下胫腓联合损伤的诊治体会

目的：探讨下胫腓联合损伤的诊断及治疗方法。方法：切开复位内固定手术治疗下胫腓联合损伤的踝关节骨折33例。按照Lauge-Hansen分型：旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度8例;旋前-外展型Ⅲ度（Dupuytren骨折）4例;旋前-外旋型Ⅲ度13例,Ⅳ度8例,其中Maisonneuve骨折4例。结果：随访6个月～4年,平均15个月。根据Baird—Jackson评分标准对其术后疗效进行评定：优16例,良15例,可2例。结论：下胫腓联合是维系踝关节的重要解剖结构,下胫腓联合损伤影响到踝关节的稳定性时应手术治疗,确保下胫腓联合得到解剖性修复。     

手术修补旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折三角韧带损伤的临床对照研究

目的:评价手术修补旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折三角韧带损伤的疗效。方法:将52例旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折其中内踝骨质完整的患者按就诊顺序分为三角韧带手术治疗组(治疗组)和术后内翻位石膏固定组(对照组)各23例,均行外踝骨折切开复位钢板螺丝钉内固定,下胫腓关节以螺钉固定8周;治疗组同时行三角韧带修补,对照组术后行内翻位石膏固定治疗;随访11~34个月,按美国足踝外科协会踝与后足功能评分标准评估疗效。结果:52例患者均获随访,治疗组和对照组优良率分别为84.6%和65.4%,治疗组优于对照组。结论:旋前外旋型Ⅲ度踝关节骨折中三角韧带损伤,有必要同时进行修补。     

保守治疗旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折的分析

目的探讨保守治疗旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折的中、长期疗效。方法自1999年2月～2004年8月,对采用保守治疗(闭合复位石膏制动)并得到随访的43例成人旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折临床资料进行分析。其中旋后-外旋型Ⅰ度骨折5例,Ⅱ度骨折10例,Ⅲ度骨折0例,Ⅳ度骨折28例。结果平均随访69个月(16～84个月)。按照美国足踝骨科协会(AOFAS)推荐的足踝评分系统评分,旋后-外旋型Ⅰ度:5例评分为满意;Ⅱ度:9例满意,1例不满意;Ⅳ度:26例满意,2例不满意。结论大部分旋后-外旋型踝关节骨折保守治疗中、长期随访效果满意。对于合并难复性或不稳定性距骨脱位以及后踝骨折块大于胫骨远端关节面25%的患者,保守治疗效果不满意,应当手术治疗。     

踝关节骨折的手术治疗

目的:探讨骨折复位、手术内固定治疗踝关节骨折后的踝关节功能恢复和预后情况。方法:踝关节骨折153例,男118例,女35例;年龄15-62岁,平均36岁。按Danis-Weber AO分型:A型30例,B型95例,C型28例。损伤机制按Lauge-Hansen分类:旋前-外展型45例,旋后-外旋型骨折70例,旋前-外旋型28例,旋后-内收型10例。单踝骨折47例,双踝骨折70例,三踝骨折23例,合并腓骨骨折13例。合并下胫腓联合分离损伤71例损伤程度按Bonnin分度:Ⅰ度19例,Ⅱ度31例,Ⅲ度21例。153例均采用手术内固定治疗。BonninⅠ度损伤复位后采用松质骨螺钉经腓骨内固定;Ⅱ、Ⅲ度损伤复位后采用经腓骨骨折钢板螺钉内固定;Ⅰ、Ⅱ度损伤予以缝合断裂下胫腓韧带、骨间韧带;Ⅲ度损伤采用切取腓骨长肌腱或腓骨短肌腱一半替代修复下胫腓韧带。结果:153例得到6-14个月的随访,参照齐斌等的评定标准:优良121例,可20例,差12例。结论:踝关节的解剖复位可获得最佳的临床疗效,采用切开复位内固定术治疗踝关节骨折可保证踝关节获得解剖复位,最大限度地恢复踝关节功能。     

踝关节Ⅲ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型骨折的手术治疗

目的总结踝关节Ⅲ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型踝关节骨折手术复位内固定的治疗效果。方法采用手术方法治疗Lauge-HansenⅢ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型踝关节骨折42例。结果 42例均获得随访,采用踝关节Baird-Jackson评分:优17例,良18例,可5例,差2例,优良率83.33%。结论对于踝关节Ⅲ、Ⅳ度旋前外旋型踝关节骨折,关节面的解剖复位、选择合适的内固定方式、早期功能锻炼、避免过早负重是治疗成功的关键。     

踝关节旋后外旋型Ⅲ～Ⅳ度骨折手术治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨踝关节旋后外旋型Ⅲ～Ⅳ度骨折手术治疗对踝关节功能恢复的影响.方法 对56例踝关节旋后外旋型Ⅲ～Ⅳ度骨折行切开复位内固定术治疗,术中根据不同骨折块采取不同内固定方法.结果 本组随访1年,采用Olerud和Molangder的踝关节愈后评分系统,优49例,良5例,可2例,优良率96.4%.结论 踝关节旋后外旋型Ⅲ...     

手术治疗老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的手术治疗技巧及疗效。方法手术治疗38例老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折患者,通过后外侧及内侧切口入路,根据骨折块大小和形态选择固定方法。结果 3例失访;35例获得随访,时间8~36个月。35例患者骨折均愈合,未出现内固定松动及断裂。末次随访踝-后足功能评分为87.6分±11.2分,其中优14例,良20例,可1例。踝关节活动度:背伸8°~18°,跖屈28°~47°。结论手术治疗老年旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折,必须根据骨折块形态及移位方向合理选择切口入路及内固定方式,才能最大程度提高手术疗效和降低并发症。     

踝关节旋前外旋型Ⅳ度损伤60例手术治疗分析

目的探讨60例踝关节旋前外旋型IV度损伤手术治疗的方法及疗效分析。方法回顾性的分析本院2007年10月至2011年10月共60例踝关节旋前外旋型Ⅳ度损伤的患者,均采用切开复位内固定术。结果 60例患者术后随访12~18月,平均(15±0.4)月。骨折愈合良好,愈合时间8~13月,平均(10±0.3)月。功能恢复良好;踝关节评分:优37例,良18例,可3例,差2例。优良率91.67%。结论对踝关节旋前外旋型Ⅳ度损伤应仔细分析受伤机制,解剖复位,恢复踝关节的稳定性及早期的康复训练,是取得良好疗效的关键。     

旋后外旋型踝关节骨折下胫腓联合固定的前瞻性随机研究

<正>踝关节骨折是需要骨科医生手术处理的常见损伤之一,其中Lauge-Hansen分型旋后外旋(supination external rotation,SER)型骨折在外踝间接暴力引起的腓骨骨折中最为常见。超过30%的Lauge-Hansen SER型踝骨折病例合并下胫腓联合损伤,但骨折修复与胫腓韧带断裂的临床相关性目前尚不得而知。本研究针对合并下胫腓联合损伤的SER型踝关节骨折病例,通过中期随访比较固定和不     

皮质螺钉治疗下胫腓联合分离伴踝关节骨折

目的:探讨皮质螺钉治疗下胫腓分离伴踝关节骨折的临床经验.方法:收集2008年3月至2012年5月采用皮质螺钉治疗下胫腓联合分离44例,左侧20例,右侧24例;均为闭合性损伤.按Lauge-Hansen分型:旋后外旋型18例,其中Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型6例;旋前外旋型14例,其中Ⅲ型6例,Ⅳ型8例;旋前外展型12例,其中Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型8例.按3踝损伤情况,其中1踝4例,2踝28例,3踝12例.术前所有患者根据病史、查体及影像学检查明确诊断,术后采用Baird-Jackson评分标准及踝关节活动度进行临床疗效评价.结果:所有患者获得随访,时间11～23个月,平均15.7个月.术后未见创口感染、骨不愈合、下胫腓联合再次分离等并发症发生.术后Baird-Jackson评分91.56±6.26(75～99分),其中优26例,良10例,可6例,差2例.术后出现1例断钉,取出断钉后未进行外固定,功能良好.1例1度骨性关节炎,采用理疗及关节腔注射治疗后好转.结论:皮质螺钉是治疗下胫腓联合分离的有效手段,明确的诊断、良好的手术操作、术后合理的功能锻炼、及时随访复查是影响其预后的重要因素.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.