成人型脊髓性肌萎缩症的骨骼肌病理学研究

目的:总结成人型脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA4)骨骼肌病理学特征。方法:对46例临床符合SMA4诊断标准的病例进行肌活检及病理学分析。结果:SMA4肌活检主要为小群性肌萎缩,ATP酶染色见同型肌群化及肌纤维代偿性肥大。结论:肌活检对诊断SMA4具有诊断和鉴别诊断意义。     

成人型脊髓性肌萎缩症临床及遗传学研究

目的总结成人型脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA,Ⅳ)的临床及遗传学特征。方法收集46例经肌肉活检证实的SMAⅣ进行临床和病理学分析,并对其中3个家系进行遗传学分析。结果SMAⅣ平均发病年龄38.7岁,起病与进展隐匿,预后相对良好,以四肢近端肌萎缩无力为主,肌电图(EMG)检查示神经源性损害,肌活检示小群性肌萎缩,其中2个家系分别为常染色体显性遗传、X-连锁隐性遗传。结论依据临床表现、肌肉病理可确诊SMAⅣ。     

脊髓性肌萎缩症临床与肌肉病理学研究

目的　总结近端脊髓性肌萎缩症 (SMA)各类型的临床与肌肉病理学特征的关系及临床意义。方法　收集 39例做过肌肉活检的各型SMA病例 ,进行临床及肌肉病理学分析。肌肉病理采用本实验室常规组织学及组织化学技术方法。结果　四型SMA有各自特点。SMA Ⅰ多于出生时发病 ,肌无力及肌萎缩以四肢近端为主 ,血清CPK正常 ,病程快 ,死亡率高 ,肌活检示大组的小萎缩肌纤维 ,常累及整个肌束。SMA Ⅱ发病慢 ,下肢肌无力重于上肢 ,肌萎缩不明显 ,血清CPK偶有升高 ,预后相对好 ,肌活检示少见大组萎缩肌纤维 ,同型肌群化突出。SMA Ⅲ起病隐袭 ,近端肌无力及肌萎缩呈进行性发展 ,血清CPK升高 ,需与进行性肌营养不良鉴别。肌活检变化多样 ,以同型肌群化为主要特征。SMA Ⅳ于 40岁左右发病 ,起病与进展均较隐袭 ,肌活检示神经源性损害 ,同型肌群化为主。结论　结合临床表现做肌肉活检可为确定诊断提供可靠的证据 ,在鉴别诊断中有重要价值 ,并可为基因诊断研究提供确诊病例。     

30例脊肌萎缩症临床分析

目的探讨脊肌萎缩症（spinal muscular atrophy,SMA）的临床特征。方法来自22个家系的30例SMA患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果男∶女为1.75∶1;发病年龄4个月～35岁,平均10.8岁,17岁以前发病者21例;SMA-Ⅰ型3例,SMA-Ⅱ型4例,SMA-Ⅲ型14例,SMA-Ⅳ型9例;均表现为对称性肢体无力或肌萎缩,近端重于远端;均出现腱反射减弱或消失,肌束震颤21例,延髓麻痹12例,均无病理反射、感觉障碍及括约肌功能障碍;肌电图检查23例,均示神经源性损害;肌活检12例,均见大量肌纤维萎缩。结论本组脊肌萎缩症患者多于青少年或青年发病,缓慢进展,部分累及脑干运动神经元。结合临床表现和肌电图、肌活检有助于临床诊断,同时应注意鉴别诊断。     

神经原性肌萎缩的肌肉组织病理定量研究

本文对32例神经原性肌萎缩病人的角纤维、同型肌群化、纤维类型比例、肌纤维大小及形状因子变异程度等肌活检病理改变进行了研究。结果提示:Ⅰ型纤维比例和同型肌群化程度较高是少年型脊髓性肌萎缩(SMA Ⅲ)和成人型脊髓性肌萎缩(SMA Ⅳ)的特征性改变,与肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)、进行性肌萎缩(PMA)相比,SMA病人有较低的失神经支配和较高的神经再支配能力;角纤维的比例与病程呈负相关,同型肌群化程度与病程呈正相关。     

婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症的临床及电生理特点

目的 探讨婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)的临床和电生理特点.方法 回顾性分析20例婴儿型SMA患儿的临床资料.结果 20例SMA患儿临床表现为出生后进行性加重的四肢弛缓性瘫痪,肌张力低下,腱反射消失.肌电图表现为神经源性损害,所检测的50条运动神经均示神经肌肉复合动作电位波幅衰减,其中10条合并末端潜伏期延长及传导速度轻度减慢;所检测的25条感觉神经传导速度在正常范围.肌肉活检为典型的神经源性肌萎缩.结论 婴儿型SMA的临床特点为出生后进行性加重的四肢弛缓性瘫痪,肌电图检查显示为神经源性损害.     

运动神经元病临床与骨骼肌病理112例诊断分析

目的探讨骨骼肌病理对运动神经元病诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。方法收集112例运动神经元病患者的临床、神经电生理及活检骨骼肌病理资料,进行诊断与鉴别诊断分析。结果①入选患者均有肢体无力、肌萎缩,吞咽或呼吸肌无力43例,舌肌萎缩或纤颤50例,伴有肌束震颤69例,初诊伴有上运动神经元受损征78例;②肌电图呈神经源性异常;③临床确诊肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)90例(初诊78例、复诊/随访后12例),脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)22例,其中肯尼迪病7例;④骨骼肌病理均符合神经源肌病改变,ALS多见小角化肌纤维、核聚集、靶纤维;成人型SMA以小圆形肌纤维在肌束内小群分布为特点,其中肯尼迪病萎缩小圆形肌纤维、核聚集多在肌束间分布。结论①仅表现下运动神经元受累的MND,行骨骼肌活检病理分析有助ALS与SMA的诊断与鉴别诊断;②随诊、动态观察体征与病情进展变化可助ALS确诊。     

脊髓性肌萎缩症8例临床分析

目的探讨脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)的临床特点。方法对8例脊髓性肌萎缩患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 8例患者均于生后6月内发病,四肢对称性,弛缓性瘫痪,下肢重于上肢,近端重于远端,表情肌不受累。2例伴延髓性麻痹,血清肌酶均正常,6例肌电图呈神经源性损伤,3例肌活检提示肌纤维萎缩、变形、坏死,1例SMA的致病神经元存活基因(SMN1)基因第7和第8外显子纯和缺失,7例于2岁内夭折,1例在随访中。结论婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩具有典型的临床表现及肌电图特征。肌电图检查是重要的诊断方法,基因测定是金标准。     

婴儿型脊肌萎缩症22例临床分析

目的 探讨婴儿型脊肌萎缩症的发病机制、临床与病理特征及诊断.方法 对22例确诊为婴儿型脊肌萎缩症患者的临床表现、实验室资料、病理资料进行了回顾性分析.结果 本病临床特点患儿大多为8个月内起病,四肢呈对称性、迟缓性瘫痪,下肢重于上肢,近端重于远端;有肌萎缩,血清CK、LDH正常或增高;肌电图显示神经源性损害,肌活检见肌纤维萎缩、变性、坏死,符合脊肌萎缩症的改变.结论 婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症有较典型的临床及电生理特征,肌电图检查是重要的诊断方法,肌活检可为脊肌萎缩症的诊断提供客观的诊断依据,目前对本病主要采取对症治疗.     

脊髓性肌萎缩症肌活检光镜与超微结构变化的初步探讨(摘要)

脊髓性肌萎缩症简称脊肌萎缩症(SMA)。它是一种单纯下运动神经元疾病。多累及脑干或脊髓下运动神经元,以脊髓下运动神经元损害为主。病程进展缓慢。本文收集我科近年收治的4例脊肌萎缩症,统一选用萎缩下肢腓肠肌活检标本,对光镜和超微结构的病理变化进行初步探讨。临床与病理资料 4例均为男性,年龄45～60岁。病程分别为3、4、6、10年。主要表现四肢不同程度肌无力、肌萎缩,下肢重于上肢。无感觉障碍及大小便功能障碍。于萎缩肢体腓肠肌取活检标本2块。光镜观察结果;4例肌横纹部分存在,肌纤维普遍变细,不同程度退变,以腊样变性为主并有大小不等灶性坏死区。仅例3病程3年者见肌核移位聚集,间杂少数小淋巴球浸润。其余3例肌核无增生或移位迹象。肌间结缔组织轻度增生,无脂肪沉积。电镜观察结果:肌原纤维完整性极差。肌节普遍纤细,肌原纤     

Correlation between deletion patterns of SMN and NAIP genes and the clinical features of spinal muscular atrophy in Indian patients

BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder involving degeneration of anterior horn cells of spinal cord resulting in progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. AIMS: The molecular analysis of two marker genes for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) i.e, the survival motor neuron gene (SMN) and the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein gene (NAIP) was conducted in 39 Indian patients with clinical symptoms of SMA. Out of these, 28 showed homozygous deletions and the phenotypic features of these SMA patients were compared with the corresponding genotypes. SETTINGS: A tertiary care teaching Hospital. DESIGN: This is a prospective hospital based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to detect the deletion of exon 7 and exon 8 of SMN1 gene, as well as multiplex PCR for exon 5 and 13 of NAIP gene. RESULTS: Exons 7 and 8 of SMN and NAIP (exon 5) were homozygously deleted in 73% of SMA I and 27% of SMA II patients. SMN exon 7 and 8 deletions without NAIP deletions were seen in 27% of type I SMA and 46% of SMA type II patients. Two patients of type III SMA showed single deletion of SMN exon 7 along with 27% of SMA type II patients. CONCLUSION: With the advent of molecular biology techniques, SMN gene deletion studies have become the first line of investigation for confirmation of a clinical diagnosis of SMA. The findings of homozygous deletions of exons 7 and/or 8 of SMN1 gene confirms the diagnosis of SMA, even in patients with atypical clinical features. Deletions of NAIP gene were mainly seen in severely affected patients, hence is useful for predicting the prognosis.     

慢性脊髓性肌萎缩症的临床和肌活检

文章报道２４例慢性脊髓性肌萎缩症，其中婴儿型、少年型、成年型慢性近端型分别为５例、２例及１３例，面肩肱型２例，远端型和肩腓型各１例。本病主要临床表现为肌无力、肌萎缩和不同程度的肌束震颤，锥体束和周围神经一般不受累。各型肌萎缩的部位不同。３例患者伴有ＣＰＫ浓度增高。除２例肌电图正常外，其余表现为失神经性改变。光镜提示神经原性萎缩。电镜下见肌原纤维数量减少，Ｚ线变粗或波浪状以及线粒体和内质网肿胀。     

Differential diagnosis between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy by skin involvement

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) might be clinical variants caused by the same etiology, or different diseases altogether. We studied the skin in 12 patients with ALS and 7 patients with SMA. The "delayed return phenomenon" (DRP) was observed only in ALS patients. On light microscopy, collagen bundles in ALS dermis were seen to be less numerous, thinner and more loosely woven than in SMA. Electron microscopy revealed that in ALS (1) collagen fibers became thinner as the disease lasted longer, and (2) collagen bundles were separated by much more amorphous material. These findings were not observed in SMA. Our observations show that ALS may be distinguished from SMA by the presence of abnormal dermal collagen. Therefore, we suggest that comparable clinical and pathological skin analysis is the most important diagnostic tool in differentiating between ALS and SMA.     

肾上腺脑白质营养不良的临床特征

目的探讨肾上腺脑白质营养不良（ALD）的临床特征。方法对4例男性ALD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果发病年龄7～11岁,均有智能下降、肢体无力,3例伴言语不清、共济失调,2例伴视听力下降,1例伴视神经萎缩、癫痈发作,血睾酮降低及血17-羟类固醇降低各1例,B超示双侧睾丸弥漫性病变、脑活检示类脂质沉积病各1例,4例磁共振（MRI）均见双侧枕项叶对称性蝶翼状长T1、长T2信号灶,可累及颞叶、内囊和脑干白质。结论ALD以儿童脑型常见,主要表现为智能下降、肢体无力、言语不清、共济失调、视听力下降及癫痈发作等症状,可伴有视神经萎缩、肾上腺皮质及睾丸损害,依据临床症状和典型的MRI表现可以进行临床诊断。     

Spinal muscular atrophy combined with sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy

The combination of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with a variety of neural and extraneural defects, particularly pontocerebellar hypoplasia, has been reported. To date, all of the reported SMA with pontocerebellar hypoplasia was from infants; however, here we report a SMA with sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy (sOPCA) in an adult patient. The 68-year-old male patient displayed various clinical symptoms including progressive proximal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy and muscle fasciculation with a long course of disease. EMG demonstrated that amyotrophy was due to the impairment of lower motor neurons. The clinical symptoms and the EMG were consistent with the diagnosis of SMA. The presence of cerebellar ataxia, limb tremors, muscle atrophy and weakness in the patient led to the diagnosis of sOPCA that was confirmed by the MRI results. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of combination of SMA with sOPCA in an adult. It is yet unclear whether there is a common pathogenesis between the two diseases.     

Becker-type muscular dystrophy

This is a review of clinical, cardiologic, electrophysiologic, pathologic, and serum creatine kinase changes in eight families with slowly progressive X-linked Becker-type muscular dystrophy. All but one of the patients were able to walk until the age of 16 years, and most lived beyond 20. In every family, electromyography and muscle biopsy showed features which, on the basis of classical criteria, were interpreted as those of both myopathy and denervation, although among patients and among families, one or the other of these processes predominated. The most frequent biopsy picture was of fiber atrophy and hypertrophy, with many split and angulated fibers, and clumps of pyknotic nuclei. Necrosis, phagocytosis, regeneration, endomysial fibrosis, and some fatty infiltration were commonly seen. Review of a family originally described by Becker showed a similar biopsy picture. These pathologic changes are separable from those of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but they often overlap with those seen in other chronic neuromuscular diseases.     

Genetically confirmed spinal muscular atrophy type III with epilepsy, cerebral hypoperfusion, and parahippocampal gyrus atrophy]

We report a 37-year-old female with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type III and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. She showed gait disturbance at the age of 12 years, and difficulty of squatting at the age of 19. On examination at the age of 22, she had proximal muscle weakness and atrophy, fasciculation, normal sensory system and elevated creatine kinase in the serum. She was diagnosed as having SMA type III based on clinical, electrophysiological, and muscle biopsy findings. She suffered from subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis at the age of 23 and from epilepsy at the age of 33. Magnetic resonance imaging showed atrophy of parahippocampal gyrus with right side predominance. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using I123-IMP showed decreased accumulations of I123-IMP in the temporal lobes with left side predominance. Electroencephalogram showed theta wave without epileptic burst. SMA gene analysis revealed deletion of exon 7 and 8 in survival motor neuron (SMN) gene. A few patients with SMA and CNS involvement have been reported without genetic diagnosis. This is the first report of genetically confirmed SMA patient with CNS involvement. SMN gene is distributed not only in spinal cord but also in brain. The CNS involvement detected in this patient may be related to the loss of SMN gene function, although coincidental association of SMA and the CNS abnormalities is still considered in this atypical case.     

Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy: report of new cases and review of the literature

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease characterised by loss of motor function and muscle atrophy due to anterior horn cell degeneration. The most common variant is chromosome 5-linked proximal SMA, ranging in severity from congenital onset and infantile death to onset in adult life. Genetically separate variants with different distribution of weakness and/or additional features such as central nervous system involvement have been described. A rare variant with associated myoclonic epilepsy and lower motor neuron disease had been previously described in three families before the SMN gene, responsible for the common form of SMA, was isolated. We report four patients from two additional families affected by a syndrome characterised by severe and progressive myoclonic epilepsy and proximal weakness, tremor and lower motor neuron disease proven by electrophysiologic and muscle biopsy findings. Extensive metabolic investigations were normal and genetic analysis excluded the SMN gene. This study confirms that the association of myoclonic epilepsy and motor neuron disease represents a separate clinical and genetic entity from chromosome 5-linked SMA, the primary defect of which remains unknown.     

Successful botulinum toxin treatment of dysphagia in a spinal muscular atrophy type 2 patient

Prominent dysphagia is seen among patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 2, especially at the late stage of their disease progression. Nasogastric tube feeding and gastrostomy are commonly utilized to maintain their nutritional status. However, choosing a treatment strategy to maintain appropriate nutritional status is often complicated by multiple factors, such as physical conditions and social aspects. We report a 21-year-old man with SMA type 2 who has been suffering from severe dysphagia. The findings at video-fluoroscopic swallow study (VSS) were consistent with a diagnosis of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. His dysphagia was successfully treated with percutaneous injection of botulinum toxin A (BTA) into the cricopharyngeal muscle. Our result demonstrates that administration of BTA is one of the effective treatment choices for dysphagia in SMA patients.