经脊柱后路显微内窥镜腰椎间盘摘除术（附30例报告）

目的：本报告经脊柱后路显微内窥镜腰椎间盘除术（Microendoscopic Discectomy MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症,方法：对30例腰椎间盘突出症患行脊柱后路显微内窥镜下腰椎间盘掊除和侧隐窝扩大术,术中用C型臂X线机定位,在荧屏监视显微内窥镜下切除纤维环,除突出的椎间盘组织,咬除肥厚的黄韧带,扩大侧隐窝,对神经根彻底减压。结果：近期随访3-5个月,优良28例,优良率93%,无并发症发生。结论：经脊柱后路显微内窥镜腰椎间盘除术,技术先进,创伤小,出血少,恢复快,疗效肯定。     

腰椎间盘突出症合并侧隐窝狭窄67例临床分析

目的　回顾性分析手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症合并侧隐窝狭窄 6 7例患者的临床疗效。方法　 32例经半椎板切除 ,2 3例行开窗式手术 ,12例行全椎板切除 ,摘除椎间盘 ,扩大侧隐窝 ,彻底松解神经根。结果　术后患者经过平均1.8a随访 ,优良率 91%。结论　手术治疗除摘除突出的椎间盘外 ,更重要的是应施行侧隐窝扩大减压术。     

显微内镜腰椎间盘切除术的初步报告

目的：研究和评估显微内窥镜椎间盘切除系统（ＭＥＤ）在临床的使用价值。方法：应用显微椎间盘切除系统（ＭＥＤ）做腰椎间盘切除及侧陷窝扩大术。在准确定位后逐级扩张切口达１．６ｃｍ,放置工作管道及显微内窥镜,在电视监视下显露椎间隙,切除少量椎板下缘及黄韧带,显露神经根,硬膜囊及突出的髓核组织,摘除突出的髓核组织,根据神经根是否检驰,作神经根管扩大。结果：本组３０例,随访时间平均９月,根据Ｍａｃｎｎａｂ评价     

内窥镜下手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症与侧隐窝狭窄46例报告

目的 :探讨显微内窥镜下摘除腰椎间盘及扩大侧隐窝对神经根减压的应用价值。方法 :采用枢法模第 2代椎间盘镜手术系统 (MED) ,经脊柱后路椎板间隙入路对 46例腰椎间盘突出合并有侧隐窝狭窄的患者手术治疗。结果 :平均随访 16个月 ,手术优良率 89%。结论 :应用脊柱后路内窥镜下手术能达到常规手术摘除髓核、扩大侧隐窝减压的目的 ,而不会有大的创伤 ,但对多节段仍以常规开放手术为好     

腰椎间盘摘除和侧隐窝扩大术：（附86例报告）

报告８６例腰椎间盘突出，６２例（７２．１％）合并侧隐窝狭窄。年龄３６～７３岁，平均４４．５岁。均行腰椎间盘摘除和侧隐窝扩大手术。３例经全椎板切除，５１例半椎板切除，３２例开窗式切除。术后６２例经６个月～２年随访，优３４例（５４．８％），良２１例（３３．９％），可６例（９．７％），差１例（１．６％），优良率为８８．７％。作者认为本病的诊断主要应根据患者年龄、较长的病史、症状和体征而定；手术应同时行侧隐窝扩大术，单纯摘除椎间盘效果往往不好。     

坐俯卧位显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症

目的探讨后路显微椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的临床效果：方法手术均取坐俯卧位,经椎板间隙只切除黄韧带不切除椎板及其它结构,应用椎间盘镜及显微外科的技术摘除突出之髓核和／或神经根减压术：临床应用649例。结果术后所有病例均获随访,随访最长时间24个月,最短6个月,平均12个月,按Nakai标准评定,其中优594例,良45例。结论侧卧位经椎板间隙入路行椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症及腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的手术损伤小、出血少,术后不影响脊柱稳定性,临床疗效可靠。     

脊柱后路显微内窥镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨脊柱后路显微内窥镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的基本概念，手术要点，临床应用，适应症及并发症，方法 采用脊柱后路显微内窥镜椎间盘切除术（microendoscopic discectony,MED)行腰椎间盘摘除和神经根管扩大术，术中用C型臂X线机定位，在荧屏监视显微内窥镜下显露病变椎板间隙，咬除少量椎板下缘及黄韧带。扩大椎间隙，显露硬膜囊，神经根，摘除突出的腰间盘组织，必要时行神经根管扩大术，结果 本组80例，随访1-7个月，按Nakai分级，优68例，良11例，可1例，差0例，结论 经脊柱后路显微内窥镜腰椎间盘摘除术具有创伤小，出血少，恢复快的特点，同时保持脊柱后柱完整性，不破坏脊柱的生物力学结构，疗效肯定。     

腰椎间盘突出合并侧隐窝狭窄症36例手术治疗探讨

目的　探讨手术治疗腰椎间盘突出合并侧隐窝狭窄症的方法及效果。方法　回顾性分析我院手术治疗的 36例患者资料 ,通过半椎板切除或椎板间开窗后 ,行侧隐窝探查根管扩大术 ,神经根得到了松解。结果　 36例患者术后经平均 2 .5年随访 ,优 30例 ,良 4例 ,可 2例。结论　半椎板切除或椎板间开窗加侧隐窝探查根管扩大术治疗腰椎间盘突出合并侧隐窝狭窄症 ,疏通了神经根通道 ,解除了引起临床症状的因素 ,又可保持脊柱的稳定性 ,是一种较为理想的手术方法。     

显微内窥镜下手术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症

目的：评价显微内窥镜下神经根减压术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症的应用价值。方法：应用经椎板间隙入路显微内窥镜下神经根减压术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症43患者，随访观察疗效。结果：平均随访13.2个月，手术优良率93%，结论：应用椎板间隙入路显微内窥镜下手术治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄症可以达到较理想的临床疗效。     

显微内窥镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨显微内窥镜椎间盘切除系统(MED)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的特点及应用中出现的情况和并发症，以提高手术疗效。方法 通道管经棘突旁小切口进入，在电视监视下显露椎板间隙，咬除少量椎板下缘及黄韧带，扩大椎间隙，显露硬脊膜、神经根以及突出椎间盘的髓核组织并予以摘除；根据神经根是否松弛，作侧隐窝、神经根管扩大。结果 本组87例，术后随访20-31个月，平均26．4个月。手术时间40～160min，平均67min。术中出血30～500ml，平均95．2ml。术后平均2-3d下床，16d恢复日常生活，29d恢复工作。按Nakai标准评定，优良率93．1％：术中可能出现(1)定位错误；(2)进入椎管困难；(3)止血困难；(4)硬脊膜损伤；(5)髓核残留。结论 MED具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快，能直接摘除突出的髓核组织、扩大狭窄的侧隐窝及神经根管对神经根的压迫，最大限度的保持了脊柱后路的稳定性，本术式适用于大多数腰椎间盘突出症或合并侧隐窝狭窄和／或神经根管狭窄症的患者。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.