脑静脉窦血栓形成的CT、MRI影像特点分析

目的：探讨颅脑静脉窦血栓形成的临床CT平扫及MRI检查的影像学特征表现。方法：对35例经临床确诊的脑静脉窦血栓（CVST）患者的CT、MRI影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果：8例患者血栓位于直窦和下矢状窦,15例位于上矢状窦,7例患者累及横窦—乙状窦,5例累及多窦,7例患者累及脑深部大静脉及皮质引流静脉;对10例急性患者的CT平扫可见直接或间接征象;MRI平扫显示32例典型患者可见脑静脉窦内异常等信号或高信号影,流空效应消失,MRV检查显示受累静脉窦节段性或全程闭塞。结论：颅脑CT平扫是诊断急性CVST的简单、有效的方法;对于亚急性以及慢性CVST患者,MRI平扫和MRV检查显示特征性表现,对于诊断CVST较可靠。     

脑静脉窦血栓的CT和MRI对照研究

目的总结脑静脉窦血栓的CT与MRI表现,比较两种影像学检查对该病的应用价值。方法回顾性分析21例脑静脉窦血栓患者的颅脑CT、MRI表现。急性期(发病<1周)11例,亚急性期(发病1²周)6例,慢性期(发病>2周)4例。4例位于上矢状窦,6例位于上矢状窦并直窦、大脑大静脉及大脑内静脉,3例位于上矢状窦并横窦乙状窦,4例位于横窦并乙状窦血栓,2例位于下矢状窦,1例位于海绵窦,1例位于大脑上静脉并吻合静脉。结果 CT平扫18例,9例出现上矢状窦或窦汇高密度三角征,4例伴随横窦、乙状窦半月形高密度征,12例出现非动脉供血区出血性脑梗死,2例出现脑叶外周血肿;增强CT静脉造影(CTV)18例,全部显示血栓的直接征象,即静脉窦内充盈缺损。MRI检查15例,9例于T2WI和FLAIR序列上出现静脉窦流空信号消失被混杂信号影所代替,7例出现非动脉供血区出血性脑梗死,2例出现脑叶外周血肿并血管源性水肿;15例MRV显示静脉窦血栓12例,表现为受累的静脉窦或静脉不显影、狭窄或充盈缺损区。结论 CT与MRI检查是诊断静脉窦血栓形成有效方法,CT静脉造影(CTV)、MR静脉造影(MRV),多能显示血栓的直接征象,使该病诊断正确率显著提高,但是MRV对静脉窦血栓诊断存在较多的假阳性。     

颅内静脉窦血栓回顾性临床研究

目的：探讨以发作性头痛为临床表现的颅内静脉窦血栓（ CVST）的临床特征与静脉血栓部位关系及治疗与预后。方法回顾性分析2008年3月至2014月7月经确诊的14例CVST患者的临床表现、头颅CT、MRI、CTV或加强MRV等资料，分析不同血管累及部位的发病时间及影像学特点及预后。结果颅内压增高有8例（57％），颅内压正常6例（43％）；脑脊液白细胞正常范围9例（64％），脑脊液白细胞轻度增高5例（36％）；糖和氯化物基本正常，高于正常5例（36％）；D-二聚体正常范围9例（64％）。头颅CT脑叶可疑低密度信号2例；头颅CT未见异常3例；皮层局限性脑水肿1例；可疑条索状高密度影8例。14例患者CTV或MRV检查患者均有阳性改变，其中单纯左侧横窦3例，左侧横窦合并乙状窦6例，双侧横窦1例，上矢状窦合并双侧横窦1例，单纯上矢状窦血栓2例，上矢状窦合并左侧横窦血栓1例。患者均预后良好，其中痊愈6例，明显好转8例。结论对于发作性头痛且进行性加重的可疑颅内静脉系统血栓患者应及早行头部CT或MRI检查，以便于早期诊断及治疗。     

MRV诊断静脉窦栓塞23例

目的 通过磁共振静脉血管成像(MRV)技术，提高对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断。方法 对23例MRV诊断脑静脉窦血栓的患者进行回顾性分析。结果 所有病例中，静脉窦血栓形成13例，直窦、下矢状窦血栓2例，海绵窦血栓形成3例，横窦、乙状窦血栓形成2例，全静脉窦血栓形成3例，确诊率达100％。结论 MRV是一种安全、无创脑静脉血栓的检查方法。     

以颅内出血表现的静脉窦血栓形成1例

目的：分析以颅内出血表现的颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）的临床特点,磁共振成像（MRI）、磁共振静脉成像（MRV）对其诊断的价值。方法：分析1例经MRI、MRV确诊为颅内静脉窦血栓形成的住院患者的临床资料及影像学特点。结果：该患者横窦-乙状窦血栓形成临床表现主要有颅内压增高及皮质受损表现,无特异性。结论：CVST临床表现无特异性,颅脑MRI及MRV对CVST的诊断敏感,且作为一种无创检查,较有创的DSA更易被患者接受,极大提高了CVST早期的诊断阳性率。     

脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊治

目的探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成的病因、临床表现、影像学诊断特点及溶栓、抗凝、扩容治疗效果。方法报告1例上矢状窦血栓形成患者的病因、临床特点、影像学检查资料及溶栓、抗凝治疗后疗效、随访其预后。结果上矢状窦血栓形成主要累及顶、额叶,可表现为精神症状、癫痫发作及意识障碍,多发生在产褥期。MRV磁共振静脉造影可有特异性表现。早期溶栓、抗凝、扩容治疗后很快康复。随访半年无症状复发。结论脑静脉窦血栓形成是由于多种原因的血液高凝状态而引起的颅内静脉系统血栓形成。MRV可帮助明确诊断。溶栓、抗凝、扩容治疗可取得满意疗效,早期治疗预后好。     

MRI及磁共振静脉血管成像对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断评价

目的评价MRI及磁共振静脉血管成像对脑静脉窦血栓形成的诊断评价。方法回顾性分析我院2013年7月至2014年4月收治的33例确诊为脑静脉窦血栓患者MRI及磁共振静脉血管成像诊断资料进行统计与分析。结果 33例患者中,8例单纯横窦受累,10例单纯乙状窦受累,10例横窦及上矢状窦联合受累,5例横窦受累、乙状窦及上矢状窦联合受累。患者中T1WI为等信号、T2WI为低信号有6例,T1WI、T2WI为高信号的有18例,T1WI为不均匀低信号、T2WI为高信号的有9例。增强扫描中脑静脉异常强化的患者有11例,其静脉窦内血栓没有出现强化特征,同时呈现出空三角征或是充盈不规则缺损。患者DSA、MRV检查结果显示受累静脉窦显影主要表现为不显影或是显影狭窄、不规则。结论 MRI联合磁共振静脉血管成像可有效提高脑静脉窦血栓诊断准确率。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊治体会

目的 探讨颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊断及治疗体会.方法 回顾性分析我科收治的30例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的病因、临床表现、影像学特征、诊疗方案及预后情况.结果 颅内静脉窦血栓形成多数为急性或亚急性发病,继发于感染7例,非感染性18例,其中产褥期发病12例;5例病因不明.上矢状窦血栓形成是最常见的.头痛、恶心、呕吐、视力下降、癫痫及局灶性神经系统症状为主要临床表现.治疗方案中单纯肝素抗凝治疗23例,肝素联合静脉窦内溶栓治疗7例.本组22例患者痊愈,4例遗留残疾或后遗症,4例死亡.结论 CVST的临床表现变异很大且缺乏特异性,常见于育龄期妇女.因此关注患者是否存在CVST发生的高危因素,尽早行颅脑CT、MRI、MRV或DSA检查,明确诊断后应积极地抗凝治疗,必要时联合介入溶栓治疗,并纠正病因、对症治疗,大多预后较好.     

小剂量尿激酶治疗颅内静脉窦血栓18例临床观察

颅内静脉窦血栓形成（cerebral venous sinuses thromboses，CVST）是脑血管病的一种特殊类型。颅内静脉窦的血栓引起窦腔狭窄、闭塞、脑静脉血回流和脑脊液吸收障碍的一种疾病。分为炎性和非炎性两类，以矢状窦、海绵窦、横窦血栓多见。近年来随着影像学的发展，此病得以早期诊断。笔者采用静脉小剂量注射尿激酶治疗CVST，观察18例，疗效满意，现将观察结果报告如下。     

MRV和MRI在脑静脉血栓早期诊断中的应用价值

目的对比分析MRV和MRI在脑静脉血栓早期诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2011年3月~2013年6月本院收治的32例脑静脉血栓早期患者,将其随机分为实验组和对照组,对照组采用3.0T飞利浦MRI机诊断,实验组采用2D-PC静脉成像行MRV诊断,比较两组的诊断率。结果 32例患者经MRV和MRI诊断出横窦血栓15例,乙状窦血栓7例,上矢状窦血栓6例,直窦血栓4例;对照组16例患者中经MRI SE序列扫描确诊12例,4例经MRI平扫出现漏诊,后经MRV确诊,确诊率为75%;实验组16例患者中经MRV确诊16例,确诊率为100%。两组确诊率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与MRI诊断比较,MRV诊断早期脑静脉血栓具有更高的准确率,是无创、理想的诊断方式,两者联用可作为诊断早期脑静脉血栓的理想方法,值得在临床中推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.