丹参注射液对于急性胰腺炎大鼠血清中NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6的影响

目的:通过对急性胰腺炎大鼠用丹参注射液时血清中NF-κB、TNF-α、IL-6的影响,从而探讨丹参对急性胰腺炎的治疗的疗效及机理。方法:45只清洁的雄性Wistar大鼠被随机分成为3组:即空白对照组(假手术组)、疾病模型组(AP组)和药物治疗组(丹参组)。在3h、6h、12h时在各组分别取5只大鼠,采用ELISA法测定并比较大鼠血清中的TNF-α、IL-6及采用WESTERN blotting检测胰腺组织NF-κBp65蛋白。结果:将模型组与对照组(假手术组)比较,TNF-α、IL-6的水平增高,胰腺组织NF-κB蛋白也升高(P<0.05);而治疗组(丹参组)上述指标与模型组相比均有下降(P<0.05)。结论:丹参注射液可能通过抑制AP大鼠NF-κB蛋白,从而降低血清中TNF-α、IL-6的浓度水平,控制AP炎症,从而对急性胰腺炎的治疗发挥作用。     

罗格列酮对急性胰腺炎模型大鼠NF-κB与TNF-α表达的影响

目的 观察罗格列酮对大鼠急性胰腺炎（AP）的疗效和对核因子-κB（NF-κB）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）表达的影响。方法 大鼠胆胰管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠制备AP模型,治疗组在造模前30 min股静脉注射罗格列酮6 mg&;#8226;kg^-1。观察胰腺组织病理学改变并评分,检测血清淀粉酶（AMY）和组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）水平;免疫组化检测NF κB表达变化,逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT PCR）检测TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果 罗格列酮治疗组胰腺病理变化评分低于模型组,血清AMY和组织MPO水平亦低于模型组,NF-κB和TNF-α mRNA表达较模型组减弱（均P＜0.01）。结论 罗格列酮可缓解AP大鼠胰腺的损伤,其机制与抑制胰腺NF-κB和TNF-α表达有关。     

罗格列酮对急性坏死性胰腺炎的保护作用

目的探讨罗格列酮对急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)的保护作用。方法 72只健康SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组(SO组)、ANP组及罗格列酮处理(R)组。采用经十二指肠胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠诱导大鼠ANP模型,于模型制作前30min腹腔内注射罗格列酮(10mg/kg)进行预处理。各组于术后3、6、12h分批处死动物,分别观察各组大鼠血浆淀粉酶(AMY)、TNF-α、IL-6水平,胰腺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平的变化以及胰腺组织病理改变。采用免疫组化法检测胰腺组织核因子κB(NF-κB)的表达,采用RT-PCR法检测胰腺组织过氧化物酶增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA、热休克蛋白-70(HSP-70)mRNA。结果 ANP组AMY、TNF-α、IL-6、胰腺组织MPO、胰腺组织病理学评分及胰腺组织NF-κB的表达较SO组明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),R组上述各检测指标均较ANP组显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。R组各时点胰腺PPARγmRNA及HSP-70mRNA表达水平增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),胰腺组织损伤明显减轻。结论罗格列酮可能是激活PPARγ后通过诱导胰腺HSP-70的表达,抑制胰腺NF-κB的活化,减少细胞因子的产生,从而改善ANP病情。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸联合维生素E对大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎NF-κB的作用研究

目的 研究抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)联合维生素E(VitE)对大鼠急性胰腺炎动物模型胰腺组织NF-κB的作用,探讨两药的联合使用对急性胰腺炎的影响.方法 40只SD大鼠随机分为假手术(SO)组、出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)组、NAC治疗组、NAC+ VitE治疗组,4组各10只.造模后12h取材,同时观察大鼠胰腺病理评分、血清淀粉酶(AMY)、丙二醛(MDA)、胰腺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及胰腺组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达.结果 AHNP组胰腺病理评分、AMY、丙二醛、MPO及胰腺组织NF-κB的表达明显高于其他组(P＜0.01),NAC治疗组上述指标均低于AHNP组(P＜0.01),但仍高于SO组(P＜0.01),NAC+ VitE治疗组上述指标均低于AHNP组(P＜0.01)及NAC治疗组(P＜0.01),高于SO组(P＜0.01).结论 在AHNP时应用NAC+ VitE能明显减轻胰腺组织病理损伤,降低胰腺炎时血清AMY、丙二醛的浓度和胰腺组织MPO的活性,抑制胰腺组织中核因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达.     

姜黄素预处理对肢体缺血再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺内炎症反应的影响

目的研究姜黄素预处理对肢体缺血再灌注肺损伤大鼠肺内炎症反应的影响。方法选取成年♂SD大鼠,建立大鼠肢体缺血2 h再灌注3 h肺损伤模型。随机分为5组(各12只):假手术组及模型组,分别给予等容量生理盐水;3个浓度姜黄素预处理组,分别于缺血前2 h经腹腔注射姜黄素501,00,200 mg.kg-1。测定每组肺组织湿/干重比(W/D),髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量以及核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)的蛋白表达。结果与假手术组比较,模型组的肺组织W/D与MPO活性、TNF-α和IL-6含量并使NF-κB p65表达均明显升高;姜黄素预处理组可剂量依赖地降低肺组织W/D与MPO活性、TNF-α和IL-6含量并使NF-κB p65表达升高。结论姜黄素预处理能减轻肢体缺血再灌注所致的大鼠肺内炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB激活、从而减少TNF-α和IL-6介导的中性粒细胞聚集有关。     

乌司他丁对大鼠SAP肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨大鼠重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并肺损伤的发病因素及乌司他丁对大鼠SAP合并肺损伤模型的保护作用。方法48只SD大鼠随机均分为三组:假手术组(S)、SAP组、乌司他丁治疗组(U),每组再分为术后6小时和12小时亚组。检测血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度并对胰、肺组织进行病理评分,比较U组给药后上述指标的变化。结果(1)U组血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度及胰、肺病理评分与同时点SAP组相比明显降低(P<0.05);(2)SAP组TNF-α在12小时比6小时明显下降(P<0.05);(3)血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度与胰、肺病理评分呈正相关(r=0.343~0.781,P<0.01)。结论(1)TNF-α、MDA和肺组织MPO是引起SAP合并肺损伤的重要因素,乌司他丁能减轻SAP合并肺损伤;(2)通过检测血AMY、TNF-α、MDA和肺MPO浓度可以间接地反映胰、肺损伤的程度。     

乌司他丁对重症急性胰腺炎肠黏膜屏障保护作用机制的研究

目的本实验旨在通过动态观察重症急性胰腺炎小肠组织中多种细胞因子,包括:肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、细胞间黏附因子1(ICAM-1)mRNA的变化,探讨乌司他丁(ulinas-tatin,UT)对炎性细胞因子的下调作用,及其对肠粘膜屏障的保护作用。方法SD大鼠40只,随机分成4组,即正常组(10只)、假手术组(SO)(10只)、SAP组(10只)、SAP+UT组(10只),建立假手术组、重症急性胰腺炎及治疗组模型。术后3h、6h、12h、24h应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、CAM-1mRNA的表达,以及相应时段小肠组织NF-κB及血液中DAO的表达。结果SAP组大鼠肠黏膜TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10、ICAM-1mRNA表达较SO组增高,其中TNF-αmRNA表达于术后6h达峰值,ICAM-1表达于术后12h达峰值,IL-6、IL-10术后6小时表达增加,且随着时间的延长表达量增加,UT治疗组TNFα、IL-6、IL-10和ICAM-1表达均显著下调P<0.05。SO组大鼠肠黏膜少见NF-κB活化的细胞,而SAP组大鼠术后3h肠黏膜即出现大量核内NF-κB染色阳性细胞,UT治疗组肠黏膜NF-κB活化细胞明显少于SAP组。结论乌司他丁可以显著降低SAP组大鼠小肠NF-κB的表达以及细胞因子mRNA的表达,抑制炎症反应,从而起到保护肠黏膜屏障的作用。     

水飞蓟素对急性胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤及MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的探究水飞蓟素对急性胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用,以及与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的关系。方法将SD大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、水飞蓟素低、中、高剂量组(50、100、200 mg·kg~(-1))、地塞米松组(2 mg·kg~(-1)),酶联免疫法测定炎症指标;苏木精-伊红染色法(HE)观察胰腺、肺部组织病理学变化;免疫印迹法检测MAPK/NF-κB通路蛋白表达。结果建模后,模型组PaO_2、OI降低,PaCO_2、胰腺、肺组织病理评分、淀粉酶活性、TNF-α和IL-1β水平均升高,与假手术组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05);给药后,水飞蓟素各组、阳性组的PaO_2、OI升高,PaCO_2、胰腺、肺组织病理评分、淀粉酶活性、TNF-α、IL-1β水平、胰腺、肺组织W/D、PMN降低,p-JNK、p-p38、p-ERK1/2、p-IκBα蛋白表达降低,呈剂量依赖性,与模型组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论水飞蓟素可能通过抑制MAPK/NF-κB通路,发挥对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用。     

乌司他丁调控脓毒症大鼠TNF-α与IL-6及IL-10水平的研究

目的:探讨乌司他丁对脓毒症大鼠血清TNF-α、L-6、IL-10水平的调控作用。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、模型组和乌司他丁组。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)制备脓毒症模型,于造模后2.0,8.0,12.0,24.0h处死大鼠,双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清TNF-α、L-6、IL-10水平;留取完整左肺组织行病理切片,评估肺脏损伤情况。结果:模型组各时间点TNF-α、L-6、IL-10水平均高于假手术组(P<0.05);乌司他丁组与模型组相比,除24.0h外TNF-α水平明显降低(P<0.01),IL-6水平各时间点均明显下降(P<0.01),IL-10水平各时间点均明显升高(P<0.01),病理切片显示乌司他丁组肺损伤轻于模型组。结论:乌司他丁能下调脓毒症大鼠TNF-α、L-6水平,对IL-10有上调作用,并能减轻脓毒症肺损伤。     

PDTC与GSH联合应用对重症急性胰腺炎模型大鼠的作用

目的 探讨吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸钠(PDTC)与还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对重症急性胰腺炎的联合治疗作用.方法 用3.5%的牛磺胆酸钠逆行胰胆管内注射,建立重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)模型,观察胰腺组织中核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)表达、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力、血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度,胰腺病理评分.结果 用药组与对照组比较,NF-κB表达降低,SOD活力升高,血清TNF-α浓度降低,胰腺病理损害轻(P<0.05);联合用药组比单独用药组更加明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 对于受损的胰腺组织,联合应用PUTC与GSH较单独应用具有更强的保护作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.