用于药物毒理学评价的器官芯片认证和验证研究进展

随着科学技术的发展,肝脏、肾脏、肺、心脏等单器官芯片模型及多器官芯片模型不断出现,但如何准确评价器官芯片的性能,推动其向药物研发及注册监管的应用仍是当前面临的挑战。为了能够更好地了解器官芯片在药物毒理学研究中应用的法规要求,总结了国际上主要药品监管机构开展的器官芯片认证和验证工作的现状,通过解读国际专家共识并结合目前研究进展,就器官芯片的监管工作提出了几点建议,以期为后续器官芯片在药物安全性评价研究中的应用提供参考。     

重组人皮肤模型在化妆品皮肤刺激性评价中的应用研究

目的 探讨重组人皮肤模型应用于化妆品体外皮肤刺激性评价的可行性.方法 以重组人皮肤模型(EpiSkinTM)为受试模型,在对10个已知刺激性分类的标准化学品进行方法验证的基础上,再根据化妆品的使用特性对23个产品进行皮肤刺激性分类评价,其中6个基础型化妆品和10个美容型化妆品暴露18 h、7个清洁型化妆品分别暴露18、...     

皮肤毒理学检验中的替代方法和整合测试评估方法

近些年，随着实验动物“3R”原则的兴起，动物替代实验的研究越来越重要。为了使国产化妆品的开发和国际标准接轨，中国加快了替代实验方法在化妆品“安全性”检验中的应用。针对化妆品对皮肤可能造成的刺激性、致敏性和光毒性等不良反应，本文分别对化妆品皮肤毒理学检验中的替代实验方法及毒理学终点相应的整合测试评估方法（IATA）进行概述。同时，本文也为三维重组皮肤模型和模式生物斑马鱼在化妆品皮肤毒性检验中的应用提供重要依据。     

三维重组皮肤模型在体外替代遗传毒性评价中的应用

三维（3D）重组皮肤模型已证实在模拟体内代谢条件、给药浓度及反应靶器官毒性特点方面具有突出优势。近年来已有多家公司构建3D重组人工皮肤模型,且一些制药公司已将3D细胞模型应用于药物的早期毒性筛选。我国动物实验替代方法的研究仍处于起步阶段,利用3D重组皮肤模型进行体外安全性评价成为目前替代方法的研究热点之一。综述人3D重组皮肤模型在遗传毒性评价中体外微核试验和彗星试验的研究进展,并对该模型在外用药物体外替代遗传毒性评价中的应用前景进行探讨。     

类器官和器官芯片在新药评价中的应用及国内外监管现状分析

非临床研究是评价新药有效性和安全性必不可少的环节，但是超过90%的候选药物在进入临床研究后遭遇失败，其中一个主要原因在于非临床阶段的二维细胞模型及动物模型的局限性，无法准确预测药物在人体内的作用。近年来各类新技术不断涌现，其中类器官和器官芯片等仿生技术因其能够模拟人体器官的部分或关键功能，为解决该问题提供了新的技术，逐渐应用于新药评价中。但如何评价和验证类器官模型的可靠性、科学性和适用性，推动其在新药评价中的应用，是目前国内外监管机构面临的监管科学难题和挑战。本文介绍了类器官和器官芯片的技术进展及其在新药评价中的典型应用，分析了国内外相关药品监管机构的政策法规和监管行动，以促进此类新技术在新药评价中的应用，并为其行业标准制定及监管科学发展提供参考和指导。     

化妆品毒理学试验方法的标准比对(Ⅲ)

中国已成为全球化妆品第二大消费市场,化妆品行业的飞速发展要求其监管管理和标准法规也要与时俱进、不断完善。本文对毒理学试验方法中的皮肤变态反应试验、皮肤光毒性试验和皮肤光变态反应试验的国内外相关标准情况进行梳理和比对,分析目前标准存在的具体问题,并提出建议。     

基于计算毒理学的遗传毒性评价研究进展

计算毒理学是一种使用计算方法分析、模拟、可视化或预测化学品毒性的毒性评估方法,在时间、成本和动物福利方面具有明显优势。近年来,使用计算工具预测遗传毒性正受到监管机构更多的关注,ICH M7指南表明在药品监管中认可应用(Q)SAR模型预测药物杂质的Ames致突变性。本文讨论了经典的遗传毒性计算评估方法及其原理,总结目前常用的遗传毒性评价模型及模型的构建现状,回顾计算毒理学在药物杂质、纳米材料和化妆品成分的遗传毒性评价中的应用,旨在为评价遗传毒性的计算模型的构建和优化提供一定参考,进一步促进计算毒理学在国家遗传毒性监管中的应用。     

我国药品和医疗器械关联审评审批制度对化妆品原料管理和产品安全评价的启示

目的：研究我国药品、医疗器械关联审评审批相关制度,为化妆品原料管理和产品安全评价提供参考。方法：对近年来国家药品监督管理部门发布的药品、医疗器械关联审评审批政策进行梳理总结,对相关监管要求和技术管理手段进行分析,并与化妆品监管要求和管理现状进行对比。结果与结论：在考虑行业差异和监管差异的基础之上,可参考借鉴我国药品和医疗器械关联审评审批相关制度和配套措施,优化我国化妆品审评审批流程、划清安全责任界限、加强原料信息管理、借助信息化支撑手段,探索“化妆品原料安全信息库”的科学应用,提高化妆品原料管理和产品安全评价的整体效率。     

丹参在皮肤护理中的作用机理研究进展

丹参中的丹参酮、丹酚酸等物质有活血祛瘀之功,在抗氧化、抗菌抗炎方面效果显著,研究证实其化学成分众多、药理作用明显,是理想的中药化妆品原料之一。本文对近年来川产道地药材丹参在皮肤护理中的作用机理进行综述,分析其在皮肤护理领域的应用前景,以挖掘中药提取物在皮肤护理中的优势,为相关产品开发奠定基础。     

我国化妆品原料安全管理对策研究

目的：了解我国化妆品原料安全管理中面临的挑战并提出相关的管理建议,为我国化妆品原料的科学监管提供参考。方法：通过对我国已发布的化妆品原料安全相关管理法规进行调查研究,分析我国在化妆品新原料、美白原料和植物类原料管理方面所面临的问题和挑战,提出对我国化妆品原料管理改革的建议。结果：我国对化妆品原料的管理主要实行目录管理,制订了禁限用组分、准用组分（包括防腐剂、防晒剂、着色剂、染发剂）目录和《已使用化妆品原料名称目录》;并在化妆品新原料管理、原料的溯源和标识管理等方面均制订了相关管理法规。我国将对化妆品新原料管理模式进行调整;并需制订美白原料和植物类原料管理法规及技术指导文件。结论：我国急需调整和完善化妆品新原料、美白原料和植物类原料的管理体系建设。     

Non-animal methods to predict skin sensitization (II): an assessment of defined approaches**

Skin sensitization is a toxicity endpoint of widespread concern, for which the mechanistic understanding and concurrent necessity for non-animal testing approaches have evolved to a critical juncture, with many available options for predicting sensitization without using animals. Cosmetics Europe and the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods collaborated to analyze the performance of multiple non-animal data integration approaches for the skin sensitization safety assessment of cosmetics ingredients. The Cosmetics Europe Skin Tolerance Task Force (STTF) collected and generated data on 128 substances in multiple in vitro and in chemico skin sensitization assays selected based on a systematic assessment by the STTF. These assays, together with certain in silico predictions, are key components of various non-animal testing strategies that have been submitted to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development as case studies for skin sensitization. Curated murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and human skin sensitization data were used to evaluate the performance of six defined approaches, comprising eight non-animal testing strategies, for both hazard and potency characterization. Defined approaches examined included consensus methods, artificial neural networks, support vector machine models, Bayesian networks, and decision trees, most of which were reproduced using open source software tools. Multiple non-animal testing strategies incorporating in vitro, in chemico, and in silico inputs demonstrated equivalent or superior performance to the LLNA when compared to both animal and human data for skin sensitization.     

The Cosmetics Europe strategy for animal-free genotoxicity testing: Project status up-date

The Cosmetics Europe (formerly COLIPA) Genotoxicity Task Force has driven and funded three projects to help address the high rate of misleading positives in in vitro genotoxicity tests:The completed “False Positives” project optimized current mammalian cell assays and showed that the predictive capacity of the in vitro micronucleus assay was improved dramatically by selecting more relevant cells and more sensitive toxicity measures.The on-going “3D skin model” project has been developed and is now validating the use of human reconstructed skin (RS) models in combination with the micronucleus (MN) and Comet assays. These models better reflect the in use conditions of dermally applied products, such as cosmetics. Both assays have demonstrated good inter- and intra-laboratory reproducibility and are entering validation stages.The completed “Metabolism” project investigated enzyme capacities of human skin and RS models. The RS models were shown to have comparable metabolic capacity to native human skin, confirming their usefulness for testing of compounds with dermal exposure.The program has already helped to improve the initial test battery predictivity and the RS projects have provided sound support for their use as a follow-up test in the assessment of the genotoxic hazard of cosmetic ingredients in the absence of in vivo data.     

化妆品标准体系与药品标准体系比较及检验特点分析

目的：对比化妆品和化学药品标准体系并对二者的检验特点进行分析，为药品检验机构开展化妆品检验工作提供参考。方法：从检验标准体系、检验项目、检验方法、结果判定4方面，总结化妆品、化学药品检验的各自特点。结果与结论：化妆品和化学药品有各自的产品属性，二者的标准体系和检验方法具有不同的特点：药品检验标准为专用标准，针对性强，药品有效成分的检验多为常量分析；化妆品检验标准为通用标准，化妆品禁限用物质的检验多为微量或痕量分析。     

A Novel Model of P‐Glycoprotein Inhibitor Screening Using Human Small Intestinal Organoids

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), an important efflux transporter in intestine, regulates the bioavailability of orally taken drugs. To develop an in vitro model that preferably mimics the physiological microenvironment of human intestine, we employed the three‐dimensionally (3D) cultured organoids from human normal small intestinal epithelium. It was observed that the intestinal crypts could efficiently form cystic organoid structure with the extension of culture time. Furthermore, the physiological expression of ABCB1 was detected at both mRNA and protein levels in cultured organoids. Rhodamine 123 (Rh123), a typical substrate of P‐gp, was actively transported across 3D organoids and accumulated in the luminal space. This transport process was also inhibited by verapamil and mitotane. In summary, the above‐mentioned model based on human small intestinal 3D organoids is suitable to imitate the small intestinal epithelium and could be used as a novel in vitro model especially for P‐gp inhibitor screening.     

药物毒理学研究中体外替代试验研究现状及展望

药物的安全性和有效性是药物研发成功的决定因素,而药物毒性是终止药物研发的关键因素之一。相关监管指南和指导原则为利用动物进行毒理学研究及生物测试或其他相关试验制定了基本标准。动物体外替代试验不仅遵守了国际上提倡的“3R原则”,也符合毒理学学科发展、社会经济发展及新药研发的要求。动物体外替代试验已成为21世纪毒性测试的重要方向,毒性测试的重点将集中在敏感性终点的选择与评价、细胞-反应网络、高通量与中通量筛选方法的构建及应用、作用机制及作用模式、毒性通路以及系统生物学效应等方面,并且已获得药物研发领域广泛的支持和监管部门的认可,具有广阔的发展前景和重要的应用价值。     

Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients

We attempt to review the safety assessment of personal care products (PCP) and ingredients that are representative and pose complex safety issues. PCP are generally applied to human skin and mainly produce local exposure, although skin penetration or use in the oral cavity, on the face, lips, eyes and mucosa may also produce human systemic exposure. In the EU, US and Japan, the safety of PCP is regulated under cosmetic and/or drug regulations. Oxidative hair dyes contain arylamines, the most chemically reactive ingredients of PCP. Although arylamines have an allergic potential, taking into account the high number of consumers exposed, the incidence and prevalence of hair dye allergy appears to be low and stable. A recent (2001) epidemiology study suggested an association of oxidative hair dye use and increased bladder cancer risk in consumers, although this was not confirmed by subsequent or previous epidemiologic investigations. The results of genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies suggest that modern hair dyes and their ingredients pose no genotoxic, carcinogenic or reproductive risk. Recent reports suggest that arylamines contained in oxidative hair dyes are N-acetylated in human or mammalian skin resulting in systemic exposure to traces of detoxified, i.e. non-genotoxic, metabolites, whereas human hepatocytes were unable to transform hair dye arylamines to potentially carcinogenic metabolites. An expert panel of the International Agency on Research of Cancer (IARC) concluded that there is no evidence for a causal association of hair dye exposure with an elevated cancer risk in consumers. Ultraviolet filters have important benefits by protecting the consumer against adverse effects of UV radiation; these substances undergo a stringent safety evaluation under current international regulations prior to their marketing. Concerns were also raised about the safety of solid nanoparticles in PCP, mainly TiO₂ and ZnO in sunscreens. However, current evidence suggests that these particles are non-toxic, do not penetrate into or through normal or compromised human skin and, therefore, pose no risk to human health. The increasing use of natural plant ingredients in personal care products raised new safety issues that require novel approaches to their safety evaluation similar to those of plant-derived food ingredients. For example, the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a promising tool to assess the safety of substances present at trace levels as well as minor ingredients of plant-derived substances. The potential human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients is increasingly estimated on the basis of in vitro skin penetration data. However, new evidence suggests that the in vitro test may overestimate human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients due to the absence of metabolism in cadaver skin or misclassification of skin residues that, in vivo, remain in the stratum corneum or hair follicle openings, i.e. outside the living skin. Overall, today's safety assessment of PCP and their ingredients is not only based on science, but also on their respective regulatory status as well as other issues, such as the ethics of animal testing. Nevertheless, the record shows that today's PCP are safe and offer multiple benefits to quality of life and health of the consumer. In the interest of all stakeholders, consumers, regulatory bodies and producers, there is an urgent need for an international harmonization on the status and safety requirements of these products and their ingredients.     

A tiered approach to the use of alternatives to animal testing for the safety assessment of cosmetics: Eye irritation

The need for alternative approaches to replace the in vivo rabbit Draize eye test for evaluation of eye irritation of cosmetic ingredients has been recognised by the cosmetics industry for many years. Extensive research has lead to the development of several assays, some of which have undergone formal validation. Even though, to date, no single in vitro assay has been validated as a full replacement for the rabbit Draize eye test, organotypic assays are accepted for specific and limited regulatory purposes. Although not formally validated, several other in vitro models have been used for over a decade by the cosmetics industry as valuable tools in a weight of evidence approach for the safety assessment of ingredients and finished products. In light of the deadlines established in the EU Cosmetics Directive for cessation of animal testing for cosmetic ingredients, a COLIPA scientific meeting was held in Brussels on 30th January, 2008 to review the use of alternative approaches and to set up a decision-tree approach for their integration into tiered testing strategies for hazard and safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients and their use in products. Furthermore, recommendations are given on how remaining data gaps and research needs can be addressed.     

A tiered approach to the use of alternatives to animal testing for the safety assessment of cosmetics: Genotoxicity. A COLIPA analysis

For the assessment of genotoxic effects of cosmetic ingredients, a number of well-established and regulatory accepted in vitro assays are in place. A caveat to the use of these assays is their relatively low specificity and high rate of false or misleading positive results. Due to the 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive ban on in vivo genotoxicity testing for cosmetics that was enacted March 2009, it is no longer possible to conduct follow-up in vivo genotoxicity tests for cosmetic ingredients positive in in vitro genotoxicity tests to further assess the relevance of the in vitro findings. COLIPA, the European Cosmetics Association, has initiated a research programme to improve existing and develop new in vitro methods. A COLIPA workshop was held in Brussels in April 2008 to analyse the best possible use of available methods and approaches to enable a sound assessment of the genotoxic hazard of cosmetic ingredients. Common approaches of cosmetic companies are described, with recommendations for evaluating in vitro genotoxins using non-animal approaches. A weight of evidence approach was employed to set up a decision-tree for the integration of alternative methods into tiered testing strategies.     

Non-animal photosafety assessment approaches for cosmetics based on the photochemical and photobiochemical properties

The main purpose of the present study was to establish a non-animal photosafety assessment approach for cosmetics using in vitro photochemical and photobiochemical screening systems. Fifty-one cosmetics, pharmaceutics and other chemicals were selected as model chemicals on the basis of animal and/or clinical photosafety information. The model chemicals were assessed in terms of photochemical properties by UV/VIS spectral analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity testing (3T3 NRU PT). Most phototoxins exhibited potent UV/VIS absorption with molar extinction coefficients of over 1000 M^?1cm^?1, although false-negative prediction occurred for 2 cosmetic phototoxins owing to weak UV/VIS absorption. Among all the cosmetic ingredients, ca. 42% of tested chemicals were non-testable in the ROS assay because of low water solubility; thereby, micellar ROS (mROS) assay using a solubilizing surfactant was employed for follow-up screening. Upon combination use of ROS and mROS assays, the individual specificity was 88.2%, and the positive and negative predictivities were estimated to be 94.4% and 100%, respectively. In the 3T3 NRU PT, 3 cosmetics and 4 drugs were incorrectly predicted not to be phototoxic, although some of them were typical photoallergens. Thus, these in vitro screening systems individually provide false predictions; however, a systematic tiered approach using these assays could provide reliable photosafety assessment without any false-negatives. The combined use of in vitro assays might enable simple and fast non-animal photosafety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients.