Daily evaluation of organ function during renal replacement therapy in intensive care unit patients with acute renal failure

PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess changes in organ function in acute renal failure patients during renal replacement therapy and relate them to outcome.Materials and MethodsMedical and nursing charts from 111 patients with acute renal failure who underwent renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis or hemofiltration) from July 2000 until July 2002 on a 31-bed medicosurgical intensive care unit (ICU) at a university hospital in Belgium and in whom the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was calculated daily before the start of therapy until the seventh day, or the end of therapy, were analyzed. Changes in SOFA score over time (Δ SOFA) were calculated.ResultsOf 111 patients, 63 (57%) died in the ICU. Nonsurvivors were older (68 [52-76] vs 59 [48-70] years, P = .017) and had initially higher respiratory, cardiovascular, and total SOFA scores compared with survivors. A greater Δ renal SOFA at 24 hours was associated univariantly with a higher risk of ICU mortality (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.6; P = .013). In a multivariate analysis with ICU outcome as the dependent variable, only age, cardiovascular SOFA score on admission, and the change in total SOFA score over the first 24 hours were independently associated with a greater risk of death.ConclusionsAssessment of these factors in the first 24 hours of renal replacement therapy could help identify patients at higher risk of mortality early during their ICU admission.     

Outcome prediction of acute renal failure in medical intensive care

Data acquired prospectively from 134 patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) were analysed in order to derive indicators predicting ICU-survival Mortality in the ICU was 56.7%. Linear discriminant analysis correctly predicted outcome in 79.9% at the start of dialysis, and 84.7% at 48 h after the first dialysis. The most important predictive variables were mechanical ventilation and low blood pressure. On the other hand, the total correct classification rates achieved by a standardised system for scoring ICU-patients (APACHE II) did not exceed 58.2%. It is concluded that outcome prediction by APACHE II and even by the discriminant functions is too inaccurate to become the basis for clinical decisions either concerning the initiation or the continuation of dialysis treatment in ARF.Supported by grant No Scha 409/1-3 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

卒中重症监护对急性脑卒中患者神经功能及预后的影响

目的 探讨卒中重症监护在脑卒中患者中的应用效果.方法 将我院80例急性脑卒中患者按照护理方法的不同分为观察组和对照组各40例,对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用卒中重症监护单元,比较两组患者的神经功能恢复情况及预后.结果 观察组的SSS评分改善显著优于对照组(P＜0.05);随访期间观察组的GOS良好率为70.0％,显著高于对照组的40.0％(P＜0.05);植物生存率为2.5％,显著低于对照组的17.5％ (P ＜0.05).结论 卒中重症监护能够有效提高护理质量,增强治疗效果,改善患者的预后.     

Prognosis of acute renal failure: an evaluation of proposed consensus criteria

Objectives To validate the recently proposed criteria for acute renal injury (ARI), acute renal failure syndrome (ARFS) and severe acute renal failure syndrome (SARFS) and to evaluate the significance of other prognostic factors.Design and setting Retrospective analysis of the Riyadh ICU Program database of patients admitted to 22 ICUs in UK and Germany between 1989 and 1998.Patients Included in the study were 41,972 patients, of whom 7,522 (17.9%) had ARI, 2,641 (6.3%) had ARFS and 1,747 (4.2%) had SARFS.Results Patients with ARI, ARFS or SARFS had a hospital mortality of 29.5%, 49.2% or 63.0%, respectively, compared to 10.3% among patients without acute renal failure. In the presence of contemporaneous failure of any other organs on the day of acute renal failure, hospital mortality increased to 73.3%, 76.2%, 72.1% and 18%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that non-surgical admission, need for emergency surgery, development of acute renal failure during stay in ICU, need for mechanical ventilation and the number of other failed organ systems had a greater impact on prognosis than the need for renal replacement therapy.Conclusions The proposed criteria for ARI, ARFS and SARFS correlated with mortality, but other factors had a greater impact on prognosis. Renal replacement therapy did not increase the risk of hospital mortality among patients with acute renal failure.     

Severe acidosis does not predict fatal outcomes in intensive care unit patients: A retrospective analysis

Purpose

Severe acidosis is a potentially life-threatening acid-base imbalance. The outcome of patients with severe acidosis has only been anecdotally described. We therefore assessed the discharge rate of such patients from the intensive care unit (ICU) and survival time after the event.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation of medical records of patients admitted to the ICU of Tel Aviv Medical Center between 2005 and 2010, in whom arterial blood pH less than 6.8 was documented during their ICU stay, was performed.

Results

Twenty-eight patients were suitable for study entry. Septic shock was the most common underlying medical condition (33%). Nine (32.1%) patients were either discharged alive or survived for at least 30 days in the ICU after their arterial blood pH measurement was less than 6.8. More than a quarter of the patients with life-threatening acidosis (n = 8; 28.6%) were discharged home and returned to their prehospitalization daily activity. Mean follow-up period for these patients was 132 ± 111 weeks. Multivariate analysis identified hyperkalemia, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, and Glasgow Coma Scale as determinants for ICU death after severe acidosis.

Conclusions

A significant number of patients can outlast severe acidosis and return to their prehospitalization status. Larger studies are needed to define the patient population most likely to benefit from aggressive resuscitation efforts during severe acidosis.     

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin does not predict acute kidney injury in heart failure

BACKGROUND Acute cardiorenal syndrome type 1(CRS-1)is defined by a rapid cardiac dysfunction leading to acute kidney injury(AKI).Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin(NGAL)is expressed on the surface of human neutrophils and epithelial cells,such as renal tubule cells,and its serum(sNGAL)and urinary have been used to predict AKI in different clinical settings.AIM To characterize CRS-1 in a cohort of patients with acute heart diseases,evaluating the potentiality of sNGAL as an early marker of CRS-1.METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort,multi-centre study.From January 2010 to December 2011,we recruited 202 adult patients admitted to the coronary intensive care unit(CICU)with a diagnosis of acute heart failure or acute coronary syndrome.We monitored the renal function to evaluate CRS-1 development and measured sNGAL levels within 24 h and after 72 h of CICU admission.RESULTS Overall,enrolled patients were hemodynamically stable with a mean arterial pressure of 92(82-107)mmHg,55/202(27.2%)of the patients developed CRS-1,but none of them required dialysis.Neither the NGAL delta value(AUC 0.40,95%CI:0.25-0.55)nor the NGAL peak(AUC 0.45,95%CI:0.36-0.54)or NGAL cutoff(≥140 ng/mL)values were statistically significant between the two groups(CRS-1 vs no-CRS1 patients).The area under the ROC curve for the prediction of CRS-1 was 0.40(95%CI:0.25-0.55)for the delta NGAL value and 0.45(95%CI:0.36-0.54)for the NGAL peak value.Finally,in multivariate analysis,the risk of developing CRS-1 was correlated with age>60 years,urea nitrogen at admission and 24 h-urine output(AUC 0.83,SE=60.5%SP=93%),while sNGAL was not significantly correlated.CONCLUSION In our population,sNGAL does not predict CRS-1,probably as a consequence of the mild renal injury and the low severity of heart disease.So,these data might suggest that patient selection should be taken into account when considering the utility of NGAL measurement as a biomarker of kidney damage.     

123例慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾衰竭临床分析

目的了解慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾衰竭（A／C）发病情况及临床特点。方法回顾性分析本科1995年1月至2008年12月临床诊断慢性肾脏病基础上急性肾衰竭（ARF）病例发病率、病因、与基础肾脏病关系及预后影响因素。结果123例符合选择标准,占同期急性肾衰竭病例数65．5％;A／C常见病因分别为药物性（主要为抗生素、NSAIDs和ACEI）56例、肾前性因素31例、狼疮性肾炎活动8例,其中药物性最常见,超过1／3;糖尿病肾病（DN）患者是发生A／C的主要人群,123例中有43例（占35．0％）;63例需血液透析,28例患者血肌酐恢复到原有水平,38例转为维持性透析,病死率3．3％;多因素回归分析示老年患者、高血压、需要接受血液透析、糖尿病,提示预后不良。结论A／C是急性肾衰竭主要病因,药物性最常见。A／C治疗关键在于预防。应重视糖尿病肾病诊治。     

Prognostic indicators of patients with acute kidney injury in intensive care unit

BACKGROUND:

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a high mortality. This study was undertaken to detect the factors associated with the prognosis of AKI.

METHODS:

We retrospectively reviewed 98 patients with AKI treated from March 2008 to August 2009 at this hospital. In these patients, 60 were male and 38 female. Their age ranged from 19 to 89 years (mean 52.4±16.1 years). The excluded patients were those who died within 24 hours after admission to ICU or those who had a history of chronic kidney disease or incomplete data. After 60 days of treatment, the patients were divided into a survival group and a death group. Clinical data including gender, age, history of chronic diseases, the worst laboratory values within 24 hours after diagnosis (values of routine blood tests, blood gas analysis, liver and renal function, levels of serum cystatin C, and blood electrolytes) were analyzed. Acute physiology, chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores and 60-day mortality were calculated. Univariate analysis was performed to find variables relevant to prognosis, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Multiple-factor analysis with logistic regression analysis was made to analyze the correlation between risk factors and mortality.

RESULTS:

The 60-day mortality was 34.7% (34/98). The APACHE II score of the death group was higher than that of the survival group (17.4±4.3 vs. 14.2±4.8, P<0.05). The mortality of the patients with a high level of cystatin C>1.3 mg/L was higher than that of the patients with a low level of cystatin C (<1.3 mg/L) (50% vs. 20%, P<0.05). The univariate analysis indicated that organ failures≥2, oliguria, APACHE II>15 scores, cystatin C>1.3 mg/L, cystatin C>1.3 mg/L+APACHE II>15 scores were the risk factors of AKI. Logistic regression analysis, however, showed that organ failures≥2, oliguria, cystatin C>1.3 mg/L +APACHE II>15 scores were the independent risk factors of AKI.

CONCLUSION:

Cystatin C>1.3 mg/L+APACHE II>15 scores is useful in predicting adverse clinical outcomes in patients with AKI.KEY WORDS: Intensive care unit, Acute kidney injury, Serum cystatin C, APACHE II, Oliguria, Retrospective studies, Prognosis     

Extracorporeal treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: a critical view

Acute renal failure in critically ill patients is seldom an isolated problem but is more usually associated with multiple organ failure. When choosing an extracoporeal kidney replacement therapy, these other failing organs must be taken into account. Therefore the choice of an artificial kidney in patients requiring intensive care depends on both the efficacy of the technique and its possible adverse effects on cerebral, pulmonary and cardiovascular function. The most important pathogenic factors in the development of dysequilibrium syndromes, arterial hypoxemia and hypotension are treatment timing, diffusive solute transfer, bio-incompatible membranes and some specific dialysate components (buffer, electrolyte concentrations). It is important to understand the mechanisms by which these factors exert their adverse effects. Application of these pathophysiological mechanisms to the cardiopulmonary and neurologic status of the individual patient permits the prediction of their clinical outcome. This approach will lead to individualised treatment selection, thereby avoiding deleterious side-effects without loss of efficacy.     

Continuous venovenous haemofiltration in cancer patients with renal failure: a single-centre experience

Objective To assess the effect of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in cancer patients with acute renal failure.Patients and methods Retrospective study of all patients with acute renal failure requiring dialysis and treated with CVVHDF in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) from a cancer hospital.Results From January 1997 until December 2002, 32 cancer patients were treated with CVVHDF for acute renal failure. Their characteristics were: male/female 23/9, median age 61 years, haematological/solid tumours 16/16, and median APACHE II and IGS II scores 31/67. The number of organ failures was 1/2/3/4 in respectively 10/6/13/2 patients. Complete, partial or absence of resolution of acute renal failure was noted in 13, 8 and 11 patients. Sixteen patients (50%) died in the ICU and 15 (47%) were discharged alive from the hospital. In univariate analysis, variables statistically significantly adversely associated with hospital mortality were renal failure of renal origin, bone marrow transplant, increasing number of organ failures, reduced lymphocyte count, elevated bilirubin and lower creatinine levels, increased thromboplastin time, younger age, increased APACHE II and IGS II, ARDS and mechanical ventilation. In multivariate analysis, two models were used including either APACHE II or IGS II. The number of organ failures was found as the only significant prognostic factor in both models (p=0.01). Elevated phosphate level was a poor prognostic factor for hospital mortality (p=0.04) in the model including APACHE II.Conclusions In the experience of a single centre, CVVHDF is effective in the treatment of acute renal failure in cancer patients. The increasing number of organ failures was the single independent poor predictive factor for hospital mortality. Cancer characteristics and general gravity scores were not predictive factors.     

The attributable mortality of acute renal failure in critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis

Objective To determine outcome and mortality risk related to acute renal failure (ARF) in critically ill patients with cirrhosis.Design and setting A retrospective cohort analysis and two independent case-control analyses in a medical ICU.Patients 41 and 32 patients who developed mild and severe ARF, respectively, matched (1:2 ratio) with cirrhotic patients without ARF during their ICU stay.Measurements and results Cirrhotic patients with ARF had higher MELD, APACHE II, and SOFA scores at baseline that those without ARF. They had more respiratory failure and cardiovascular failure during ICU stay, longer stay in ICU, and a greater crude hospital mortality rate (65% vs. 32%). Multivariate survival analysis identified ARF (hazard ratio, HR, 4.1), alcohol abuse or dependency, and severe sepsis or septic shock as independent predictors of death. In case-control studies both mild and severe ARF were independently associated with mortality (HR, 2.6, and 4.2, respectively). Cirrhotic patients with mild ARF patients had a higher risk of death than those without ARF (relative risk, RR, 2.0). Severe ARF was associated with an increase matched risk of death (RR 2.6), higher mortality of 51%, and higher risk-adjusted mortality rate (2.1 vs. 0.9).Conclusions ICU patients with liver cirrhosis still have a high crude mortality. In this specific population ARF is associated with an excess mortality, depending on the severity of renal dysfunction.Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at     

老年急性肾功能衰竭病因及预后因素分析

目的探讨老年急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的病因及预后因素。方法回顾性总结110例老年ARF的临床资料,并取同期住院的110例非老年ARF临床资料作对照,对比分析两组患者的病因、生化指标、原发慢性病及其预后。结果两组ARF病因明显不同:①老年组肾前性因素以各种感染(46.51%)、心血管疾病(34.88%)居多,非老年组则以创伤性因素(75.0%)为主;②老年组肾炎因素多见于药物中毒(61.29%)和生物中毒(25.81%),非老年组以急性肾脏疾病为主(79.59%);③老年组病死率为40.91%显著高于非老年组的15.45%(P<0.001)。影响老年组ARF预后因素主要是MODS及原发慢性病。结论根据老年ARF病因采取相应预防措施,积极防治MODS和原发慢性病,是降低老年ARF发病率和病死率的关键措施。     

ICU病房医院获得性急性肾损伤相关临床因素的探讨

目的探讨ICU病房医院获得性急性肾损伤（AKI）相关的危险因素、临床特点及预后。方法回顾分析我院ICU病房48例行肾脏替代治疗（RRT）的合并多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的AKI患者,以AKI发生时间分为医院获得性AKI组（HA-AKI）（13例,入院时肾功能正常,入院48h后发生AKI）和社区获得性AKI组（CA-AKI）（35例,入院时即存在或48h内发生AKI）。观察比较两组在一般情况、脏器衰竭、机械通气、肾脏替代治疗（RRT）及预后的不同。结果HA．AKI组平均年龄大于CA．AKI组（P=0．022）,CA-AKI组前三位原发病分别为严重感染（42．8％）、慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）并发AKI（11．4％）及多发伤（不伴头外伤）（8．6％）,HA-AKI组严重感染仍占首位（30．8％）,其次为脑卒中（23．1％,P=0．024）、多发伤伴头外伤（15．4％,P=0．018）及消化道出血（15．4％）;HA-AKI组发生4个以上脏器功能衰竭占84．6％,明显高于CA-AKI组65．7％（P=0．000）;HA．AKI组第1天血钠（P=0．036）及HC03水平（P=0．001）明显高于CA-AKI组,且尿量偏多（P=0．046）;HA-AKI组尿素氮（BUN）进行性增高,到第7天BUN水平明显高于第1天（P=0．015）,而CA-AKI组患者入院后7d内Cr及BUN变化不明显,但第7天血钠有所升高（P=0．023）、HCO,改善（P=0．030）;虽然HA．AKI组入院24hAPACHEⅢ评分明显低于CA-AKI组[（53．2±22．8）分与（89．1±25．7）分,P=0．000）,住院时间、ICU住院时间及机械通气时间较CA-AKI组明显延长（P〈0．05）,但两组患者行RRT治疗次数、转归及肾功能恢复情况比较差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论入院24hAPACHEⅢ评分不能准确反映合并HA-AKI的MODS患者的预后,HA-AKI在年龄、原发病、脏器功能改变等方面与CA-AKI明显不同。     

机械通气并发急性肾衰竭患者的临床分析

目的 了解机械通气患者中急性肾衰竭(ARF)的发生率,总结其临床特征.方法 采用病例报告表,回顾性收集我院呼吸内科重症监护病房(ICU)由2000-01～2006-12收治的88例机械通气患者的主要临床参数,建立数据库.根据是否发生ARF分组,采用t检验和χ2检验分析两组之间的差异.结果 机械通气患者中ARF的发生率为36.4% (n=32).在并发ARF的机械通气患者,ICU时疾病严重程度(APACHEⅡ评分)、耐药病原体感染、出现休克和机械通气相关性肺炎、使用血管收缩药物和糖肽类抗生素的患者比率均明显高于没有并发ARF的患者.结论 机械通气患者并发ARF的危险性很高,针对具有高危因素的患者,采取积极的防范措施具有重要的实际意义.     

Enhanced renal function associated with intermittent mandatory ventilation in acute respiratory failure

In ten patients suffering from acute respiratory failure (ARF) renal function was evaluated during 2-h periods of intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) or controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV). Urine flow, osmolal and creatinine clearances were significantly lower during CMV in comparison to both IMV phases and the free water clearance was less negative. Potassium excretion declined with CMV but remained reduced during the second IMV phase. There was no change in sodium excretion. This study suggests that in order to maintain renal function and prevent water retention the use of IMV should be considered whenever a sufficient mechanical reserve for partial spontaneous ventilation is present.Nomenclature CMV controlled mechanical ventilation - IMV intermittent mechanical ventilation or intermittent mandatory ventilation - IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing - PEEP positive endexpiratory pressure - F₁O₂ fraction of inspired oxygen - ADH antidiuretic hormone - ARF acute respiratory failure Measurements V urinary output (ml/min) - P osmolarity in the plasma (mosm) - U osmolarity in the urine (mosm) - C creatine Calculations C_osmol osmolal clearance (ml/min) - C_osmol - free water clearance (ml/min) - V–C_osmol (ml/min) - C_creat creatinine clearance (ml/min) - C_creat - U/P ratio U/P This paper is dedicated to Martin Zindler on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Epidemiology of acute renal failure and outcome of haemodiafiltration in intensive care

Objective: To examine the epidemiology of acute renal failure (ARF) and to identify predictors of mortality in patients treated by continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Design: Uncontrolled observational study. Setting: One intensive care unit (ICU) at a surgical and trauma centre. Patients: A consecutive sample of 3591 ICU treatments. Measurements and results: Demographic data, indications for ICU admission, severity scores and organ system failure at the beginning of CVVHDF were set against the occurrence of ARF and ICU mortality. 154 (4.3 % of ICU patients and 0.6 % of the hospital population) developed ARF and were treated with CVVHDF. Higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status and higher Apache II score were associated with ICU incidence of ARF. However, these criteria were not able to predict outcome in ARF. A simplified predictive model was derived using multivariate logistic regression modelling. The mortality rates were 12 % with one failing organ system (OSF), 38 % with two OSF, 72 % with three OSF, 90 % with four OSF and 100 % with five OSF. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death was 7.7 for cardiovascular failure, 6.3 for hepatic failure, 3.6 for respiratory failure, 3.0 for neurologic failure, 5.3 for massive transfusion and 3.7 for age of 60 years or more. Conclusion: General measures of severity are not useful in predicting the outcome of ARF. Only the nature and number of dysfunctioning organ systems and massive transfusion at the beginning of CVVHDF and the age of the patients gave a reliable prognosis in this group of patients. Received: 8 July 1996 Accepted: 21 August 1997     

Organ donation within the intensive care unit: A retrospective audit

BackgroundDespite many Australians supporting organ donation, national posthumous organ donation rates have not increased as expected over the last three decades. Little is known about the barriers to organ donation for patients in intensive care that meet the criteria for organ donation.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients identified as potentially suitable for organ donation and to explore the variables associated with the success, or failure, of solid organ donation within the context of an Australian public hospital intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsA retrospective audit examined electronic records of 280 potential organ donors aged 18–80 years, admitted into the ICU between 1 July 2012 and 30 June 2016. Data extracted from three separate electronic hospital databases were amalgamated for analysis.ResultsOf the 280 potential organ donors identified, conversations with families of 182 (65%) patients resulted in their agreement to organ donation. Consent to organ donation was most often provided by the patient's spouse (65, 35.7%); however, only 63.7% (n = 116) were successful organ donors. The remaining 36.3% (n = 66) of patients did not donate organs for medical reasons. Compared with those who did not donate, the typical organ donor was significantly younger (M 49.9 years, p = 0.020), Australian-born (p = 0.031), and had a shorter length of ICU stay (M 64.9 h, p = 0.002). The most frequently donated organs were kidneys (103, 88.8%), lungs (59, 50.9%), and livers (52, 44.8%).ConclusionThis study provided insights into patient, family, and organisational factors contributing to the success of organ donation outcomes in the ICU. Two factors that adversely impacted donation outcomes were the following: (1) the family did not consent to organ donation on behalf of the patient and (2) consent was provided, but donation did not proceed for medical reasons. Although the focus on the consenting process has been raised, this study highlights the additional impact of medical suitability on rates of organ donation. Family members may experience significant disappointment after consent that may have repercussions on their health and also future donation considerations. This study also highlighted some deficiencies in the databases that, if addressed, could better inform organisational processes in the consent and support of those making decisions about consent.     

Fractional excretion of urea as a diagnostic index in acute kidney injury in intensive care patients

Purpose

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a dynamic process that evolves from an early reversible condition to an established disease. Value of urine indices in the event of AKI is uncertain in critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of fractional excretion of urea (FeU) for differentiating persistent from transient AKI in patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

Methods

This was an observational study. Forty-seven patients with AKI according to the RIFLE classification were included. Transient AKI was defined as AKI resolved within 3 days after inclusion. Persistent AKI was defined as persistent serum creatinine elevation or oliguria.

Results

Fractional excretion of urea was lower in case of transient, 33% (25-39), than persistent AKI, 47% (36-61) (P = .001). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for FeU in case of transient AKI were better than those for other urinary indexes, 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.92). Optimal cutoff point according to the receiver operating characteristic curve was 40%. In patients treated with diuretics, FeU was the only predictive index of transient AKI. Fractional excretion of urea gradually increased from days 1 to 7 in transient AKI, whereas plasma creatinine decreased.

Conclusions

Fractional excretion of urea less than 40% was found to be a sensitive and specific index in differentiating transient from persistent AKI in intensive care unit patients especially if diuretics had been administered.     

ICU内急性肾损伤患者的预后指标分析

目的 通过分析重症医学科(intensive care uint,ICU)内急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者高病死率的影响因素.筛选与其相关的临床预后指标.方法 回顾性分析2008年3月至2009年8月在西安交通大学第二附属医院和中南大学湘雅医院ICU内收治的符合急性肾损伤诊断标准患者的临床资料,排除ICU未满24 h死亡患者、既往慢性肾脏病史及资料不完整的患者,按60 d生存状态将患者分为存活组和病死组,统计其性别,年龄、慢性疾病史、24 h内相关临床化验指标(血常规、血气分析、肝肾功能、血清胱抑素C浓度,血电解质等)的最差值,并对其进行急性病理生理学和慢性健康评价(APACHE)Ⅱ评分及确诊后60 d病死率.采用t检验、χ~2检验行两组问变量的差异比较,再应用单因素Logistic回归分析,计算比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI),并对筛选出的危险凶素进行多因素Logistic 回归分析各种因素与病死率之间的关系.结果 纳入病例98例,男60例,女38例,年龄19～89岁,(52.4 ±16.1)岁;到确诊后60 d为止,死亡34例,死亡率34.7%.病死组患者A-PACHEU评分(17.4±4.3)分高于存活组(14.2±4.8)分,P＜0.05.血清胱抑素(Cystatin C)＞1.3 ms/L的AKI患者死亡率为50%(24/48),高于血清Cystatin C＜1.3 mg/L的患者(20%,10/50;P＜0.05).单因素分析显示,器官衰竭数目t≥2个,少尿,APACHEⅡ＞15分,Cystatin C＞1.3 mg/L、Cystatin C＞1.3mg/L+APACHEⅡ＞15分与AKI患者死亡率相关,Logistic多因素[口j归分析显示:器官衰竭数目≥2个、少尿、Cystatin C＞1.3 ms/L结合APACHEⅡ＞15分是急性肾损伤患者的独立死亡危险因素.结论 Cystatin C＞1.3 mg/L结合APACHEⅡ＞15分可以作为评价AKI患者预后的指标.     

Determinants of renal function at hospital discharge of patients treated with renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit

Purpose

Identification of risk factors for impaired renal function at hospital discharge in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT).

Methods

A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed evaluating demographic and clinical parameters as potential risk factors for a modest to severely impaired renal function at hospital discharge in patients with AKI requiring RRT in the intensive care unit.

Results

Of the 353 patients in our cohort, 90 (25.5%) patients had pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). An estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 60 mL min^− 1 1.73 m^− 2 at hospital discharge occurred in 64.0% of which 63.7% without known renal impairment before hospital admission and 8.2% of all cases left the hospital dialysis-dependent. Multivariable logistic regression showed that age (OR = 1.051, P < .001), serum creatinine concentration at start of RRT (OR = 1.004, P < .001) and administration of iodine-containing contrast fluid (OR = 0.830, P = .045) were associated with an eGFR ≤ 60 mL min^− 1 1.73 m^− 2. Furthermore, a medical history of CKD (OR = 5.865, P < .001) was associated with dialysis dependence.

Conclusions

Elderly and patients with pre-existing CKD are at a high risk for modest to severely impaired renal function at hospital discharge after AKI requiring RRT.