影响CT冠状动脉成像图像质量因素的探讨

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影成像图像质量的影响因素。方法:采用回顾性心电门控技术,CT联动扫描序列,对92例患者进行CT平扫和增强扫描,利用CT特殊软件对冠状动脉进行重建成像。结果:92例患者中。心率小于60次/min的45例,共180支冠状动脉,显示清楚的133支(77.4%),心率在60次/min～70次/min的29例,共116支冠状动脉,显示清楚的87支(75.0%),心率在70次/min～80次/min的18例,共72支冠状动脉,显示清楚的52支(72.2%)。结论:CTCA图像的质量与时间分辨率、空间分辨率、重建时相的正确选择、对比剂的应用及重建方式有密切的关系,根据患者不同的心率,采取不同的心脏扫描条件,对冠状动脉进行造影扫描,能获得理想的原始数据,重建出较理想的冠状动脉,充分显示三级以上的冠状动脉的狭窄、变异、钙化和支架的通畅情况,作为一种无创检查,是临床上筛选冠心病较好的的手段。     

心率变化对64层CT冠状动脉造影图像质量的影响

目的 探讨心率变化对64层CT冠状动脉成像的图像质量的影响。方法 100例受检者按心率〈75次／min，75次／min〈心率〈115次／min，心率〉115次／min分为3组，分别行64层螺旋CT心电门控条件下冠状动脉造影，选择心动周期的相位窗5％-95％，每间隔5％进行相位窗和重建算法重建。3组图像质量均分为能用于冠状动脉评价和不能用于冠状动脉评价2类。结果 心率〈75次／min组，有94．8％（835／1104节段）的图像可用于诊断；75次／min〈心率〈115次／min组，有62．7％（84／134节段）的图像可用于诊断；心率〉115次／min组，有47．2％（42／89节段）的图像可用于诊断。结论 适当控制心率，稳定心律，可以明显改善64层冠状动脉冠状动脉的成像质量。     

心率变化对16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像质量的影响:减慢和稳定心率的方法与效果

目的 探讨心率变化对16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像质量的影响和减慢与稳定心率的方法与效果。方法 181例患者接受16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像术，将原始数据送AW4．1工作站，对冠状动脉作客积再现(VR)、二维曲面重建和最大密度投影(MIP)、心脏长、短轴重建等。图像质量的评价标准分能满足冠状动脉管腔评价和不能满足冠状动脉管腔评价两种。结果 84例(46％）患者原来心率超过75次／min，经过采取减慢和稳定心率的综合措施后，心率降低至75次／min以下。181例患者中有15心例(82．9％)的整体图像能满足冠状动脉管腔评价的要求；31例(17．1％)未能达到满足冠状动脉管腔评价的标准、其中2例(1．1％)是操作不当、4例(2．2％)是扫描过程中患者屏气不完全、25例(13．8％)是扫描过程中患者心率波动过大(变动幅度超过10次／min)所致。结论 在正确选择患者的情形下．心率是影响16层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像质量的重要因素。     

心率及重建时相对MSCT冠状动脉造影图像质量的影响

目的：探讨不同心率、心律及重建相位窗对MSCT冠脉成像质量的影响。方法：40例16层螺旋CT冠脉造影,经AW4-2工作站进行多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)、三维容积成像(VR)及血管分析软件等多种方法处理。结果：冠状动脉造影图像质量随心率、心律的改变有明显的变化,当心率小于70次／min时图像质量好,但扫描时心律变化较明显时成像质量下降。左冠前降支在70％～75％时相显示好,回旋支在60％～70％时相显示较好,右冠状动脉在40％～45％时相显示较好。结论：心率、心律及重建相位窗变化对MSCT冠脉造影图像质量有重要影响。     

16层螺旋CT在冠状动脉成像的临床应用

目的利用16层螺旋CT对临床拟诊冠心病患者行冠状动脉成像（冠脉CTA）,评价其临床应用价值。方法125例受检者能屏气时间≥18S,控制心率在（65±10）次／min,行16层螺旋CT冠脉CTA检查,利用血管分析软件对图像进行后处理,主要采用容积再现（VR）、多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）．最大密度投影（MIP）,对冠脉CTA图像质量进行评价,其中21例患者的冠脉CTA结果与冠状动脉导管造影检查（CAG）进行了对照分析。结果采用相对值或绝对值时间法重组心脏客积数据。对128例患者中512支血管进行成像质量分析：质量优．良、中和差分别为22．5％（115支）,41．0％（210支）,24．4％（125支）和12．1％（62支）,可用于诊断评价的血管为87．9％（450支）。21例与CAG进行对照,共分析冠状动脉血管84支,CTA诊断血管狭窄程度≥50％的敏感性、特异性．阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为91．6％、89．6％、86．8％和93．5％。结论利用16层CT行冠脉CTA,虽然时间分辨率和空间分辨率比不上更多层数的高挡CT,但充分做好病人扫描前准备和合理的扫描,重建方法,仍可迟到较高的检查成功率。     

16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影技术的探讨

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影技术。方法:244例受检者行MSCT冠状动脉造影检查,采用多种方法进行图像后处理,显示冠状动脉各主要分支。结果:心率≤70次/min,三支冠状动脉显示较好,图像质量基本满足诊断要求。结论:心率≤70次/min且心律平稳,使用合适的扫描参数及重建相位窗,MSCT可满意显示冠状动脉及分支。     

16排CT冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉的进一步评价

目的：评价16排CT冠状动脉造影在冠状动脉疾病诊断中的价值。方法：本组706例受检者行16排螺旋CT冠状动脉血管造影成像检查，其中537例受检者给予常规剂量9受体阻滞剂，控制心率在65士10次／分．采用后置性心电门控电影扫描序列进行扫描，层厚为1．25mm，螺距为0．275：1，非离子型造影剂1．5—2mm／Kg，碘浓度为300mgI／ml或370mgI／ml，注射速率3—4ml／s，在注射造影剂后，屏气20秒左右，显示冠状动脉主干及其属支（左冠状动脉主干、左前降支、左回旋支以及右冠状动脉）并对其进行评价。后处理采用容积再现（VR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重建她）、曲面重建（CPR）以及仿真内窥镜（VE）。结果：706例受检者有2556根冠状动脉被评价。其敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别是96％、88％、89％、91％、93％。检测有意义的狭窄（≥50％的狭窄）936／2556（36．92％）根，其中钙化性狭窄773／936（82．59％），非钙化性斑块狭窄163／936（17．50％）。单根血管有意义的狭窄为612／936（65．38％），两根血管有意义的狭窄为237／936（22．32％），三根以上血管有意义的狭窄为113／936（12．07％）。4、结论：如果控制好心率和改善扫描技术，16排CT冠状动脉血管造影能较为满意地显示冠状动脉主干及其属支，对冠心病的筛查、血管搭桥以及内支架置入后疗效随访均有较大的临床应用价值。     

不同扫描条件在4层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像技术中的作用

目的探讨不同CT扫描条件在4层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像过程中的临床作用。方法45例经临床证实的或怀疑冠心／病患者以及部分健康志愿者进行回顾性心／电门控多层面螺旋CT（4层螺旋CT）冠状动脉血管造影检查，上述患者分为三组：1组（有冠状动脉造影对照组，采用高扫描条件，15例）、2组（与1组MSCT扫描条件相同但无冠状动脉造影对照，15例）、3组（采用低扫描条件且无冠状动脉造影对照，15例）。对所有患者的扫描重建图像进行容积再现技术（volume rendering，VR）、多平面曲面重组技术（multiple planar reconstruction，MPCR）、最大密度投影技术（maximum intensity projection，MIP）、表面阴影显示技术surface shaded display，SSD）等重组方式，观察上述方式对冠状动脉及其病变的显示。结果不同心率和不同扫描条件组（第1、2组与第3组）对成功显示（2级以上）的各支冠状动脉心率≤60次／min钟时各支显示率最高，心率在60～80次／min钟显示率较高，心率〉80次／min钟显示率最低，而且第1、2组与第3组对成功显示的各支冠状动脉LMCA（left main coronary artery）、LAD（left anterior descending coronary artery）、LCX（left circumflex）和RCA（right coronary artery）差异无显著性（P=0．558、0、487、0．810和1．000，P〉0．05，精确χ^2检验）。描条件不同组（2、3组）对所有能够成功显示的各支冠状动脉LMCA、LAD、LCX和RCA差异无显著性（P=0．894、1．000、和0．811，P〉0.05精确χ^2检验），但是RCA显示两组间存在统计学差异，对于RCA的显示，高扫描条件得到的图像质量明显优于低扫描条件（P=0．042〈0．05，精确χ^2检验）；另外在高扫描条件组冠脉钙化的检出率也明显增高。结论低扫描条件能够显示大部分冠脉血管，但是怀疑右冠脉主干病变时时，应提高扫描条件，低扫描条件对于MSCT冠脉成像有一定作用。     

64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像技术的临床应用

目的探讨64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像技术及影响图像质量的因素。方法采用回顾性心电门控,对306例患者用64排CT进行心脏扫描,以R-R间期的不同时相75%、70%、45%、40%进行预览,利用Comp cardiac后处理软件三维重建分析冠状动脉。结果 306例患者,有16例显示不良。其中心率≤65次/min的占3例,心率≥75次/mim的占9例,心率65-75次/min的占4例。其余290例患者能顺利完成检查,冠状动脉显示清楚,二三级分支也能显示,达到诊断要求。结论选择合适的扫描技术,控制患者的心率,加强患者屏气配合,正确的图像后处理技术均可提高冠状动脉的质量。     

MSCT冠状动脉成像的质量评估

目的 评价多层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影（MSCTA）图像质量。方法 32例患者行心电门控MSCTA检查，所得数据于工作站进行三维重建，并评价2mm以上冠脉树主耍节段的图像质量。结果 总共有102个节段（79．7％）能满足管腔评价，而26个节段（20．3％）由于屏气不良（8个）、移动伪影（7个）、心律失常（6个）和严重钙化或金属影（5个）等无法满足管腔的评估。结论 扫描时心律失常和心率明显波动、心脏的运动伪影、闭气不良及严重钙化或金属支架是影响图像评价的主要因素，心率控制在75次／min以下和选择最佳重建图像相位可提高冠脉重建的图像质量。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.