Consumer perceptions of the effectiveness of food risk management practices: A cross-cultural study

Consumer perceptions of food hazards and how the associated risks are managed are likely to be an important determinant of consumer confidence in food safety. While there is a body of research that examines public perceptions of various types of food hazards, less attention has been directed to understanding how the public perceives food risk management practices. Utilizing elements of the repertory grid approach in focus group discussions, this research explored public attitudes regarding the effectiveness of current food risk management practices in four European countries (Denmark, Germany, Greece and the UK). While the issue of food safety did not emerge as a key factor in everyday food choice, participants were concerned about health aspects of food. There were three main factors that participants considered to be evidence of ‘good’ food risk management: the existence of identifiable control systems that respond quickly to contain a risk, the instigation of preventive measures and the availability of information that offers individuals the ability to exercise informed choice. These evaluations were similar in each of the countries under consideration and were linked to ideas regarding the controllability of risks and to questions of who is responsible for managing the risks.     

Food risk management quality: Consumer evaluations of past and emerging food safety incidents

In European countries, there has been growing consumer distrust regarding the motives of food safety regulators and other actors in the food chain, partly as a result of recent food safety incidents. If consumer confidence in food safety is to be improved, a systematic understanding of what consumers perceive to be best practice in risk management is crucial. Previous qualitative and quantitative research has revealed underlying factors determining consumer perceptions of food risk management quality. The aim of the current case studies is to provide ‘proof of principles’ of these different factors against historic and emerging food safety incidents. Participants in four countries were questioned about country specific case studies, guided by the earlier findings regarding factors that determine perceived good practice in food risk management. In each country, two food safety incidents were selected. Semi-structured interviews with at least 25 participants per case study were conducted in Germany (BSE; nematode worms in fish), Greece (mould in Greek yogurt/carcinogenic honey crisis; avian influenza), Norway (E. coli in meat; contaminants in Norwegian salmon) and the UK (BSE; contaminants in Scottish salmon). The results generally confirm the importance of the previously identified factors, which help to explain relative perceptions of well and poorly managed incidents. Differences and similarities across countries and cases are detailed, and implications for future efforts to communicate about risk management are drawn.     

‘A grim health future’: food risks in the Sydney press

Food scares and newsworthy stories about risks associated with food often receive a high level of attention in the news media. This article examines the reporting of food risks over a recent 14-month period in three metropolitan newspapers available to readers in Sydney. The major topic reported over this time was the relationship between food intake and obesity, which comprised almost half of news stories about food risks. This topic was followed in frequency by the risks associated with primary food production and the risks from processed, restaurant or takeaway food. The article looks in detail at how each of these topics was reported, including the discourses that were employed to give meaning to the news stories. Much emphasis was placed upon personal responsibility for avoiding food risks, particularly in relation to overweight. News stories suggested that Australians, and in particular, Australian children, were facing a crisis in relation to the numbers of people over-eating and becoming fat as a result. The overweight body was represented as grotesque, out of control, unhealthy and unAustralian. In other news stories, various aspects of farming were presented as ‘unnatural’ and thus as rendering foodstuffs risky. Food prepared outside the home was portrayed as far more dangerous than food prepared within the home, with an emphasis in reporting on the potential for contamination in such foods.     

Food risk communication: lessons from the Alar controversy

The Alar controversy in 1989 was a watershed event in the currentcrisis of consumer confidence in American food safety. To helprestore public confidence in food safety, scientists and policymakersare exploring improved ways of communicating with the publicabout food risks. This article reviews issues, concepts andstrategies for food risk communication in the context of lessonsfrom the Alar controversy. The process of effective food riskcommunication is often hampered by institutional and politicalfactors such as scientific debates about nutritional findings,statutory inconsistencies related to food risk and fragmentedfederal responsibility for food safety. In addition, there areother barriers such as conflicting views of food safety risks,lack of credibility of some risk communicators and scientificilliteracy of the American public. Health and nutrition educatorshave valuable knowledge and skills that can facilitate the dialoguebetween risk managers and the public on food issues. Expertisein needs assessment, message development and dissemination,and program planning and research are especially valuable.     

Discourses of risk in lay accounts of microbiological safety and BSE: a qualitative interview study

This paper reports on a qualitative study of lay understandings of food risks, focusing on discourses of risk in lay accounts of microbiological safety and BSE. The research was conducted using interpretive sociological methods. In-depth interviews were conducted with 32 lay participants from a range of social backgrounds and perspectives on food issues. The qualitative data were analysed thematically, drawing on principles and techniques derived from Grounded Theory approaches. Several key themes relating to risk emerged: these included, the role of experience in interpreting vulnerability to food risks, the time-scale of foods risks, the severity of the consequences of food risks, the incidence of food risks (and comparative risk), personal risk management strategies (and the ‘salience’ of food risks), risk and trusted food sources, responsibility for regulating food risks and the ‘politics’ of food risks. This paper presents an interpretive account of these themes and discusses the implications of the findings for a sociological analysis of food risks.     

A ‘superstorm’: when moral panic and new risk discourses converge in the media

There has been a proliferation of risk discourses in recent decades but studies of these have been polarised, drawing either on moral panic or new risk frameworks to analyse journalistic discourses. This article opens the theoretical possibility that the two may co-exist and converge in the same scare. I do this by bringing together more recent developments in moral panic thesis, with new risk theory and the concept of media logic. I then apply this theoretical approach to an empirical analysis of how and with what consequences moral panic and new risk type discourses converged in the editorials of four newspaper campaigns against GM food policy in Britain in the late 1990s. The article analyses 112 editorials published between January 1998 and December 2000, supplemented with news stories where these were needed for contextual clarity. This analysis shows that not only did this novel food generate intense media and public reactions; these developed in the absence of the type of concrete details journalists usually look for in risk stories. Media logic is important in understanding how journalists were able to engage and hence how a major scare could be constructed around convergent moral panic and new risk type discourses. The result was a media ‘superstorm’ of sustained coverage in which both types of discourse converged in highly emotive mutually reinforcing ways that resonated in a highly sensitised context. The consequence was acute anxiety, social volatility and the potential for the disruption of policy and social change.     

Consumer responses to communication about food risk management

Recent emphasis within policy circles has been on transparent communication with consumers about food risk management decisions and practices. As a consequence, it is important to develop best practice regarding communication with the public about how food risks are managed. In the current study, the provision of information about regulatory enforcement, proactive risk management, scientific uncertainty and risk variability were manipulated in an experiment designed to examine their impact on consumer perceptions of food risk management quality. In order to compare consumer reactions across different cases, three food hazards were selected (mycotoxins on organically grown food, pesticide residues, and a genetically modified potato). Data were collected from representative samples of consumers in Germany, Greece, Norway and the UK. Scores on the "perceived food risk management quality" scale were subjected to a repeated-measures mixed linear model. Analysis points to a number of important findings, including the existence of cultural variation regarding the impact of risk communication strategies-something which has obvious implications for pan-European risk communication approaches. For example, while communication of uncertainty had a positive impact in Germany, it had a negative impact in the UK and Norway. Results also indicate that food risk managers should inform the public about enforcement of safety laws when communicating scientific uncertainty associated with risks. This has implications for the coordination of risk communication strategies between risk assessment and risk management organizations.     

Risk and the construction of social identity: children's talk about accidents

This paper draws on data from a focus group based study of children's stories about accidents. It examines the ways in which talk about accident risks is utilised as a resource for constructing social identities. In their stories, children claimed responsibility for managing their own accident risks, and in doing so constructed themselves and their peers as mature risk assessors and managers. Furthermore, stories about accidents were used to construct gendered identities and to delineate the boundaries of peer groups. This suggests that, rather than undercutting subjectivity, discourses of risk can be used to construct social identity.     

Aufgaben des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung und deren Wahrnehmung in der Bevölkerung

The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) was founded in 2002. On the basis of internationally accepted scientific criteria for risk assessment, the institute provides opinions and statements on the safety of food and feed, chemicals, commodities and on consumer health protection. In this regard, it gives advice to the Federal Government and other institutes and Stakeholder groups. BfR does its own research on subjects which are close to its remit on risk assessment. By means of its proactive and participative risk communication, the BfR renders science visible to and beneficial for society. The following overview presents the scientific remit of the BfR and the perception of consumer health protection by the public and by interest groups from the areas economics, politics, consumer associations, the media and science by means of a representative survey. Food risks are of high individual importance, especially for consumers. Here a target-specific use of social multipliers is important to interpret the differences between existing health risks and so called perceived risks.     

Framing the debate and taking positions on food allergen legislation: The 100 chefs incident on social media

Those suffering with food allergies and intolerances need to consider risk every day, and professional organisations are increasingly enrolled in this risk management venture (e.g. offering support, developing legislation, and enforcing laws). Following the release of new food allergen rules in the UK, the Daily Telegraph, a national broadsheet newspaper, published a letter and an article in March 2015 endorsed by 100 chefs criticising the legislation. The chefs felt that innovation and creativity were being harmed by the requirement to state the presence of 14 allergens in the dishes they cooked. Following the release, many food allergen-concerned consumers utilised social media to share their views. In this article we use qualitative research data, comments posted online and collected between 9 and 16 March 2015, to explore how claimants positioned themselves and others in the ensuing online debate, and how the debate itself was framed. The data included traditional news articles, online forum comments, individual Twitter posts, and Twitter discussions. We identified frames across the debate discourse that emphasised medical concerns around managing risks associated with food allergy/intolerance, the assignment of responsibility, fairness of access, the political nature of the debate, and the financial implications involved. We draw on Positioning Theory to illustrate how user-positions can be defined, redefined, and challenged in the light of new or varying information. Our findings have implications for understanding communication around managing food risks from both a consumer and business perspective, and understanding the progression of debates through both traditional and new media platforms.     

论新形势下的食品添加剂安全管理

近年来,源于食品添加剂滥用或非法添加化学物的食品安全事件不断出现,引起了广大人群对食品安全的担忧。应当在正确认识食品添加剂的基础上,采取积极对策,包括开展食品安全风险监测和风险评估、建立统一的食品安全标准体系、加强事前防范、强化源头管理、规范新闻媒体报道等。     

Perceptions of food risk management among key stakeholders: results from a cross-European study

In designing and implementing appropriate food risk management strategies, it is important to examine how key stakeholders perceive both the practice and effectiveness of food risk management. The objective of this study is to identify similarities and differences in perceptions of, and attitudes to, food risk management practices held by consumers and experts with an interest in food safety. Focus groups were conducted in five European countries chosen for their (hypothesised) cultural differences in attitudes towards risk: Denmark, Germany, Greece, Slovenia and the UK. Content analysis was carried out on the resulting texts and (sub) categories were identified within the analysis framework to facilitate the capture of emerging themes. Five key themes were identified as common to the perceptions of both consumers and experts, although these are not represented in the same way by both groups. These key themes are: (1) efforts made by the responsible authorities to manage food risks; (2) responsibility for prevention and management of food risks; (3) how priorities are established within regulatory systems; (4) scientific progress and its implications for food risk management; and (5) media attention and food safety incidents. Although some similarities emerged between the groups, differences were also identified. For example, experts appeared to be highly negative about media influences, whereas consumers appeared more indifferent about media influences and motives. These different perspectives need to be addressed in order to reduce the perceptual distance between key stakeholders, and in particular, to enhance consumer confidence in the food risk management system. Based on the study findings, recommendations for food risk management policies are outlined.     

Trust in the Australian food supply: Innocent until proven guilty

International research demonstrates diminishing trust in the food supply associated with food scares which undermine trust in expert advice. Even though Australia has not experienced major food scares, there is evidence of diminishing trust in the food supply. Interviews were conducted with 47 South Australian food shoppers from high (n = 17) and low (n = 16) socio-economic regions of Adelaide and from rural South Australia (n = 14) about food governance and trust in the Australian food supply. Participants display a high level of trust in the food supply associated with a perception that Australian food is safe; a lack of exposure to food risks; and trust in personal food safety practices. The media was the only factor which created distrust in the food system. Other participants express confidence in the food supply where confidence is understood as a lack of reflection. Contrary to concepts of reflexive modernisation which presume an increasing awareness of risk and placement of trust as a means of reducing uncertainly, participants adopt an ‘innocent until proven guilty’ approach displaying little knowledge or interest in knowing about food regulation relying instead on routine food safety practices as a means of managing uncertainty.     

Crisis and Emergency Risk Messaging in Mass Media News Stories: Is the Public Getting the Information They Need to Protect Their Health?

The mass media provide an important channel for delivering crisis and emergency risk information to the public. We conducted a content analysis of 369 newspaper and television broadcast stories covering natural disaster and foodborne outbreak events and coded for seven best practices in crisis and emergency risk messaging. On average, slightly less than two (1.86) of the seven best practices were included in each story. The proportion of stories including individual best practices ranged from 4.6% for “expressing empathy” to 83.7% for “explaining what is known” about the event’s impact to human health. Each of the other five best practices appeared in less than 25% of stories. These results suggest much of the risk messaging the public receives via mass media does not follow best practices for effective crisis and emergency communication, potentially compromising public understanding and actions in response to events.     

Getting the message across: is communicating risk to the public worth it?

The public and media often seem irrational in their conception of hazard and risk. Scare stories abound, and large sums of money may be spent to mitigate tiny risks. This article describes why it may be human not to be entirely logical about risk. The article also describes what makes risk professionals afraid of entering a public debate on risk. This information is then used to help define how we could improve communication with the public about risk. We discuss how the National Radiological Protection Board is tackling this now.     

Use of social media in food safety in Saudi Arabia—a preliminary study

Over the past two decades, the rapid rise of social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and share information online. Social media platforms are not now only used extensively by individuals but also by businesses, governmental agencies, educational institutions, and many other organizations to deliver information to the public and, in return, collect information from that same audience. The preliminary study presented here offers valuable insights into how social media may be used to improve food safety standards. Today, food safety is still a major health challenge in the country, which occasionally faces unsafe food supply chains, an increased number of food borne outbreaks, and poor hygiene education. Social media may be used as a very valuable tool for people to access important information and more knowledge about food safety. The limited-scope survey presented here was conducted over the western part of Saudi Arabia and included 295 individuals of both genders, among various age groups. Participants responded to an online questionnaire about their use of social media to obtain information about food safety. Results showed that social media was indeed a major outlet for individuals to access information on food safety, with the top-ranked social media platforms being WhatsApp (M = 2.99) followed by Snapchat (M = 3.72), YouTube (M = 4.08), Instagram (M = 4.46), and Facebook (M = 4.81). Additionally, we found that the most trusted sources of information was the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (72.6%) and the Saudi Ministry of Health (55.4%). Participants most frequently sought epidemiological information (52.5%), quantitative risk estimates (23.1%), and information on the various types of foodborne infections (15.3%); they preferred the information to be in video format (67.5%), articles (57.6%), infographics (55.3%). Trustworthiness clearly emerged from the survey as an important consideration for individuals when accessing food safety information on social media.     

CHANGES IN CONSUMER CONCERNS REGARDING FOOD SAFETY AND TRUST IN NUTRITION EXPERTS’ ADVICE

There has been an increasing emphasis on health risk in the public debate about food, and consumers are constantly exposed to conflicting sources of information about food safety and healthy diets. This may create uncertainty among consumers and affect food choice. This study aims to evaluate change in consumers’ perception of food safety and in trust in nutrition experts’ advice, as well as consumer awareness of health issues regarding food and the degree to which they take health into consideration when choosing food for their everyday meals. This report is based on two cross-sectional, interviewer-administered surveys of nationally representative samples of the Norwegian population over 15 years of age, conducted in 1994 (n=1048) and 1999 (n=999). The data were analyzed with the use of factor analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression. Consumers’ uncertainty about food safety increased and trust in expert advice declined. Fewer consumers considered fat-rich foods to be a part of a healthy diet in1999 and fewer reported having health considerations in mind when making everyday food choices. Uncertainty was unrelated to consumer food choice, whereas trust had implications for the degree to which consumers chose what they believed to be a healthy diet. In conclusion, the results have shown that the decline in trust in expert advice may have important implications as to whether or not consumers use their nutritional knowledge in the choice of foods for their everyday meals.     

How trust in institutions and organizations builds general consumer confidence in the safety of food: a decomposition of effects

This paper investigates the relationship between general consumer confidence in the safety of food and consumer trust in institutions and organizations. More specifically, using a decompositional regression analysis approach, the extent to which the strength of the relationship between trust and general confidence is dependent upon a particular food chain actor (for example, food manufacturers) is assessed. In addition, the impact of specific subdimensions of trust, such as openness, on consumer confidence are analyzed, as well as interaction effects of actors and subdimensions of trust. The results confirm previous findings, which indicate that a higher level of trust is associated with a higher level of confidence. However, the results from the current study extend on previous findings by disentangling the effects that determine the strength of this relationship into specific components associated with the different actors, the different trust dimensions, and specific combinations of actors and trust dimensions. The results show that trust in food manufacturers influences general confidence more than trust in other food chain actors, and that care is the most important trust dimension. However, the contribution of a particular trust dimension in enhancing general confidence is actor-specific, suggesting that different actors should focus on different trust dimensions when the purpose is to enhance consumer confidence in food safety. Implications for the development of communication strategies that are designed to regain or maintain consumer confidence in the safety of food are discussed.     

Risk as a relational phenomenon: a cross-cultural analysis of parents’ understandings of child food allergy and risk management

Western culture can be seen as permeated by risk-consciousness. In particular, parents are under scrutiny in their roles as risk managers. In this article, we address parental experiences of children more at risk than other children, children with food allergy, and the management of allergy risk in everyday life. Drawing on a notion of risk as ‘situated’ in local everyday life, we argue that a further exploration of parental understandings of child food allergy risk would benefit from an analysis of studies across different local contexts. In this article, we draw on a secondary qualitative cross-cultural analysis of interview data from several studies of parents in Sweden and Scotland through 2006–2010, which focused on parents’ understandings of the nature of food allergy and the children’s management of the allergy risk. We found some common themes in the different data sets. First, parents depicted food allergy as life-threatening, a ‘death risk’ lurking in the background, more or less constantly present in different everyday situations, amounting to an existential condition in parenting. Second, they talked about food allergy risk as a relational phenomenon, meaning that the risk emerged in the encounter between the young person’s individual competence to manage allergy risk and the understandings of allergy risk in others – thus depending on contexts and interaction between several actors. Finally, the analysis showed that unpredictability and risk in constant flux are the prominent aspects of living with food allergy. We also discussed the ways risk and trust are related, as well as how the involvement of others can be seen as both a risk and a safeguard.