Prognostic importance of various echocardiographic right ventricular functional parameters in patients with symptomatic heart failure.

Little is known about the prognostic importance of right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic power of systolic and diastolic RV functional parameters derived from Doppler tissue imaging of tricuspid annular motion and to assess whether their combination might improve the risk stratification of patients with heart failure. In all, 140 patients with symptomatic heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less underwent standard echocardiography, Doppler tissue imaging of tricuspid annular motion, and right heart catheterization. They were followed up for a mean period of 17 months for cardiac-related death and nonfatal cardiac events including the implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator and hospitalization for heart failure decompensation. A total of 48 cardiac events occurred; 19 patients died, 26 were hospitalized for heart failure decompensation, and 3 because of the need for implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator. The peak tricuspid annular velocity during systolic ejection of 10.8 cm/s or less, peak early diastolic tricuspid annular velocity of 8.9 cm/s or less, tricuspid annular acceleration during isovolumic contraction of 2.52 m/s 2 or less, and Doppler RV index (Tei index) of 1.20 or more were found to significantly worsen survival or event-free survival. However, their combination significantly exceeded the predictive potential of individual parameters. The worst survival was predicted by the combination of peak tricuspid annular velocity during systolic ejection of 10.8 cm/s or less plus peak early diastolic tricuspid annular velocity of 8.9 cm/s or less plus tricuspid annular acceleration during isovolumic contraction of 2.52 m/s 2 or less (relative risk 6.17, P < .001), whereas the worst event-free survival was identified by the combination of peak tricuspid annular velocity during systolic ejection of 10.8 cm/s or less plus peak early diastolic tricuspid annular velocity of 8.9 cm/s or less plus Doppler RV index (Tei index) of 1.20 or more (relative risk 3.62, P < .001). In conclusion, the combination of RV systolic and diastolic functional parameters represents a very powerful tool for risk stratification of patients with symptomatic heart failure.     

Tissue Doppler echocardiography and myocardial performance index in patients with scleroderma

In this study, left and right ventricular functions were examined echocardiographically in 22 patients with scleroderma and 22 healthy volunteers. Conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography and myocardial performance indexes were used as measures of right and left ventricular global functions. Mitral early diastolic E wave deceleration time, isovolumetric contraction time and left ventricular myocardial performance index and peak tricuspid A wave velocity were significantly higher in the scleroderma group compared with the control group. Mitral and tricuspid E/A ratios were significantly lower in patients with scleroderma. In addition, mitral annular and tricuspid annular isovolumetric relaxation times and the tricuspid E/E' ratio were significantly increased in scleroderma patients compared with the control group. In conclusion, in scleroderma patients the global left ventricular functions were depressed and diastolic function abnormalities were seen in both right and left ventricles. In addition, longitudinal muscle functions of the ventricles were depressed in scleroderma patients, as shown by tissue Doppler imaging parameters.     

新生儿超声心动图正常参考值及Z值回归方程式的研究

目的：研究新生儿超声心动图的正常参考值及其Z值回归方程,探讨新生儿心脏正常值的变化规律。方法对深圳市儿童医院288名出生0~28 d健康新生儿,进行超声心动图定量检测,包括M型、二维法、实时三平面几何法、多普勒血流、组织多普勒测量,并进行超声心动图结果与体重的相关回归分析,应用回归方程计算Z值。结果新生儿M型测量的右心室内径（RV）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）正常值,二维超声心动图测量的四腔图二尖瓣环内径（MV-D1）、两腔图二尖瓣环内径（MV-D2）、长轴图二尖瓣环内径（MV-D3）、主动脉瓣环内径（ARD）、主动脉窦内径（ASD）、主动脉升段内径（AAO）、主动脉弓内径（TA）、主动脉峡部内径（AI）、主动脉隔段内径（AO-Dia）、四腔图三尖瓣环内径（TV-D1）、右心室流入道图三尖瓣环内径（TV-D2）、右心室流出道内径（RVOT）、肺动脉瓣环内径（PVD）、主肺动脉内径（PA）的正常值,二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值流速（MV-E）、二尖瓣口左心房收缩峰值流速（MV-A）、三尖瓣口舒张早期峰值流速（TV-E）、三尖瓣口右心房收缩峰值流速（TV-A）、主动脉瓣峰值流速（AV-max）、主动脉瓣血流速度时间积分（AV-VTI）、肺动脉瓣峰值流速（PV-max）、肺动脉瓣血流速度时间积分（PV-VTI）的正常值,二尖瓣环侧壁收缩期速度（MV-s′）、二尖瓣环侧壁舒张早期速度（MV-e′）、二尖瓣环侧壁心房收缩期速度（MV-a′）、三尖瓣环侧壁收缩期速度（TV-s′）、三尖瓣环侧壁舒张早期速度（TV-e′）、三尖瓣环侧壁心房收缩期速度（TV-a′）、房室瓣环室间隔收缩速度（IVS-s′）、房室瓣环室间隔舒张早期速度（IVS-e′）、房室瓣环室间隔心房收缩速度（IVS-a′）的正常值,双平面法测量的左心房容积（LAV）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、每搏量（SV）、心输出量（CO）的正常值,实时三平面几何法测量的LVEDV、SV、CO的正常值,左心室心肌质量（LV mass）、左心室心肌质量指数[LV mass/BSA、LV mass/H2.7;体表面积（BSA）、身长（H）]的正常值,与体重均呈非线性正相关（P均＜0.01）。MV-E/A、PV-E/A、MV-e′/a′、TV-e′/a′、IVS-e′/a′、MV-E/IVS-e′、左心室心肌质量容积比（LV mass/LVEDV）、双平面法及实时三平面几何法左心室射血分数（LVEF）与体重均无相关性（P均＞0.05）。除RV、MV-D1、MV-D2、MV-D3、TV-D1、TV-E、MV-s′、IVS-a′、TV-s′、TV-e′外,非线性回归法（lnY=a＋bX＋cX2＋dX3）获得的R2均大于线性回归法（Y=a＋bX）。Z值均无随体重变化趋势,均呈正态分布。结论新生儿超声心动图正常参考值的趋势图反映了随体重变化的规律,采用非线性回归方程可用于计算预测平均值,所获得的Z值呈标准正态分布,对新生儿心脏疾病的诊治具有重要意义。     

The relation between quantitative right ventricular ejection fraction and indices of tricuspid annular motion and myocardial performance.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of right ventricular (RV) function remains challenging because of complex RV chamber geometry and a paucity of easily derived and objective functional methods. METHODS: Visual 2-dimensional echocardiographic estimates of RV ejection fraction (EF), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, Doppler tissue imaging, and myocardial performance index (MPI) were compared with biplanar Simpson's rule RV EF in 101 consecutive patients. Data were analyzed using simple linear regression and receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: RV EF was significantly correlated with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r = 0.48, P <.0001), Doppler tissue imaging peak systolic velocity (r = 0.45, P <.0001), and MPI (r = -0.38, P =.006). Using a Simpson's RV EF < 50%, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion < 1.5 cm were 59%, 94%, 71%, and 89%; of Doppler tissue imaging peak systolic velocity < 10 cm/s were 59%, 92%, 67%, and 89%; and of MPI < 0.40 were 100%, 35%, 29%, and 100%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was similar for the 3 indices. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of tricuspid annular motion are easy to obtain, correlate with Simpson's RV EF, and have a high specificity and negative predictive value for detecting abnormal RV systolic function; and the MPI, although not specific, has high sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting abnormal RV systolic function.     

超声组织多普勒成像评价儿童先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压患者心室功能研究

目的 探讨超声组织多普勒成像技术评价儿童先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压患者心室功能的价值.方法 20例先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压、20例先天性心脏病无肺动脉高压患儿及24例门诊体检健康儿童,分别行组织多普勒超声心动图检查.心尖四腔心切面测量左心室侧壁二尖瓣环附着处、右心室侧壁三尖瓣环附着处收缩期S波峰速度(Sm)、舒张早期负向E波峰速度(Em)、舒张晚期负向A波峰速度(Am)、等容收缩间期(ICT)、等容舒张间期(IRT)、射血时间(ET),计算左心室、右心室Tei指数,比较各组间差异,并分析先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压组患儿右心室组织多普勒参数与肺动脉收缩压(sPAP)的相关性.结果 先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压组患儿左心室、右心室Em及左心室ET降低,而左心室、右心室Am、ICT、IRT、Tei指数均异常升高.右心室IRT与sPAP具有良好的正相关.结论 儿童先天性心脏病并肺动脉高压患者左右心室功能均受损,以右心室舒张功能及左心室舒张收缩功能下降为主,右心室IRT可作为预测肺动脉高压的新无创指标.     

多普勒组织成像评价房间隔缺损并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能

目的探讨多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术评价房间隔缺损(ASD)并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能的临床意义.方法56例ASD并肺动脉高压患者按肺动脉高压程度分为轻、中、重3组,并选取22例健康人作为正常对照组.采用频谱多普勒技术分别测定三尖瓣口舒张早期血流峰值速度e波、舒张晚期血流峰值速度a波,并计算e/a比值.然后进入DTI条件,测定三尖瓣环舒张早期运动峰值速度E波、舒张晚期运动峰值速度A波,并计算E/A比值.结果ASD并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能随肺动脉压力的升高而逐渐减低;与频谱多普勒检测三尖瓣口充盈参数法相比,DTI法在ASD并轻、中度肺动脉高压患者中,对右心室舒张功能异常检出率更高,而在重度肺动脉高压患者中两者无差别.结论DTI在早期检测ASD并肺动脉高压患者右心室舒张功能减低方面较频谱多普勒具有优越性,其不但能早期预测病情变化,且可以帮助判断病情变化程度.     

三尖瓣环运动速度多普勒组织成像评价下壁心肌梗塞后右室功能

目的 探讨多普勒组织成像(DTI)记录三尖瓣环运动速度评价下壁心肌梗塞后右室功能的价值。方法 急性下壁心肌梗塞病人28例，年龄匹配的健康者20例，于心尖四腔观三尖瓣环相对应的右室游离壁记录收缩期峰值速度(VS)，舒张早期峰值速度(VE)，舒张晚期峰值速度(VA)。结果 急性下壁心肌梗塞组三尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度、舒张早期峰值速度均降低。结论 多普勒组织成像测定三尖瓣环运动速度可作为评价下壁心肌梗塞后右室功能的新方法。     

Quantitative assessment of right ventricular function using doppler tissue imaging in fetuses with and without heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports have established the use of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) for noninvasive assessment of ventricular function, but the technique has not been validated for diagnosis of fetal cardiac failure. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess right ventricular (RV) function in fetuses with heart failure using DTI. METHODS: In all, 43 fetuses (36 control, 7 heart failure) were assessed using pulsed Doppler echocardiography combined with DTI. RV peak myocardial velocities during early diastole (Ea), atrial contraction, and systole were measured; and tricuspid peak velocities during early diastole (E) and atrial contraction. The ratio of E/Ea was used as an index of filling pressure were measured. From DTI, a Doppler-derived index of combined systolic/diastolic myocardial performance (DTI-Tei index) was measured. RESULTS: Compared with control fetuses, the mean Ea was significantly lower and the mean E was significantly higher in fetuses with heart failure, although these parameters did overlap between the 2 groups. The mean RV myocardial wall-motion velocity during atrial contraction, ratio of Ea/RV myocardial wall-motion velocity during atrial contraction, and RV myocardial wall-motion velocity during systole did not differ between the 2 groups. Compared with control fetuses, the mean E/Ea was significantly higher (9.71 +/- 0.91 vs 6.20 +/- 0.97; P <.0001) and the mean DTI-Tei index was significantly greater (0.79 +/- 0.11 vs 0.55 +/- 0.05; P <.0001) in fetuses with heart failure. In addition, the DTI-Tei index z score was >2 in all fetuses with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a clinically important application of DTI-derived tricuspid annular velocities in fetuses with heart failure. Although DTI velocities were not sufficiently sensitive to identify fetuses with heart failure versus control fetuses, DTI-Tei index and E/Ea were useful and sensitive indicators of global RV dysfunction.     

多普勒组织成像评估左向右分流先天性心脏病平均右心房压

目的探讨应用组织多普勒技术测量三尖瓣环运动相关参数,评估左向右分流先天性心脏病平均右心房压（mRAP）的价值。方法应用组织多普勒技术测量41例心脏病患者三尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度（Sm）、舒张早期峰值速度（Em）、舒张末期峰值速度（Am）、右心室等容收缩间期（IVCTm）、右心室等容舒张间期（IVRTm）,IVCTm、IVRTm用心率校正得出IVCTc、IVRTc;多普勒测量三尖辩口舒张早期前向峰值血流速度（E）;计算Em／Am、E／Em,以心导管测量先天性心脏病患者的mRAP。结果mRAP≥8mmHg的患者,IVRTc较短,而E／Em较高。IVRTc与mRAP呈负相关（r=-0.81,P〈0.01）,E／Em与mRAP呈正相关（r=0.83,P〈0.01）,其中IVRTc≤84.5ms或E／Em≥6.5判定mRAP≥8mmHg敏感度、特异度分别86.7％、72.0％,93.3％、84.6％。结论多普勒组织成像检测三尖瓣环IVRTc及E／Em能定量估测左向右分流先天性心脏病mRAP。     

Longitudinal ventricular function: normal values of atrioventricular annular and myocardial velocities measured with quantitative two-dimensional color Doppler tissue imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative 2-dimensional color Doppler tissue imaging is a new method to reveal impairment of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) longitudinal function, which is a potential marker of early myocardial disease. The aim of this study was to obtain normal values for atrioventricular annular and regional myocardial velocities using this method. METHODS: A total of 123 healthy patients (age range: 22 to 89 years) underwent echocardiography including color Doppler tissue imaging using a scanner (Vivid 5, GE Vingmed, Horten, Norway) with postprocessing analysis (Echopac 6.3, GE Vingmed). Regional myocardial velocities were measured at 12 LV segments in 3 apical views and 2 segments of the free RV wall. Mitral annular velocities from 6 sites, and tricuspid annular velocities at its lateral site, were also assessed. At each site, systolic (S(m)), early diastolic (E(m)), and late diastolic (A(m)) velocities were measured, and the E(m)/A(m) ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Patients were classified into 4 groups aged 20 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 79, and >/=80 years. Mitral annular velocity and regional LV myocardial S(m) and E(m) progressively decreased with age. A(m), whereas low in the youngest age group, increased significantly in patients more than 40 years of age. The E(m)/A(m) ratio gradually declined with aging. There were no differences between age groups in S(m) measured at the tricuspid annulus and free RV wall, but the pattern of age-related changes of diastolic velocities and E(m)/A(m) ratio was the same as in the LV. Slight but significant sex-related differences were observed in middle-aged groups. The intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility was highest for atrioventricular annular velocities. CONCLUSIONS: A progressive decrease in S(m) reveals a decline in longitudinal systolic LV function with age, whereas systolic RV function remains unaffected. Atrioventricular annular velocity and regional E(m) decrease with aging in both ventricles, suggesting a deterioration in the diastolic properties of the myocardium, whereas A(m) increases from middle age implying a compensatory augmentation of atrial function. The study results can be used as reference data for the quantitative assessment of longitudinal LV and RV function in patients with cardiac disease.     

Effect of preload reduction by haemodialysis on new indices of diastolic function

Assessment of mitral annular motion diastolic velocities by M-mode or tissue Doppler imaging and the propagation velocity of early diastolic filling (Vp) by colour M-mode have been proposed as preload-independent indices of diastolic function. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of preload reduction by haemodialysis on these new echocardiographic indices and to assess the relationship between these indices. The study group comprised 17 patients with chronic renal failure in sinus rhythm with normal left ventricular systolic function who underwent echocardiography 30 min prior to and 30 min following haemodialysis. Following dialysis there were significant reductions in weight (P<0.001), left atrial diameter (P=0.001), the peak Doppler velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow (P=0.005) and the ratio of Doppler velocities of early to late diastolic transmitral flow (P=0.02), consistent with a reduction in intravascular volume. There was no change after dialysis in early diastolic mitral annular velocity using M-mode (P=0.19) or tissue Doppler imaging from either the septal or lateral walls (P=0.88 and P=0.15 respectively), but there was a reduction in Vp after dialysis (55 to 49 cm/s; P=0.04). There were only weak correlations between Vp and the early diastolic mitral annular velocities (r<0.6 for all). We conclude that the assessment of diastolic function by the mitral annular early diastolic velocity appears to be preload-independent, that Vp may be affected by preload and that there is only a weak relationship between Vp and the early diastolic mitral annular velocity.     

Age-related changes in diastolic atrioventricular annular velocity: Studies using pulsed Doppler tissue imaging

Age-related changes in the diastolic velocity of the mitral and tricuspid annuli were studied in 67 healthy subjects aged 15 to 79 years. Ventricular inflow velocities were recorded by pulsed Doppler echocardiography with sample volumes at the mitral and tricuspid orifices in the apical four-chamber view, and peak early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities were measured. Atrioventricular annular velocities were recorded by Doppler tissue imaging with sample volume set on the lateral portion of each annulus in the same view, and peak early (Ea) and late (Aa) diastolic velocities were determined. E and Ea correlated inversely with age, while A and Aa correlated directly with age in both ventricles. E/A and Ea/Aa ratios correlated inversely with age in both ventricles. Coefficients of correlation of these variables with age were higher for annular velocity than for inflow velocity. The E/A ratio at the tricuspid orifice was higher than that at the mitral orifice in all decades. An E/A ratio of less than 1 was observed at the mitral orifice in the sixth decade, but at the tricuspid orifice in the seventh decade. The Ea/Aa ratio at the tricuspid annulus was lower than that at the mitral annulus in all decades. The Ea/Aa ratio was less than 1 at the mitral annulus in the fifth decade and at the tricuspid annulus in the fourth decade. Diastolic function of both ventricles thus deteriorates with age, and diastolic annular velocity reflects ventricular diastolic function more accurately than ventricular inflow velocity.     

定量组织速度成像与右心导管法评估肺动脉高压右心室功能的对照分析

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像（QTVI）评估肺动脉高压（PAH）右心室功能的准确性。方法 58例PAH患者入选本研究。常规超声测量右心室舒张末期面积和收缩末期面积（RVEDA，RVESA）并计算右心室面积变化率;获取入选者标准心尖部右心室流入道长轴和四腔观TVI图像，离线分析右心室4个壁三尖瓣环处组织速度曲线，测量右心室游离壁三尖瓣环处收缩期峰值速度（Sa）、舒张早期峰值速度（Ea）、舒张晚期峰值速度（Aa）;依据公式计算右心室4个壁瓣环处Tei指数，取其平均值作为右心室整体心肌做功指数。于超声心动图检查24h内对入选者行右心导管检查，测定每搏量、心输出量、每搏量指数和心脏指数。结果 两种方法测定的右心室功能参数均具有一定的相关性，其中，Tei指数与右心导管测定的右心室功能参数相关性最好，而Aa、Ea与右心导管测定的右心室功能参数呈低度相关，右心室面积变化率、Sa、Ea/Aa与右心导管测定的右心室功能参数呈中度相关。结论 QTVI技术是评估PAH患者右心室功能的可靠准确技术。     

Ultrasonic imaging of myocardial strain using cardiac elastography

Clinical assessment of myocardial ischemia based on visually-assessed wall motion scoring from echocardiography is semiquantitative, operator dependent, and heavily weighted by operator experience and expertise. Cardiac motion estimation methods such as tissue Doppler imaging, used to assess myocardial muscle velocity, provides quantitative parameters such as the strain-rate and strain derived from Doppler velocity. However, tissue Doppler imaging does not differentiate between active contraction and simple rotation or translation of the heart wall, nor does it differentiate tethering (passively following) tissue from active contraction. In this paper, we present a strain imaging modality called cardiac elastography that provides two-dimensional strain information. A method for obtaining and displaying both directional and magnitude cardiac elastograms and displaying strain over the entire cross-section of the heart is described. Elastograms from a patient with coronary artery disease are compared with those from a healthy volunteer. Though observational, the differences suggest that cardiac elastography may be a useful tool for assessment of myocardial function. The method is two-dimensional, real time and avoids the disadvantage of observer-dependent judgment of myocardial contraction and relaxation estimated from conventional echocardiography.     

Color M-mode and Doppler tissue evaluation of diastolic function in children: simultaneous correlation with invasive indices.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the validity of diastolic indices derived from color M-mode Doppler and Doppler tissue imaging in a heterogeneous group of pediatric patients by comparing them with simultaneously obtained invasive indices of diastolic function. METHODS: A total of 20 children undergoing left heart catheterization had echocardiographic images recorded simultaneously with high-fidelity left ventricular (LV) pressure tracings. Transmitral Doppler, pulmonary vein Doppler, Doppler tissue imaging, and color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity were recorded. LV peak negative dP/dt, the time constant of isovolumic relaxation, and LV end-diastolic pressure were compared with the echocardiographic indices. RESULTS: The ratio of peak E-wave mitral velocity/propagation velocity correlated significantly with LV end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.71; P <.001). Propagation velocity correlated with the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (r = -0.56; P =.01) and peak negative dP/dt (r = 0.50; P <.03). Septal mitral annular myocardial velocity correlated significantly with the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (r = -0.58, P =.01). CONCLUSION: The newer diastolic indices derived from color M-mode Doppler and Doppler tissue imaging appear to be a helpful adjunct in the noninvasive assessment of diastolic function in children.     

三尖瓣环部多普勒超声频谱图评估右心室收缩及舒张功能

目的：采用低频多普勒超声对70例右心室功能异常的心脏病患者进行三尖瓣环收缩期和舒张期低频多普勒运动频谱记录,并与40例正常人的低频多普勒运动频谱参数进行了比较。部分病人进行了三尖瓣环运动频谱测值与右心导管压力参数相关性的比较。结果：三尖瓣环运动频谱图参数能够反映不同病理状态下三尖瓣环运动的变化,其运动变化频谱参数收缩期峰值流速（C－V）和流速时间积分（C－VTI）、舒张早期与晚期的流速比值（A－V／E－V）、舒张晚期流速时间积分与舒张期总流速时间积分之比值（A－VTI／VTIt)与右心室的收缩、舒张功能指标显著相关。结论：三尖瓣环运动频谱能够反映右心室收缩与舒张功能的改变。     

Quantification of the myocardial velocity gradient and myocardial wall thickening velocity in healthy children: a new indicator of regional myocardial wall motion.

Doppler tissue imaging allows the measurement of tissue motion velocity in real time. However, tissue velocities are affected by translational motion and by the angle of Doppler interrogation. The myocardial velocity gradient and myocardial wall thickening velocity, determined by color Doppler tissue imaging, can be used to evaluate regional wall thickening and thinning motion independent of translational motion. To determine the control values for myocardial velocity gradient and myocardial wall thickening velocity for the interventricular septum and posterior wall, we studied 120 healthy children (mean age: 7.8 +/- 5.0 years). Peak values of myocardial velocity gradient and myocardial wall thickening velocity at each cardiac phase were measured: systole, early diastole, and atrial contraction. The peak values of myocardial velocity gradient and myocardial wall thickening velocity were higher in the posterior wall than those in the interventricular septum, suggesting that thickening and thinning are more dynamic in the posterior wall. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that absolute values of myocardial velocity gradient at systole, early diastole, and atrial contraction, and wall thickening velocity at atrial contraction decreased with body surface area (BSA). On the other hand, absolute values of myocardial wall thickening velocity at systole and early diastole increased with BSA, and myocardial wall thickening velocity at early diastole in interventricular septum did not change. Myocardial velocity gradient at systole and early diastole, and myocardial wall thickening velocity at systole were strongly related to BSA. In contrast, myocardial velocity gradient and myocardial wall thickening velocity at atrial contraction strongly correlated with time interval between 2 consecutive QRS complexes. Because myocardial wall thickening velocity at early diastole in the interventricular septum did not correlate with BSA or time interval between 2 consecutive QRS complexes, it might evaluate diastolic function of interventricular septum independent of body size or heart rate.     

脉冲多普勒与组织多普勒技术对原发性高血压伴左室肥厚患者的右心室舒张功能的评价

目的:探讨组织多普勒与脉冲多普勒2种方法对原发性高血压伴左室肥厚患者右心室舒张功能的评价。材料与方法:对48例原发性高血压患者经超声检测左室肥厚患者和50例健康体检者先采用脉冲多普勒超声心动图测量右室舒张期三尖瓣口充盈早期血流峰值速度(E)和心房收缩峰值(A),并计算E/A值;再应用组织多普勒测量三尖瓣环舒张早期运动速度(e)、舒张晚期运动速度(a)及计算e/a值,并与健康组进行比较。结果:原发性高血压伴左室肥厚组脉冲多普勒与组织多普勒E、A比值均小于1(E/A1),而健康组E、A比值均大于1(E/A1);高血压伴左室肥厚组e、e/a值均较健康组显著减低(P0.01)。结论:原发性高血压患者伴左室肥厚可引起右室舒张功能减低,组织多普勒与脉冲多普勒显像均适合应用于评价原发性高血压伴左室肥厚对右室舒张功能的影响。组织多普勒与脉冲多普勒2种方法所测e、e/a值在原发性高血压伴左室肥厚患者的右心室舒张功能评价中均具有临床应用价值。     

Characteristics of mitral and tricuspid annular velocities determined by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging in healthy subjects.

Assessment of myocardial velocities by Doppler tissue imaging is gaining in importance. However, generally accepted reference values are still missing. In this study we examined 62 consecutive healthy subjects (mean age 46, range 22-82 years) by pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging to characterize the systolic and diastolic velocity profiles of the left and right ventricles. The subjects were divided into 3 different age-groups: group I, younger than 40 years; group II, 40 to 59 years; and group III, 60 years and older. Recordings were made along the long axis in the apical 4- and 2-chamber views by using 4 sites (septal, anterior, lateral, and inferior) at the mitral annulus and 1 site at the tricuspid annulus. Systolic mitral annular velocity (10.3 +/- 1.4 cm/s) correlated strongly with global left ventricular function determined by M-mode echocardiographic mitral annular displacement (r = 0.70, P <.001). The systolic velocity was significantly lower in group III than in group I (9.6 vs 10.8 cm/s, P <.01). A relatively weak, but significant, correlation was found between systolic velocity and the age of the subjects (r = -0.43, P <.001). Mitral annular early diastolic velocity was also lower in group III compared with group I (11.3 vs 17.7 cm/s, P <.001), with a strong correlation with age (r = -0.81, P <.001) and other conventional Doppler diastolic parameters. Both the systolic and early diastolic mitral annular velocities at the septum were lower than at other left ventricular sites. Tricuspid annular systolic velocity (15.2 +/- 1.9 cm/s) was higher than mitral annular systolic velocity (P <.001). Unlike mitral annular velocity, systolic tricuspid annular velocity was not correlated with age. However, the diastolic tricuspid annular velocities correlated well with transtricuspid Doppler diastolic parameters. The method of recording the annular velocities was feasible in all subjects, simple and highly reproducible.     

组织多普勒成像在急性心肌缺血心功能异常中的实验研究

目的 运用组织多普勒成像（TDI）技术对急性心肌缺血区域和二尖瓣环侧壁处的运动速度、移动振幅进行检测,探讨TDI在急性心肌缺血、心肌梗死中的应用价值。方法 10只开胸猪结扎左冠状动脉前降支（LAD）,通过TDI技术速度模式检测缺血区域和心尖四腔观二尖瓣环侧壁处的色泽变化及收缩、舒张期运动速度（VS,VE,VA）、移动振幅（CD,MDe,MDa）、等容收缩期时间,并与基础状态对照分析。结果 LAD结扎后,缺血区域和二尖瓣环处色泽暗淡,局部心肌色彩缺失,结扎15s时收缩期、舒张早期运动速度、移动振幅显著降低,等容收缩期时间延长。结论 TDI技术能准确反映血梗死区域运动异常,精确测定局部收缩、舒张期运动速度、移动振幅,尤其二尖瓣环处的运动能反映整体心肌的运动,为临床早期评价局部心肌缺血及心功能异常提供了一种无创性的检查手段。