulin injections. Perinatal outcomes were compared using chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression models; statistical significance was indicated by p?<?0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results.?Among the 10,682 women with GDM who required medical therapy and met study criteria, 2073 (19.4%) received glyburide and 8609 (80.6%) received subcutaneous insulin injections. Compared to insulin therapy and controlling for confounders, oral hypoglycemic treatment was associated with increased risk of birthweight >4000 g (aOR?=?1.29; 95% CI [1.03–1.64]), and admission to the intensive care nursery (aOR?=?1.46 [1.07–2.00]).

Conclusion.?Neonates born to women with gestational diabetes managed on glyburide, and were more likely to be macrosomic and to be admitted to the intensive care unit compared to those treated with insulin injections. These findings should be examined in a large, prospective trial.